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About Lincoln County leader. (Toledo, Lincoln County, Or.) 1893-1987 | View Entire Issue (Oct. 30, 1908)
nollrtlna? a Dam. I expect to build a aui on a creek for a saw mill. Ham will be nbout 100 f(H't long at top to rnlse the water ton feet. 1. What would be the cheap est way of building the dam? 2. Will you give a plan of such a dam? 3. What size of turbine would be neces sary to run a 43-inch circular saw? Ans. The accompanying sketch shows a cross-section of the style of dam that would be required for this purpose. Dams are sometimes con structed by a curbing of wood, mason ry, or cement, the Interior being filled with dry stones. Such a dam Is called a roek-flll dam. If stone Is plentiful, the dam may be built entirely of ma sonry. The top should be laid either with plank or cement. As the Illustration shows, the dam Is laid on bed-rock, the bed rock being bhisted out Bufliclently to secure a key and a solid footing generally. With a ten-foot dam the base should be ten feet wide. On the upstream side, the batter or sloie of the dam is about 1 In 4, and on the downstream side the npnr pnrt of the batter Is about 1 In 3 and the lower part 1 In 1. The dam throughout Its length should curve up stream, so ns to present a concave sur- ------- DAM FOR SAW MUX POWER. face to the pressure of the water. The masonry work should be constructed of rubble with cement mortar, and all the work should be very thoroughly done. A necessary provision In connection with a dam is sulllclent wasteway for water not utilized for power. The com mon form of wasteway is n tunnel through the dam sulllciently large to provide for the maximum amount of water that would be required to pass through It. In addition sluice gates should be provided, by which the flow of water would be controlled. The water to be utilized for power may bo carried to the wheel by means of a flume. A fifteen-inch turbine wheel would provide from 8 to 10 horse pow er, which would be sulllclent to run a aw of the size mentioned. Montreal Star. For Feeding Slock. A bucket of peculiar construction, designed especially to be used by farm ers and dairymen In feeding slop to stock and in the handling of fluid sub stances Is the inven tion of a Michigan man. It serves lu a sense as a clipper. The arrangement Is such that It . can be filled by forcing it bottom downward In to a receptacle of fluid substance, the nkw bucket, hinged portion of the bottom being opened to permit the' bucket to bo filled und closed to hold the contents until carried to the place of feeding. The contents can thus be discharged Into a trough without wasting It and without the liability of spilling It upon the clothes of the operator. The hinged portion of the bottom of the can Is operated by a rod extending above the top, which term inates Into a handle. As the bucket Is carried by the latter, pressure Is always maintained uion the bottom to keep It closed. When It Is desired to discharge the contents the handle Is pushed downward. Salt for Live Stock. Why salt should be regularly sup plied to stock Is thus put by a famous English authority: Because In the blood of animals there is six or seven times more sodium than potassium, and that the componltlon of the blood Is constant. To keep animals In good health a definite amount of common salt must be assimilated. The excess of potassium salts In vegetable foods causes by chemical exchange an ab normal loss of common salt. This Is proved by the fact that the craving of an animal for common salt Is most no ticeable when the food contains a large proportion of potassium salts, such as wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, beans and peas. The addition of salt to animal PT1 food Increases the appetite, promotes the repair of tissue by Its searching diffusion through the body, and stimu lates the "rapid using up of Its waste products. Boussingault's experiments Bhowed that salt Increases muscular vigor and activity, and improves their general appearance and condition. The RlKht Way to Pack Fruit. If the fruitgrower simply tumbles his apples Into the barrel without sort iig and without arrangement, In order to get the gieatctit nuinher Into the larrel, heads It up and ships to mar ket, be will discover when be gets his "h. ek that his fruit has been so'd for the lowest price. Thd only way to get the top prices for fruit Is to sort It according to grades, arranging "In bar rels or boxes In layers, placing each apple in by hand, and selecting for the top layer fruit of the same color. The top layer should be made up" of npples all of the same size If possible, and the fruit should come just to the top of the staves. Then the heading should be carefully placed on top and gently pressed down until it slips Into the chine. This can be done better by the use of a block placed under a lever. Nitrate ol Soda. The value of nitrate of soda npplied to barnyard millet at the New Jersey experiment station was stated by the experimenters as follows: Amount ap plied, 100 pounds per acre; yield un treated acre, 7.03 tons; treated acre, 13.38 tons; gain by use of nitrate, 5.75 tons ; per cent of gain, 75.4 ; value of pilii. nt 3 per ton, $17.23; cost of nitrate per acre, $3.(10. net gain per acre by use of nitrate over cost, $13.05. The crop was seeded on June 10 on well fertilized land at the rate of three fourths bushels of seed per acre, after a crop of oat and pea forage had been harvested, which averaged six tons per acre. The nitrate was applied soon af ter the plants were well rooted and capable of absorbing food rapidly. Pig Money In Waale Land. The woven wire fence is revolution izing the hog industry In the whole country, and. when farmers learn to utilize every bit of waste land for pas ture for their hogs the herds will be healthy and the cost of production will be decreased many dollars. If won't do to nllow the pigs to lie in the Rhnde of the corn cribs or to allow them only a run of pasture.. Feed a little corn nil of the time that the pigs are running In the pasture. The grass-grown pig does not appear so attractive with his working clothes on, but when he Is well developed nnd ready to be fitted he makes the pampered pets look like 30 cents. He makes a fine appearance nn7 Is a credit to his owner and feeder. Cm Stall. The stall as shown here is four feet over all, but can be made less. Cow when eating will stand with her hind feet Just behind. the 2 by 4, leaving the droppings behind It When she lies down she will be com pelled to lie In front of the 2 by 4 with her head under the feed rack. It Is not necessary to have a gutter in a stall of this kind. There should be short partitions, however, to keep thf cows from turning around. For building, use 2 by 4 for bottom feed rack ; bottom of rack 3 feet above floor. Strips of 1 by 4, C Inches apart form the rack, and should slope back 00 degrees. From 7 to 8 feet from front of s tn 11 place 2 by 4 on edge; If set Id dirt use stakes. Fanning Note. Remember the Importance of the kitchen garden. Some genius has figured out that a bee will on a busy day draw sugar from 120,000 different clover heads. When mustard Is a serious pest the fields are sprayed with a solution that kills the weed, but does not harm the crop. The government spent $10,000 this last spring plnnnlng ways to destroy the green bug la Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Preaching economy doesn't amount to much. You must practice It, but there Is such a thing as being too economical. The Clalrmont ranch, near Engle wood, In Clark County, Kan., consist ing of 21,000 acres of fine land, will be cut up Into small farms. One hundred and thirty-nine cows, comprising the best of thirty-six 1111 nols herds, produced an average of 30 pounds of butter fat last year. COW STALL. 17 " I ! The first color photograph ever made by flashlight has been successfully taken at Effingham, 111. For years color photography has been the goal that photographers have been striving to attain, and during the past two or three years some successful experi ments have resulted. But It was only drlng the last six months that the first successful color photograph by flash light was taken, and the news that It had been done came as a sensation at the recent convention of the National Association of Photographers held at Detroit, Mich. So far no method of printing photo graphs 1ij colors hns been discovered, but It Is predicted that this win shortly be done. Meanwhile the flashlight pho tograph taken by Prof. Raymer at Ef CATTLE STEALERS IN AUSTRALIA ' Canning Black Rnacnla Who Are a Pent to Ranchmen. In Australia the ranchmen have to contend with native cattle stealers who are so cunning and skillful that their forays result in constant loss to the farmers. They do not drive the cattle away In. droves like the old Scottish bordermen and the Texas outlaw, but creep silently up to the herd and slay a number by throwing sharp Rpears Into their flesh. When they have killed several of the animals they cut off only the parts they wish for Immediate use and leave the carcasses to rot on the & w Is?? tyr'-' , , ;.4$' 3 ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIAN CATTLE-STEALERS. plains. Next day when they want more meat they do not scruple to kill more cattle. In hurling their spears, which are from 7 to 10 feet long, they employ a throwing stick with a sort vof sling. This enables them to throw the spears with great force Incredible distances, driving the spear entirely through the animal. The mounted police are con stantly on the lookout for these ma rauders. Our picture Is from the Lon don Illustrated News. MYSTERY OF LOST MEMORY. Not an I'ncomnion Occurrence for Pcranna to Fortret lVaine. - A young Parisian actress who had for weeks held the title role In a popular play, recently, It Is said, was, while on the stage, suddenly a filleted with for getfulness and was utterly unable to rollout the lines of the last act, though she had successfully passed through the three preceding ones, says the Indian apolis Star. v It Is not an uncommon happening with stage people, lecturers and others, and sooiiib more likely to occur when I he matter memorized has been so often repeated that forgetfulness would up- PHOTOGRAPHS BY FLASHLIGHT fingham appears to be about the latest development in the progress of photog raphy. The picture Itself shows some nine colors, with the various shades and tints absolutely true to nature. The subject of the photograph, a young woman, is seated In an oak chair, nnd even the delicate grain of the oak is faithfully reproduced. The young wom an wore a red dress, with red gloves, and a yellow straw hat, with various kinds of flowers, and the result was as perfect as though ft bad been done by a painter. Prof. Raymer Is of the -opinion that It will be some time before the process will be so perfected as to permit of printing the photographs. He states that the principal difficulty in taking flnshllke color pictures is the large amount of flashlight powder which must be used. The present pictures themselves can never be transferred to paper, although this problem is now agitating the entire photographic pro fession. pear Impossible while intelligence re mained. The same thing happens In a less marked and conspicuous way to a great number of people, Its most common manifestation being forgetfulness of proper names. A name ordinarily fa miliar and Just about to be-spoken will vanish from the mind at the Instant and be to the one about to utter It as If It had never been. Ills consciousness grasi at it In vain, and, as it were, beats against a blank wall. It Is al ways a disagreeable experience, this momentary failure of the memory, and sometimes extremely embarrassing. Often It hapiens when the victim is about to greet an old acquaintance, or when It Is desirable to Introduce two men, each of whom he knows well. Doctors do not clearly explain this occasional defect In the mental powers, but those who experience It know that It occurs when they are ' especially weary or overworked, and they may therefore assume that It Is a form of brain fag and as readily accounted for as a lameness of arms or legs. That It Is most often displayed In connection with proper names Is perhaps due to the fact that these are each held in the memory by separate and arbitrary ac tion and not through association, and are therefore most easily lost. But whatever the cause, the multitude of persons who forget names will have a sympathetic comprehension of the state of mind of the French actress when she helplessly sought to Dud the words of her play. Genteel Restraint.' Judge Tou'd better be careful or I shall commit you for contempt of court The Lady Don't be ard on me, yer worship. .I'm a-dolu' me best ter coi ceul me feelln's. The Sketch. MYSTERIES OF S0N3 SLAKQ. Oniona Are Akla ta Sentiment In the Moalo Hall World. How many people would guess the meaning of a "Spanish onion song?" This strange phrase one of the many to be found in the professionals' dic tionary of slang Is used to denote the music hall ballad, and owes Its origin t6 the fact that no self-respecting mem ber of Its race would be without a pa thetic reference to "dear old mother" or "somebody's sweetheart far away." Now, pathos draw tears, and so do onions. The rest Is obvious, says the Cleveland Plain Dealer. These ballads are also known by the name of "Give me your kind applause songs," a title which Is also applied to ditties whose duty it Is to draw atten tion to some misdeed on the part of the imperial government. Artists, too, always allude to the last song they sing as their third song, though In many cases it may be their second or their fourth. "Breathers" are so called because tho unfortunate artist who sings them has no chance to breathe unless, perhaps, he surreptitiously drops a stray note here and there and thus draws a few molecules of air Into his lungs. These songs of which "The Irish Christen ing" Is an example always have at least five long verses, which are ruu one Into the other and sung without a break of any kind. A type of song which Is designed with the express purpose of deceiving tho audience Is the "cud bullad." With great ingenuity the composer begins his verse In a highly sentimental tone, when, Just as the audience Is com mencing to search for Its pocket hand kerchief, a sudden turn Is given to the words and every -one realizes that he has been tricked. - The whole thing Is, In fact, veriest parody. "Mingle your eyebrows with mine, love," Is a case In point. At the present moment the music hall world Is searching high and low for concerted numbers, which form 9 per cent of the senside. These are merely solos, rewritten to form trios, quartets or quintets for Pierrots and outdoor theatrical troupes, while "extra busi ness' is added to suit requirements. Motto songs, which are Increasing In popularity every day, will also, it Is ex pected, help to pass the hours for tho loungers on "those yellow sands." These ditties always point an excellent moral. The "production number" Is a term which needs some explanation. Jt means that the song Is elaborated or "featured" with chorus girls and la "produced" on a more elaborate scale than the ordinary number. It also re quires special scenery, with effects. Soubrette songs give the Idea of songs always sung by soubrettes. They must, however, fulfill certain other re quirements. The chorus, as In other songs, do not remain the same, till couplet In every case being differently worded. Cherrr Hlntorf. It Is still asserted In school books that . cherries were introduced to Eng land by the "fruiterer" or green grocer of Henry VIII. ; also, that they were not common for a hundred years after that time. This Is an error. Mr. Thomas Wright found the name In ev ery one of the Anglo-Saxon vocabula ries which he edited. So common were they nnd so highly esteemed that the time for gathering them became a rec ognized festival "cherry fair", or "feast." And this grew Into a pro verbial expression for fleeting' Joys. Gower says the friars taught that "life Is but a cheryefayre," and Hoie "en dureth but a throwe, right as it were a cheryefeste." There Is more than one record of the purchase of trees for the king's garden at Westminster centuries before Henry VIII. was born. But Pliny contradicted the fable, as if in prophetic mood. After telling that Lu cullus first brought cherries to Rome (from Pontus, In GSO A. U. C), he adds that In the course of 120 years they have spread widely, "even passing over sea to Britain." Cornhill Magazine. Dollar BUM by Weight. "Dollar bills are worth almost their weight In gold," a bank president said the other day to a depositor. "Yes, I suppose they come In handy for change and are easy to carry," the depositor replied absently. "No; I was speaking literally," the bank president said. "We got Into an argument In the bank here the other day as to how much a dollar bill weigh ed. A twenty-dollar gold piece weighs 540 grains. We found that twenty seven crisp, new one-dollar bills weigh the same as a twenty-dollar gold piece. We tested some bills that had been in use and found that It took but twenty six of them to balance the gold piece. I suppose that twenty-six used bills gather an accumulation of dirt In pass ing from hand to hand that weighs about what one new bill does." Kan sas City Star. Not to Be Expected. "Have you any Idea how many pounds the shipments of tea received In this country in a year would total?" "Of course not I'm not a tee-totaV er." Kansas City Times.
