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About The Oregon daily journal. (Portland, Or.) 1902-1972 | View Entire Issue (Sept. 25, 1904)
Ike Monroe Doctrine and. Its Application I Br FREDERIC J. HASKIN f f "HE Monro lertriH beside be I i lag Um MM Important snd 1 ' A far-reaching principle sver , - " enunciated by our governaaent, ; la alee the ImM understood and the most commonly mUteternreted. Notwithstanding Um feet that our coun try hu Mar times bMi sertouely to mired to International discussions, by omDttuadtng Its recee-nHioa and eeour tag lis inviolability, the average Amer lean ottteen end ere tends little about Its origin, history an' effect. Lilts the Christian ratigtun," It" ta bun -rater-'. prated 1 ft hundred different way. In e-peeklag of K. aa emtnent jurist MM j that be had rsd upon tba subject, as . ,he had upon tKs aebular hypothesis. yt fee fait aa unfit ta pass aa opinio 090a on s the ether. ' The reason lawyers hesitate to ba , sutod ob tbla much dlaeuaaad doctrlaa la becauee It la not aa incorporated law, but merely a national policy, orlalneilng from a declaration mad during tha v Monro adnlnlatratlov. Although It has " never been Indorsed by eon tress, It la sanctioned by such unanimous pub! la MiUmmi that It la Just aa effective aa " If It had baea tha subject of legislation. It la absolutely a non-partisan laaus. 1 having baaa championed aa readily by ' Cleveland aa by Boonovolt. Tha latter baa eald that if eueh poJIey was not In affsot It would ba necessary forth ' with to create It. Tha sre-ument that K oannot ba recognised- aa a principle - of International law la a mare waata of ' breath. Nobody oarea whether It la or la not recognised, any more than ana cares whether tha declaration of Inde pendence or 'Washlngtoo'a farewell ad dress are so recognised- The difference of op hi ton among the European powers amounts to little aa Ions aa tha senti ment -of tha American people la united, and thetr navy large enough t back up their opinion. Tha genesis of the doctrine may ba found te the correspondence between Mr, Canning, minister of foreign affaire for Oraat Britain la ISM, and Mr. Rush, mm. E. C OILTHER ef this Ctty and I SC. Adam of Salem recently eoaapletely encircled Mt. Jeffer son far the first Mate la the old . snslft history, sad added aa th tanrals gained years age when they mode a com , plete walking tour around Mt. St. : Helens over sofl never touched by the foot of maa uatU then. - la three days Mr. OUtner sad Mr. Adame asosnded and circled Mt, Jef ferson and taoagh the evperienee was not altogether pleasant for seen two hardened mountain climbers the memoriae retained are amly f the enjoyable kind. One thing that the sttmbera dl eovered that did not delight them was ' tba havoc wrousbt bv big bands of sheep that had been permitted to roam 'St will ever tha mountain- ranges and had trampled tats dust the moot beautl ful nark soots of tha astir range. -Where two years ago we found beautiful meadows this ttaas wa found only dust,1 sold Mr. OUtner. "We found thousands ef acres of tba saost wonder- ., fully beautiful Country utterly despoiled . by the bands ef ebeep that had eaten , ewe the roots and tha shrubs. On the - north aide of Jefferson we discovered a valley of S.tM acres covered with : carpet of deep grass and decked with millions of multi-oolored wild uowers. - Tbla la an Indies I enervation." -i Besides bringing aews of this herete- fore snsnnouneed garaea . spot tha oilmbers discovered that the entire : north aide of Jefferson at eovered with btg gtaciers sa extensive as those .on Mt Hood. . The luaerr ss give by Mr. Adama fol- . towai -. "On Mamdar, Auraat if. wa sampi at ' Vasama ramp on the north aide of Marlon less, wonderfully beautiful , body ef water, about two miles long by 'one wide, sod lying five or aix miles gnuth of Mt. Jefferson. The lake ap pears to be in the center af an aid era tar about four miles agrees. The western rim is over Laos feet high and the out ' let la westward -to tha Santlam river. . Th outlet la a swiftly flowing stream II foot is depth and It to IS feet In width. All the water ef the lake eomee from springs and streams flowing down the aides ef what hss been teraned the old e rater, now all covered with forests. Mt Jefferson furntohea a water to tee , la, and It has ae eastern outlet. "Deriding to Mke th circuit bf tnu mounts la. w started frees Ma same r rap at o'elenk In the afternoon, our -i i1t ennststlRg Of two packs of J4 nds earn, which ws earned the entire ft was warm and there was Utile. . ae. except saaoh. for the first four ; tire mUea. Ths trail towards tha our minister at that time In London, upon the eubject of tha formation of the "Holy Alliance, which took formal shape la a treaty signed at A I a-la -Chapelle September . I Hi, between the emperors of Austria and of Russia, and the king of Prussia, . acting not through dlploraetie age no lea, but as ab solute sovereigns on their own authority. The ostensible object ef the alliance wan to subordinate polities to religion, to establish Jura divine autocracies and discourage popular governmenta -The urwt arternp of tha eiruune 1rt this direction was made when the allied powers convened in 1181 and guaranteed the Intervention of Prance In Spain, sending an army Into the latter coun try to overthrow the popular govern ment then existing and to reinstate Ferdinand VIL Tbla movement hav ing met with success, Spain being re formed to tha standard ef the alliance. It waa thought not Impossible by Great Britain, which had protested against anoh action, that they might undertake the work of reconciling in this way. to the mother country, the Spanish col onies which had bean separated through revolt, forming for themselves popular and constitutional government. The In dependence of the Span ten-American governmente had Just been' acknowl edged by tha United States, but not by Oraat Britain. English merchants, how ever, like, those of tha United States, had developed an extensive trade with these countries, a trade which would have been cut off and virtually de stroyed under the commercial system then existing, had the alllanoa been successful in res tori ag the colonies to Spain, Thai fnteraeta of Oraat Britain and the United States were therefore Identical, though the motive of tba former In opposing tha action of the alllanoa waa chiefly commercial, while that of tha latter waa largely political. Mr. Can ning, during tha eloae ef tha summer of Isii. began to sound Mr. Rush, our minister at London, as to the possibility Hi' t.'i'ua- a ; ' '--- THE CAPITOL Or CHILE. south' of the mountain and thenoe to ee stern -Oregon was followed and then abandoned; thence reaching a high ridge or spur running eoutheaet from Jeffer son, we crossed It, descending on snow till we came to a deep canyoa and skirted up the sanyoa nearly on a level and came out ftt the bead and had a fine place for camp that night An old tump, long dead, made a splendid fire. and we slept till daybreak, when at o'clock ere started with tha packs on our backs and soon reached the edge of JWfereon, for .the first time actually getting on tha mountain; Thin south east side was easy walking for aa hour or so, when we began to climb, or else would have bean compelled to go down to th bottom of the canyons miles away, th object bfThg to keep as high up on the mountain as wa could travel This carried us far above ths timber Una, only dwsrfed, brush occasionally reach ing np la favored spots to these alti tude Soon ths walking waa at the foot of a glacier. Not an active, mov ing glacier, but a urge field of snow packed Into lea and dumping Its great accumulation of roek and sand, known as terminal moraine. These deposits of broken rock were sometimes very ex tensive and plied up in ridges bard to get over, snd again only sand, small rock. ' etc, impeded our way. Then flelda of snow extending from near the summit to far below us were crossed. soma a half mile wide "Walking over the snow field Is easy, but sometimes uncomfortably ticklish, especially when ths snow Is hard and tha footing insecure, and the anow field below you suddenly steepens snd seems to fall off as a sheer precipice. Thla lead to thought of what might happen If the foot should alls, which is anything but com Tort lag. Thla morning the amoko haa lifted and tba view ta good, showing the Three Slaters, Diamond Peak, and soma other peeks to the eouth. Hood and other northern mountains are hid by Jefferson Itself between, Tha aummlt or pinnacle of the mountain la Just ever our heads, seemingly only ft few hundred yarde away, just beyond the ledge of rocks, so near, but as you go further on ths ledge It seems not to be a twen tieth of the distance to that elusive pinnacle which seemed so near a little while ago. Small streams flow from under these snow fields, each on aa appareaty lasignmcant lit lie rivuiet, nut tney are not "softly calling te th sea." but loudly dashing down so the bottom of deep sanyong snd ths sound comes up high on ths moan tain when you ere acarraly able to see th stream below. After aroaelng many snow fields, mor aines and gorges, ws pushed on, and finally tot (ha afternoon turned fta eagle of a Joint declaration and co-opera rtoc by the two governments against the threatened Intervention of the allied powers of Spanish-America. Mr. Rush Immediately communicated th venations and notea to his government at Washington, and President Monroe, seeing tha vital e aerator ef the sub ject, and tha high Interests involved, lost no time In seeking the oounsel of his cabinet. In a letter dated October IT, ltll, he enclosed to Mr, Jefferson. for the purpose of obtaining nla news. two d!e pa tehee "front" Mr. Bosh; eon tain1 Wig letters from Mr. Canning, sug gesting designs -of the holy alllanoa against tha Independence of South America, and proposing o-ope ration be tween Oraat Britain sad the Uafted States. Mr. Jefferson replied on tha 14th of October, lata, using, ia part, tba fol lowing words 1 "The question presented by tha let ters you have sent me Is tha moat mo mentous which hss aver been offered to my contemplation since that of Inde pendence. This sets our compass and points tha oouraa whleh we are ta .steer through the ocean of time opening en us, gnd never could we embark on It under circumstances more auspicious. Our A ret and fundamental maxim should he never to entangle ourselves In the broils Of Europe, or second to suffer Europe to Intermeddle with cnj-Atlantle affairs.' America. North and. South, , has a state set of Interests distinct from those of Europe, and peculiarly her own. She should therefore have a system of her awn, separate and apart from that of Kurope. While the last Is laboring to become' the domicile of despotism, our endeavor should surely be to make our hemisphere that of freedom. .1 should think It therefore advisable that tha executive should eneourage the Brit ish government to a continuance In the dispositions expressed fen these letters, by an essursnoe of bis concurrence with them ss far aa his authority goes." The following December President maMuaMi 1 " ' I , - " ' i t 1 " .-: '.!.; Portlanders - on , Mt. In tha mountain. Bringing into view after a abort walk a deep oanyon hi ex tent running from the foot ef aa Im mense gleeler, which ta broken Into numberless fragments, ws find ourselves st the bottom, narrow and tunning steeply down Into valley a mile or two away. Hemmed oa each aids by precipitous bluffs we tread tha snow, which gorged for a mile, following Its windings, ws meet with rooks weighing from tons to ounces, which had rolled from the canyon aides. 'Prom tbla gorge there runs ft torrent of toe water, going to eastern Oregon. , This stream runs northeast and then turne more directly eastward, but aa our route waa to go around the mountain from the east aide northward, and thanes west, we turned, but oould go nowhere toward tha east. The west aide of tha gorge developed Into a gi gentle precipitous cliff run- , , m ' HI' 1 1 . I 1 -P 1 ' UU-IHnii, Hi. , 1.1 1 I I . . I IJJI.I 1 I HI 11 I II 1 . UM f) ... -1" "Vl I, J. M f '$ V- - ;i- Vv. t 'f- v f . . vV .. - v A -V, ,,..;,! .... .- f- ,? A' ' V .-:-. j. --it , y- t . j i v .- '.. ., l -7." - r;!- ' 'f- ' ' ::.-vv v --f ':4 v--v-'-V-.- :-' I -y '...-V . & f ' i ' ! '-v i - , t t- :' ,7u7 y . . Monroe's annual message was addressed to congress, In whloa pronouncement of the doe trine bearing hie name will be found, aa follows The cltlaene of th United States cherish sentiments' tha moat friendly In favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow men on that side of the Atlantis. In the ware of tha European powers ta matters relating ta selves wa have never taken any part, nor does t comport with our policy so to do. It la only when our rights j ais Invaded or seriously' menaeedV that 4 wo resent Injuries or make preparation for our defense. With tha movements In this hemisphere we are of necessity more Immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and Impartial observers. With the South American governments who have declared their Independence and maintained 1L and whose independ ence ws save on great eons ide ration and an lust nrtnoiplea, acknowledged, we could not view any Interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or con trolling in any manner tneur aesiiny. by any European power. In any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward too United States." . In tha sentence fust gvetod above la found the heart of the Monroe doctrine. The same spirit la found la all tha utterances ouf etateemea nave maoe, from time to time, eoncernlng It Dur ing our civil war certain Spanish poli ticians Intrigued with the revolutionary nartv la Santo Domingo to secure the offer to the queen of Spain of tha sover eignty ef the laland. At this time sir. Seward wrote to the Spanish minister st Washington: The president would not willingly believe that these proceedings have been autSoriaed - by your govern ment, and I inform you In ft direct man ner that if they should bo found to have reached the sanction ef that gov ernment, the president will be obliged to regard them aa a manifestation of an unfriendly spirit towards the United states, and to meet tha further pross- cutlos of er.terprteee ef that kind, either In the Dominican republic, for any part of tha American continent or Islands, with s prompt persistent, and, U possi ble, effective resistance." The true object of the Monroa doc trine must not ba perverted. It does not mean that we have the right te exer ciaa a protectorate over all tha nations ef this hemisphere. It does not mean that we can control any one of the re publics of South ar Central America, dictate to them the policy they must pursue or defend them In their wrongs. Wo do not any to European governments. you must not Interfere with or punish these states, nor do ws uphold them In any attempt te escape, under the guise and veil of thla doctrine, tneir just ana honest obligations to European powers. Wa have had numerous examples of thla character. - When Cleveland waa president England demanded from Nic aragua s large sum of money on ac count of Injuries dona ta aome 'English eltlsens. Great Britain attempted to collect It, but without sucosae. Finally she sent war vessels there and notified the officials that they were going to land marinas and take possession of the custom houses until the money was col lected. Tha Nleamsuan minister ftt Washington made earnest protest and demanded that our government should intercept Great Britain and prevent auch an outrageous act. President Cleveland aald: "No, we do not know whether you owe the Imgllah government or not. If yon cannot arrange It by nrbltartlon yon will have to do the beat yon can. As long as Great Britain la not at tempting to eatahlleh her government In Nicaragua, wo will not Interfere." We held the same sttltude towards Haiti when Germany asserted claims against that government, and the summary man ner In which several European govern ments effected ft settlement with Ven ssuela affords ft more recent example. First ssslstant secretary of atata. Mr. Leomls, says that our attitude and lnter eete nave largely been evolved and deter mined by the development of tbla fa mous declaration. He says that funda mentally the Monroe doctrine is tba ex preeslon of the notional right to self defense; that sooner or later a doc trine or policy Identical In spirit. If not In form, would have baea enunciated. auig almost north sad facing east, sad making a right angle. Wa bad to go to th bottom of this oanyon and than work oureelvee out by climbing up on the south side of the great canyon running eastward. r At T:I0 la ths evening we reached place large enough for ft com fortable bed of flat earth. A. start of shortly after f th nest morning, th ITth. brought as In ft little while after a hard, steep climb to the crest of th north old of tha canyon. This oraat was narrow, but oa ths north slops ware nanny snow flelda which we traversed, whea the oraat, which here runs due east and west, was to narrow for travel, Doing almost due west we bad a splendid view of Jefferson above ua now on our south. Towards ths north Hood showed her head above tha rising smoke, St Helens showed th tip of her MTt JErPERSON, SsseeePl uiW 1 1 na'"fJ Vu ' "'J 'MSeWeiemsemwvseweresei.ii.-BUi t w mm -i nipmn 1 nmw " . It-1 , iT even had Monroa never lived. Re re minds ua that tha doctrine ss It ta now held Is not the result of one man's efforts or Ideas, nor the develop meat sf one day or decade. - ' The Monroe doctrine Is known and discussed throughout all of South Amer ica, from the poo root west coast village to the boulevard la Buenos Ayrea, Of A VILLAGE STREET IN OLD PERU. Jefferson summit, but th smoke eooa rose and obscured both. Between us and ths mountain ws saw below us ft beautiful valley, covered with grass, sad bars and there through out Its whole extent war groves of trees, all fts If arranged by some land scape gardener. This valley wa earl mated to contain 1.000 acres, and to ba two mllee or mora in length. Th moun tain towera over It ta th smoke, with Immense broken lea and snow flelda, which seem to hang over It, but to be kept from falling Into It by rock cliffs sad peaks aotlng aa barriers between. Aa old trail waa found leading out of the place, but as It turned towards ths northwest, while our oouraa was south west around tha peak, wa left It without knowing where H led. On the very crest by which wa entered this hsppy valley were the fraah tracks of ft horse. We 'It- i -,.-''' h t. . i 9 - t- - I "i " T IB 111 III I 11 1 - i " CATHEDRAL IN, MONTEVIDEO. course, Europeans regard H as talmlad to thetr Interests, and have areas deal to say against H. Ha ears among ether things that tha Monroa doctrine has no more bearing upon aome of the issues it Involves than theology has with a ques tion of mathematlos, and that the stand taken by tha United States, if consist ently sustained, morally binds our gov- t '.'.'ft II s r followed these tracks hit ths valley through It for several miles, but finally lost them. Leaving this Eden, we pressed on and followed a stream flowing out of It, and then In th afternoon turned southward and began to climb, hoping te reach aome point where wa oould find our way to Lake Pa met la. Wa found and followed strongly marked deer trails for miles up the ridges, finally finding that we would have to cross high ridge running west from Jefferson, or deaoend down to the Santlam liver ftt ft place la miles or ao down on tha old trail leading to Detroit Wishing to ftvald thla, ws found ourselves compelled to get out by pulling ourselves up by means of little firs snd huckleberry bushes, ao plentiful there. After almost fWliy the Burglar Escaped . ; Trent fas Baltimore Herald. The rivalry between two elatsra of West Baltimore aa to whleh should shoot a burglar they discovered trying to open the kitchen door of their home ft few days ago, became so great that ha es caped, and neither of them enjoyed the rare pleasure, Th older sitter ran into the front room, and. seising ft pistol, returned with It and started toward th window for the purpose of taking a shot at the Intruder. "Ton bad better gtv th pistol ts me," continued the younger, "you don't know how to shoot "No," whispered the aider, n wouldn't think of letting you handle It" "Tou shan't shoot tha plstolf com manded the younger, "you are likely to kill yourself Ths older stetar Attempted to walk toward tha window, but aha was pre vented from doing so by tba younger one. Th argument waa begun again, and as th young woman did not talk In the ao fleet tone of voice, the burglar heard them distinctly, and, thinking that their Intentions were not of the beef, took to hie heels. ' Upon ths return of their mother In tha evening, there waa ft consultation aa to who ehould capture all future burglsrs, snd the older lister was delegated to have exclusive snjoyasant of this pleas ant pastime. PoUttssl geaems. "In polities, aren't your; 4: : Tes." Wml Are you a potat-wtth-srld r ft vtaW-Wlth-ftlarmr ... , ta piolsui nil the American eta tea, and net ss arbitrator ta all dis- -putas. ,.... This writer baa amis' vary frank aa ha proceeds! The early pelf ties of Moa--roa wars Interpreted as mean 'Am erica for the Americana,' but now we are given to understand that this aherlabed doe- . trine does, not mesa that at all, but rather 'America for tha North Amert cans. Just ss la anoleat. times every thing gave way before the Roman altt sen. and In later times before the British! subjeet. so now arrest everything give way before tha citlsen of the United States, To control the economie keys ' of th world ta imperialism; to grasp tha economic keys of America ta Mob roeism. The limit of Imperialism is th universe; the limit of Monroeiaaa ta America. The Spanish-Cohan war gava ' the peopls of th United States great advantages their victories transformed them tats a great power, and the oon ferenee of th Hague did ava more, beoausa M recognised th Monroa doo- trine, Europe haa permitted the United States to proclaim to the world, onoa ' for all, 'America for tha Americans:' " I asked on of our high officials what he thought about th statements of the frenchman. He replied that It was merely the opinion of one man, but that bis remarks shout "America for the Americana' was th wood with ths hark oa It. ( Editor's Note Mr. HaaktnM observa tions on the Monro doctrine will be : concluded In final article which will be publlahed next Sunday. The second . Installment will deal with ths South American attitude. It will contain atat 4 Istlcs of ft comparative nature, ss well aa many Incidents the writer enooaa tered la bis travels) giving up, we auoooodod la reaching the top, sad from there to Pamella lake was aa assy walk of a few hours through fallen timber, ahaparral sad eamUar easy woods, not to mention sroastng sotoo little streams which forgot to ba bridged. Paaaelte waa weUwmed at dark, and hers we camped, toe weary to cast ft fly la ths famous lake. At Pamella we were oa familiar ground and oa ths next dsy we tolled through s mass of fallen timber around ths lake up to Hunt's Cove, snd oa to our starting point st Lake Marlon, tired sad worn, but triumphant at our suooesa at having circled Jefferson completely In throe days, a fast not before accom plished to our knowledge. . A Misconception About Japan v (Continued Prom Preceding Page.) not totally unknown. Botany, astronomy and mathematics were studied and had been developed to uoma extent, although these studies were descriptive and not experimental. 1 mm lncllaed to say ernoptlcally about the education of old Japan; Of oouraa, th public school ayatem of to day was not known till half a century ago, but private teachers were found everywhere. Soma of them had as many as hundreds of pupils. Theas teachers gave lessons tn reading and writing, and1 soma in calculating, too. The education of the Samurai class was mac higher. Learned men kept pri vate sohoolo for tha Samurai youth, and besides this every province had several achoolo eataMiihed and eupported by lord Th Instruction given la thee schools waa eaolualvalv llterarv. bmm! and military. The Japanese have been auttured mm ft thousand years. It hi no wonder that the Japanese of today wel understand and assimilate the literature and phil osophy of tha occidental and the ern eetenoas. Thev save he tdoea la tbeea things already, and that m wny japan Baa become one of ths most etvlUsed countries la s short ansa of Una Frem the Chicago New. Shame 'The mains- an ha ina a during the lata war. . Wheetton Tea, he ws up tree and ths enoaii shot away th limb ha wad sitting aa, . y - i - t -, : j 1 '- -..' , 1 . . ,, : - . v v. - ; - ... , .. .. .. .- --e ' V ' .