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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (May 24, 1908)
s ODD POPULATION OF MWANZA, A FUTURE l sssp--- .-aagsa ,y,VHtaft TTPlL -'r'r . --.r.r' : rpy irf Aw If. rv ill 'I i;r ji dt - --r 4v " - , -. - - . - v ; . - ' 4C"A wwMmw?'mwBWMifmv&i urn mill mm n 1 B h , 5 " ; J 13 IHAVBJ left Bukoba and bav come to the extreme southern end of Lake Victoria. The distance -waa 93 miles, and our littla steamer was all day coast ing the shores. We made our way along rocky coast, and are now In a harbor surrounded by great hills and boulders of granite. The lower part of Lake Victoria is cut up by great bays. At my left Is &peke gulf, which extends 60 miles inland, and at my right is Emin Paaha bay, which was discovered by Stanley and Emin after they thought they had outlined this part of the lake. Lying between these is the estuary upon which this town of Mwanza is situated. It is the place where John Banning Spoke first saw Lake Victoria and announced its existence to the world. The first man to go clear around the lake was Henry M. Stanley, who navigated it In a boat rowed by natives. The German Town of Mwanza. Stand with me on the ateamshlpWlnal fred and take a look at this town of Mwanza. It runs around a harbor, which Is of the shape of a bow, and Itf well guarded by small rocky islands. The en trance Is so narrow that we seem to be In little lake shut off from the great Vic toria Nyansa. A wooden pier has been built out into the harbor, and It Is at this that our steamer is lying. At the begin ning of the pier Is the custom-house, a shed walled and roofed with galvanized Iron, and bock of it are the round white towers of the German port, in front of which tall black soldiers In kakhl march vp and down. At the right of the custom-house are the low bungalows, with white walls ana red roofs, which form the hospital and office a of the civil governor, while at the left. high up on a hill, is the home of the mill' tary commandant, by far the best house tn the place. Between that and the shore extends a forest of oil palms, and farther back, behind the fort, running for miles Dut Into the country, is the native village of Mwanza, with its Hindoo stores and snatched huts. The village is cut up by wide streets. There are many trees, and everything looks spick and span and new. A Fatnre Trading Center. Before I take you on shore, let us look at the scenes about the wharf, and the loading and unloading of the steamer. This will give some Idea of the trade of TRUE SCIENCE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY How Ttotal Abolition of Ibor Mar Be Brought About; Recreation Substituted for Hard Work. BY J. L. JONES. , "5QINNINO with a few axioms or I self-evident truths. Euclid con structed a science of geometry and Incidentally developed a system of logic i that has never been successfully refut ed. Starting from a solid foundation, be proved his processes step by step as a mason bunds a wall. He was surely a free and an accepted mason, for his work is almost, if not wholly, faultless. A science of political economy could be constructed In a similar manner, but It never has been done. I am going to present three axioms, or self-evident truths as the basis of such a science, so that whoever wishes to build on these may go ahead and furnish bis own lum ber and labor. , First, labor is a 'curse and not a bless ing. Or we might state it thus: Labor Is a penalty and not a privilege. Second, the lower the prices of all commodities the better for society, and third, the higher the wages or prices of human la bor the better for society. And to strengthen these and fasten them to gether we must borrow one of Euclid's axioms: the whole Is greater man its part. By society I moan the whole social body, not any particular part or it. From these axioms I think we can e duce a formula or theorem of political economy as nearly absolute as possible. which may be. stated as follows: "The equation or equalisation of prices and waces and values and the elimination of loss through misdirection or parasit ism, will restore the social equilibrium." It will probably be admitted that w. never have any equilibrium now. Values i and prices are always fluctuating, so that business Is like gambling. And It must also be admitted that the elimination of loss and waste is the most Important factor In economy. I have no fear that anyone acquainted with processes of logio will attempt to deny any of the preliminary axioms or statements, for to deny these is equiva lent to affirming their opposltes. which are all absurdities, yet strange to say, tsuich at Lbs buaineaa of the wqrld the region, and also of what Is going on away out here In the heart of East Africa. Only a few years ago this country was absolutely unknown. It was supposed to be an impenetrable wilderness; its people were In continual warfare, and the chief business was the -buying and selling of slaves. Today we buy many of its pro ducts, and the richer of its . natives are wearing our cottons. Bee that great bale of goods which is being taken off now. That contains Amer ican!, a Ktna 01 sneeting wnicn Drings more and sells better than any brought in from England, Germany or India, al though they all compete with it. Those hides which are coming down to the ship on the heads of that gang of. natives are destined to be made into boots and shoes in our American factories, and even now many of you have Lake Victoria cows kins under your feet. We formerly got our best goatskins from the Somali coast, and they were shipped from Aden, Arabia. Then one of the Uganda officials, who had been on duty In British Somallland, decided that the goatskins from there might be sent to America, and so an Im mense trade In that product has grown up north of the lake. It has extended down here to the south, and some of our finest skins now come from this region. This is so of cattle hides, as well as the sktns of goats and sheep. All are export ed In quantities. The regions about the lower end of the lake are largely devoted to stock raising. The natives have big herds of cattle, sheep and goats, and the chief profit comes from the skins. Cows are now selling here for $5 and $6 apiece, and a sheepskin or a goatskin can be bought for a yard or so of American sheeting. Back In the interior the peo ple wear cowskins and goatskins with the hair on as clothing, and even here In Mwanza both women and men are dressed In such skins. Peanuts and Cotton. This country Is also a land of pea nuts, Indian corn and cotton. There is fotne question about the cotton, but this ship will carry away 11.000 pounds when it leaves here, and It was all raised within a few miles of Mwanza. The cotton is put up in 100-pound bales and was carried to this port by two men to each bale. I am told that the seasons are so uncertain, however, that there Is little expectation of mak ing the crop profitable. As to peanuts, 77,300 tons were shipped from German East Africa to Europe last year, and some thing like 6,000,000 pounds went Is actuated or inspired by a denial of all i of them. According to the confnsed and erratic theories uppermost In the popular mind, earthquakes, fires, wars, drouths and other disasters are blessings, because, by destroying property they "raise prices and create a demand for labor that other wise must suffer for lack of employment. The people are always urgently ad vised to save their money, to put It in the bank and not put It In circulation. Then we are informed in a parallel col umn that the idle rich who tax their liv ing on the public are a benefit to society because they put money in circulation. Now would it not be better if the people who earn the. money should put it In cir culation themselves in buying pure food and comfortable clothing rather than to pay It over to a privileged class to spend In monkey functions? But wben I affirm that labor Is a penalty or curse and not a privilege or blessing It becomes necessary to denne accurately the meaning of the term labor. There is a difference between labor and activity or occupation. The word labor implies pain, struggle or distress. There is) no sense of ease, comfort, or freedom about it. There is no such thing as free labor any more than there are- free slaves or white blackbirds. The terms are contradic tory. All labor la compulsory. No one labors because he wants to do so. but because he must. When a woman is in labor she Is in pain. When a ship labors It Is In dis tress. If the pulse or breathing is labored, this is a symptom of slcknees. But when a person works at something he wants to do, something he takes a pride or Interest In, like football, for Instance, that Is not labor. That is en tertainment. A farmer Is not a laborer. He la en gaged in agricultural pursuits. He Is pursuing happiness, but it he met her on the street he would hesitate about addressing her. Happiness is a radiant goddess, a celestial being. The cloud less glory of her axure eyes would take the breath away from hlra, and make tba b-ri-s; tUa jags araak. Ha would THE SUNDAY OREGOXIAN, PORTLAND, 3IAY thoy 0 chiefly to the United States to pay to get some rice taken from I IfOitSi fill slW t KC5 via Aden or Naples, so that there is Bukoba 200 miles inland. He wants Wn B I ' l5 V J"? i B but one trans-shipment after they the rice to feed a gang of porters who I J S t &. -'"i , T . J" if New German Railroads. I have spoken of Mwanza as a fu ture trading center. It may be the Chicago of the German possessions. It Is on a lake which is 10,000 miles bigger than Lake Michigan, and It has a rich country extending ror hundreds of miles to the south, east and west of it. The goods which now come In here are over trade routes whicn go to Lake Tanganyika and the coast of the Indian Ocean at Dar es Salaam. The trade routes are merely paths through the woods, but they are an nually tnodden . by the bare feet of thousands of porters, each or whom carries 60 pounds on his nead. The distance from here to the Indian Ocean is rot over 500 miles as the crow flies, but this human freight train takes 70 days to make the journey, and the rates are consequently high. The Ger mans are now proposing to oulld rail roads between these two points. They have begun at Dar es Saiaam and are laying a trunk line toward Tangan yika. That line will be bisected at the town of Tabora by a road going north to Mwanza. This will give Ta bora a similar position to that which Indianapolis now holds in regard to Chicago. At nresent nearly all the freight from here is carried on British steamers across the lake to Port Florence and down over the Uganda railway to the coast at Mombasa. I understand that the Germans would like to put their Own steamers on the lake, but that the British refuse to bring In over their railroad the machinery or sup plies necessary to build the boats. They intend to keep the carrying trade of Lake Victoria to themselves as long as thpy poeslbly can. And so, if the Ger mans want steamers, they must bring the iron and other materials for them In pieces of not over 60 pounds each, on the heads of porters for 60s or 700 miles through their own country. This would be costly and almost impossible, and the probability is that the German steamers will have -to wait until the German railroads are built. Hi h Freight Rates. How would you like to pay (40 a ton for shipping grain or corn a dis tance of 200 miles? That Is the rate a not pursue any further. He would dodge into a saloon and order some re freshment. The editor does, not labor. He Is a literary man. Possibly he ia pursuing fame or some other shifty siren. Every one who Is free to work for himself or not obliged to work at all, is pur suing some phantom that he will prob ably never catcb up with, even In a flying machine. But the chase is ex citing and the philosophers have schooled him or fooled him to believe that antioipatlon is better than reali zation, eo he pegs along contentedly, ever pursuing and never catching up,, living tn hope, but not in reality. But the laborer, the party of the inferior part, who works by the day for a few paltry cents an bour at some uncon genial task, has no hope of fame or fortune or happiness. His whole existence is a misfortune. He Is a murderer by trade. If he does not kill any of the policemen or merchants, he can only kill time, till time kills him. and then .wben he goes up to the pearly gates and raps for admission well, I will tell what happened to one who dreamed be went up there. The colored porter ushered him into the presence of St. Peter In a state of morti fication and confusion, overwhelmed with a sense of his unworthtness to enter sach a place at all. But St. Peter reassured him at once by exclaiming in a hearty and sonorous voice: ."Well, my man, what can we do for you this morning? "1 I Just came up to to see about a a Job. There was not anything for roe down there any longer. Fact is '"Well, wo will take your name and ad dress," Interrupted St. Peter. "Bill Jones is my name:" The recording angel. Peter's private sscretary dipped his pen in the lnk bottle, but before putting down the name he inquired In a suave and silky tone: "And what Is your profession, Mr. Jones T' "I I I never made any professions. am a laborer I belong to a labor union I have my card with me." "Wall saver mind. ilr. JoaeV aaid GREAT TRADING CENTER young Englishman on btfard expects to pay to get some rice taken from Bukoba 200 miles Inland. He wants the rice to feed a gang of porters who are to go with a commission which is now outlining the new boundary be tween Uganda and the Congo Free State. ' The rice is being- taken on here, and it will be unloaded at Bu koba, from whtfre the porters will carry it across country to-the boun dary commission. It is packed up in boxes of' 60 pounds each, and a thou sand men will be required to carry it, The amount needed is only 30 tons, but It will take those 1000 men a month to make the journey. Each porter will get 4 rupees, or $1.38 for the work, so that-the trans-shipment of that 30 tons of rice will cost $1833 In wages alone, not including the freight rate on the steamer from here to Bukoba. ! The Trade of Lake Victoria. During my trip around the lake I am having a good opportunity to learn about trade matters. There are many millions of natives who might be reached by this lake, and Uncle Sam should send out his drummers to show themour goods and study their wants. I have already written of American sheeting. We are landing a dozen bales of them here. They are sent in through Arnold, Cheney & Co., of Zanzibar, who have their traders going through this part of Africa selling goods and buy ing hides and ivory. They get the sheeting from New York, and It has to compete with goods made to imitate it in England and India, and sold at much lower prices. Of late some cheap German imitations are also- coming in. The natives prefer our American goods to any other, and are ready to pay more for them. They can tell the genuine Americanl by its smell, and upon putting their noses to the Manchester or Bombay goods, they will throw them aside in disgust. Indeed, back: in the interior our cottons have become a standard of value, and are used as money. A a beep, for instance, is estamated as worth a yard and a half of Americanl, a cow is worth nine yards and a buxom young girl of 13 or 14 is valued at 0 yards or more. Contracts for carrying goods are paid for In so many shells and so much Ameri can!, the length in which the goods are sold being strips long enough to wind about the body of a man or woman with the accompanying folds. - Such a length constitutes a dress pattern. The mer chants buy the stuff in pieces of 30 yards each. But let us go ashore and take a look the bookkeeper. "I am very sorry, but we could not possibly use you." Then Jumping up on the counter and crossing his legs he said. "Sit down Mr. Jones In that chair and I'll just tell you' how it is. "But I will tell you. air. Jones, you ought to go down below where the big crowd is. There Is a Prince down there Batan or Sagan or something like that. He 'has several names, anyhow, as all Princes have. You will hear about him. He has vast estates down there and he is a great philanthropist. He runs a free employment bureau and makes a specialty of finding work for idle hands. He takes In all the applicants that come along and puts them to work snoveling coal and fixing stove pipes, while the womei are all busy making fireproof Bummer cloth ing. There is no excuse for anyone to be out of work down there. There is not an idle minute. In fact they don't keep any but good men In the place. They run the agitators and bobos out into a bull pen. I am sure you would get along all right there. "Now. good morning. Mr. Jones. Call again when you are up this way. We may have something for you when bus! ness brightens up a little, but at present there is absolutely nothing doing. The bookkeeper was too courteous and gentlemanly, too well trainecl-a diplomat and business man to tell him tn plain English to go to the devil. That would have been unparliamentary and incendiary language. But that was all the. polite and pious palaver amounted to. - "Only that and nothing more. This is the end and the reward of labor and this is where the honest toiler must go when he dies, and he is practically dead already for to be condemned to hard la bor for life is really a sentence to a liv ing death. The word toil means a snare or trap. The workers of the world are In the to:ls of the spoiler. They are spoiled of nine tenths of what they produce for the priv ilege of being permitted to undergo n penalty, and they are prevented from prbduclng half as much as they might under Just conditions. This matter can be treated under the head of the fourth commandment, which treats of labor and rest. The New Dis pensation programme is to abolish labur j eiiogtner ana turn 11 inio rjcreniiuii thus making Industry a pleasure instead of a penalty. 24, 1908. w TVTjTO 2TZZZ7i TJZZTJTl at the markets. It is there we can see how these people do business at home. On the way we pass several German officials. They are nattily dressed in white duck and each wears a white hel met. Every man of them carries a hip popotamus skin whip in his hand. These whips are as thick as one's linger, and almost as elastic as rubber. The offi cials use them to keep the natives in order, and the slightest cut will draw blood. The Native Market. I Going on to the market, which lies Just beyond the fort, we And ourselves In a court, on one side of which is a building covering a quarter of an acre. It is open at the sides, and its thatched roof is upheld by round white wooden pillars. Upon the floors are scores of black women and men, some dressed in cottons, others in bark cloth, and not a few in cowskins. They are sitting on the ground with their wares lying before them In almost infinitesimal piles. The poverty of the country is such that no one can spend more than a cent or so at a time, and the average purchase la in the fraction of a cent. Here, for instance, is a peanut peddler. She is a black girl with plugs in her ears. The red shelled nuts are spread out on a mat in bodies of 10, each pile selling for twelve cowry shells, or one tenth of a cent. Farther over is a woman selling tobacco at one-half cent per twist. Each twist is the size of my little finger, and those pack ages of snuff wrapped up in leaves are not quite as large. Soap and roasted ants are sold In much the same way, and so also are some kinds of im ported goods. Here, for instance. Is a AFGHANS AND THE KHYBER PASS Mountaineers Don't Realize That War Is What Sherman Said It Was. A FGHANISTAN is again In a state' of turmoil, and Great Britain faces the prospect of another war In these treacherous mountains where so j many soldiers in the past 70 -years have laid their bones. On three occasions the Afghans have been fought, and beaten, but -It is doubtful If thew have ever been ! fought hard enough. Their victors have behaved with a magnanimity that ' has been misinterpreted for weakness, and have been too ready to forgive and for get. One of the most warlike races on the face of the earth, and as treacherous as they are cruel, the Afghans have never been taught that war with Great Britain is anything but an exciting picnic, dan gerous while it is going on. but easily dropped when their chances of victory disappear. It "is doubtful if British policy ever erred on the side of severity to a con quered foe, although it must be said that after the Indian Mutiny a terrible, though fitting, revenge, was taken on the rebels. The second Boer War was brought on be cause the first war was 'not a complete job, and now In Afghanistan a fourth war is likely because humanitarians at home have struck the swords from the hands of the soldiers on the spot rn three ear lier . occasions. However, the thorough conquest of Afghanistan would likely prove a task sufficient to -tax the re sources of even the greatest nation on earth, although the country contains only 30,000 square miles. The Khyber Pass (also called Khal ber), which figures In the news of the day. Is the chief pass in the mountains that separate the northern frontier of India from Afghanistan. It is the main road to ' Kabul, and was made passable by the work of a generation or two of British engineers. It passes through ter ritory belonging to Afghanistan. The situation is something like that to be seen in a city where two lines of police hold back threatening crowds while the objects of the mob's hostility pass , through to safety. The police. In the present case, are native Afridis, com ON LAKE VICTORIA P l2Z5ySf, man selling needles and thread. No one here thinks of buying a whole paper of needles or a whole spool of thread at one time. The needles are divided up Into blocks of two, three or five and stuck into green cane; while the thread is cut Into short lengths and wrapped around bits of dried banana leaves and thus sold. In one corner of the market are the butcher shops. AH meat Is quite cheap, but there is no cutting of the carcasses into steaks, chops and' roasts, as at home. Each butcher has the dead body and entrails of one animal lying be fore him. They are usually spread on the bloody skin of the animal which has been killed on the spot where it Is sold. The butcher chops and saws off little chunks of meat, according to or der, and he cuts up the entrails as his customers want them. The demand for the latter is as great as that for the meat itself. Under a tree in the market court men and women are selling fish, fresh and dried. The latter are arranged in little piles of five, each the size of a sardine, and they bring about 1 cent pile. Nearby flour is sold. It is made of millet and Is brought to the market In closely woven baskets. Other mer chants are selling the millet un ground. One of the most popular places Is the beer hall. This is in the large market house, and is crowded with customers. The barkeepers are women who sit flat on the floor beside great round stone Jars that are apparently filled with soapsuds, but really with banana beer, which has a foam somewhat like live lager. The beer Is ladled out Into gourds, and the customers take It away sucking it through straws as they go. The liquor is strong, and we frequently manded by white men. For some years previous to 1896 the officers were natives, too, but in that year the troops so offi cered proved unable to withstand the at tacks made by the Zakka Khels, the waspish tribes that were recently chas tised by General Sir James Willcocks. Mention of the Khyber Pass re calls the name of the Sale, and the ter rible fighting of 70 years ago, at the time of the massacre at Kabul. It was in 1840 that Sir Robert Sale, the original "Fghtlng Bob," after much fighting In the mountains, led a force into Kabul, and settled down there. Peace was restored, the garrison was reduced, and the idea that there was no further danger to be apprehended became general. The Khyber Pass was kept open by natives, who re ceived $20,000 a year from the Brit ish government for their services. Then the government decided that the $20,000 mlgth be saved, and the allowance to the Afridis stopped. In October, 1811, they took the war path, and the road to India was closed. Sale at once sallied .forth to clear the pass, and open up com munications with India. He started out with a force of some 2000 men and fought his way through the mountains for three weeks, by which time he was approaching Jelahibad. But his ammunition was running low, much of his transport had been lost or destroyed, and he had 300 sick and wounded soldiers on his hands. At this moment orders to return to Kabul reached him, but he dis obeyed them, whether wisely or not re mains a moot point to this day. His critics argue that if he had turned back he would have nipped in the bud the out break that had its terrible climax in the massacre at Kabul a couple of months later. The defense of Sale Is based on the supposed impossibility of his fighting bis way back. At any event, he continued to Jelalabad, and later even to Peshawur. Here he was besieged, and. given up ror iosi oy tue wuisiuh woria, out event ually he got Akbar Khan to come to doss quarters, and In the battle that fol pa&s drunken man and women. The natives here are known as the Basukumaa. They are ugly blaoks, and they look savage enough. They are still more so out In the country, where the majority dress In cowskins with the hair on. The women wear skirts of such sklne, and the men fasten' them over their shoulders, so that they oonceal little more than the upper parts of the body. Here ill Mwanza most of the men have only a cloth about the waist, leaving the upper part of the body bare. Babies are carried on the bare backs of their mothers, be ing fastened there by goatskin slings Sometimes they are tied on with ; cords. The Basukumas. The most of the Basukumas are of a strong negro type. They are tall and well formed, but their skins are black or very dark brown, and they have thick lips and fiat noses. Their hair Is woolly or kinky, and they have original ways of dressing it. Some of the women shave sections of the scalp, and a man will often have & place as big around as the bottom of a tin cup scraped off at the crown. Sometimes this bare spot Is covered with scars, made by cutting and gashing it to cure the headache. Others of the men are perfectly bald, made so by the razor. They grease their heads, and they shine like patent leather dress shoes. Many of the women divide their hair Into small braids, and evidently shave clean the partings between them. Others twist the wool out into curls which stand forth like little worms all over the head. They are like angleworms, only black. Imagine a thick-lipped brunette Medusa who wears nsh bait instead of snakes. and you have the typical Basukuma beauty. Some of the more giddy of ths belles tie shells and beads at the ends ol these curls, so that they almost Jingle as . they run. I have looked in vain for eye-. lashes and eyebrows. The Basukumas pull them out with tweezers. The men also pull out their beards by the roots tn the same way. Natives Who File Their Teeth. I find that many of the natives about Lake Victoria beautify themselves by filing their teeth. We have men from different parts of the lake now working at loading and unloading the steamer, and, at my request, the captain brought them up on deck and allowed me to ex amine their jaws. He took each native and held his mouth open while X looked over his teeth. Some men had them filed sharp, so that they looked just like the teeth of a saw; others had certain teeth missing, and I was told that they had been knocked out, on the belief that their absence would bring good luck or ward off the bad spirits. This is so among the Kavlrondo, who live on the northeast side of the lake. They believe that If a man retains all his lower teeth he will be killed In battle, and that if his wife does not pull out the two middle front ones of the lower Jaw he surely will die. For the same reason the woman makes scars in her forehead, and also gashes out a pattern over the front of her abdomen. The Masai knock out the two lower front teeth, and on the upper side of Uganda, along the Nile, there are tribes that pull out two or more of the lower Incisors. This is the case with the Banyoro, who live west of Uganda. They extract the four lower front teeth. This allows the upper ones to grow long, so that they become shovel teeth In old age. Mwanza, Africa. lowed the Afghan leader was routed. It was in this siege that there occurred a remarkable Incident. Food was very; scarce, but a lucky sortie yielded a flock. of sheep. The native troops with General Sale, though suffering from hunger, in sisted that their share of the meat should be given to the white troops, because they said the white men fieeded animal food more than they. It is such inci dents as this that are so frequently quoted to prove the native loyalty to Brit ish Institutions; but while they are to be acknowledged, it Is dangerous to- allow them to obscure the real situation in India. At the moment it is grave, as the report of the plot to assassinate Euro peans proves. The fire that is lit in the Khyber Pass may burn down to the Cal cutta bazaar unless vigorously stamped out. It i3 comforting to reflect that the man on the spot. Lord Kitchener, has an iron heel. Toronto Mail. Xot Charmed by Big Cities. New York Press. The George W. Vanderbilts have found themselves so much at home in Washington. D. C, that they prac tically have withdrawn themselves en tirely from society in New York. Their time now Is divided between Biltmore, N. C, and their. new home in the Capi tal. Of course, they continue to spend part of each year in Paris, but there are signs that Mrs. Vanderbilt, who was the stately Edith S. Dresser, la losing her old Interest In the forclsrn city and infinitely prefers the Bilt more country life. Even when in Washington, D. C, Mrs. - Vanderbilt spends much time outdoors and it is rarely the week-end does not find her in Biltmore entertaining many guests. She is a capital horsewoman and one of her chief delights is her husband's prize kennel. She also has shown skill in shooting over the Biltmore coverts, and altogether is a fine type of the vigorous, outdoor loving society woman.
