nollrtlna? a Dam.
I expect to build a aui on a creek
for a saw mill. Ham will be nbout
100 f(H't long at top to rnlse the water
ton feet. 1. What would be the cheap
est way of building the dam? 2. Will
you give a plan of such a dam? 3.
What size of turbine would be neces
sary to run a 43-inch circular saw?
Ans. The accompanying sketch
shows a cross-section of the style of
dam that would be required for this
purpose. Dams are sometimes con
structed by a curbing of wood, mason
ry, or cement, the Interior being filled
with dry stones. Such a dam Is called
a roek-flll dam. If stone Is plentiful,
the dam may be built entirely of ma
sonry. The top should be laid either
with plank or cement.
As the Illustration shows, the dam
Is laid on bed-rock, the bed rock being
bhisted out Bufliclently to secure a key
and a solid footing generally. With
a ten-foot dam the base should be ten
feet wide. On the upstream side, the
batter or sloie of the dam is about 1
In 4, and on the downstream side the
npnr pnrt of the batter Is about 1 In 3
and the lower part 1 In 1. The dam
throughout Its length should curve up
stream, so ns to present a concave sur-
-------
DAM FOR SAW MUX POWER.
face to the pressure of the water. The
masonry work should be constructed
of rubble with cement mortar, and all
the work should be very thoroughly
done.
A necessary provision In connection
with a dam is sulllclent wasteway for
water not utilized for power. The com
mon form of wasteway is n tunnel
through the dam sulllciently large to
provide for the maximum amount of
water that would be required to pass
through It. In addition sluice gates
should be provided, by which the flow
of water would be controlled. The
water to be utilized for power may bo
carried to the wheel by means of a
flume. A fifteen-inch turbine wheel
would provide from 8 to 10 horse pow
er, which would be sulllclent to run a
aw of the size mentioned. Montreal
Star.
For Feeding Slock.
A bucket of peculiar construction,
designed especially to be used by farm
ers and dairymen In feeding slop to
stock and in the
handling of fluid sub
stances Is the inven
tion of a Michigan
man. It serves lu a
sense as a clipper.
The arrangement
Is such that It . can
be filled by forcing it
bottom downward In
to a receptacle of
fluid substance, the
nkw bucket, hinged portion of the
bottom being opened to permit the'
bucket to bo filled und closed to hold
the contents until carried to the place
of feeding. The contents can thus be
discharged Into a trough without
wasting It and without the liability of
spilling It upon the clothes of the
operator. The hinged portion of the
bottom of the can Is operated by a rod
extending above the top, which term
inates Into a handle. As the bucket
Is carried by the latter, pressure Is
always maintained uion the bottom to
keep It closed. When It Is desired to
discharge the contents the handle Is
pushed downward.
Salt for Live Stock.
Why salt should be regularly sup
plied to stock Is thus put by a famous
English authority: Because In the
blood of animals there is six or seven
times more sodium than potassium, and
that the componltlon of the blood Is
constant. To keep animals In good
health a definite amount of common
salt must be assimilated. The excess
of potassium salts In vegetable foods
causes by chemical exchange an ab
normal loss of common salt. This Is
proved by the fact that the craving of
an animal for common salt Is most no
ticeable when the food contains a large
proportion of potassium salts, such as
wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, beans and
peas. The addition of salt to animal
PT1
food Increases the appetite, promotes
the repair of tissue by Its searching
diffusion through the body, and stimu
lates the "rapid using up of Its waste
products. Boussingault's experiments
Bhowed that salt Increases muscular
vigor and activity, and improves their
general appearance and condition.
The RlKht Way to Pack Fruit.
If the fruitgrower simply tumbles
his apples Into the barrel without sort
iig and without arrangement, In order
to get the gieatctit nuinher Into the
larrel, heads It up and ships to mar
ket, be will discover when be gets his
"h. ek that his fruit has been so'd for
the lowest price. Thd only way to get
the top prices for fruit Is to sort It
according to grades, arranging "In bar
rels or boxes In layers, placing each
apple in by hand, and selecting for the
top layer fruit of the same color. The
top layer should be made up" of npples
all of the same size If possible, and the
fruit should come just to the top of
the staves. Then the heading should
be carefully placed on top and gently
pressed down until it slips Into the
chine. This can be done better by the
use of a block placed under a lever.
Nitrate ol Soda.
The value of nitrate of soda npplied
to barnyard millet at the New Jersey
experiment station was stated by the
experimenters as follows: Amount ap
plied, 100 pounds per acre; yield un
treated acre, 7.03 tons; treated acre,
13.38 tons; gain by use of nitrate,
5.75 tons ; per cent of gain, 75.4 ; value
of pilii. nt 3 per ton, $17.23; cost of
nitrate per acre, $3.(10. net gain per
acre by use of nitrate over cost, $13.05.
The crop was seeded on June 10 on
well fertilized land at the rate of three
fourths bushels of seed per acre, after
a crop of oat and pea forage had been
harvested, which averaged six tons per
acre. The nitrate was applied soon af
ter the plants were well rooted and
capable of absorbing food rapidly.
Pig Money In Waale Land.
The woven wire fence is revolution
izing the hog industry In the whole
country, and. when farmers learn to
utilize every bit of waste land for pas
ture for their hogs the herds will be
healthy and the cost of production will
be decreased many dollars. If won't do
to nllow the pigs to lie in the Rhnde of
the corn cribs or to allow them only a
run of pasture.. Feed a little corn nil
of the time that the pigs are running
In the pasture. The grass-grown pig
does not appear so attractive with his
working clothes on, but when he Is well
developed nnd ready to be fitted he
makes the pampered pets look like 30
cents. He makes a fine appearance nn7
Is a credit to his owner and feeder.
Cm Stall.
The stall as shown here is four feet
over all, but can be made less. Cow
when eating will stand with her hind
feet Just behind. the 2 by 4, leaving the
droppings behind It
When she lies down she will be com
pelled to lie In front of the 2 by 4
with her head under the feed rack. It
Is not necessary to have a gutter in
a stall of this kind. There should be
short partitions, however, to keep thf
cows from turning around.
For building, use 2 by 4 for bottom
feed rack ; bottom of rack 3 feet above
floor. Strips of 1 by 4, C Inches apart
form the rack, and should slope back
00 degrees. From 7 to 8 feet from front
of s tn 11 place 2 by 4 on edge; If set Id
dirt use stakes.
Fanning Note.
Remember the Importance of the
kitchen garden.
Some genius has figured out that a
bee will on a busy day draw sugar
from 120,000 different clover heads.
When mustard Is a serious pest the
fields are sprayed with a solution that
kills the weed, but does not harm the
crop.
The government spent $10,000 this
last spring plnnnlng ways to destroy
the green bug la Kansas, Oklahoma
and Texas.
Preaching economy doesn't amount
to much. You must practice It, but
there Is such a thing as being too
economical.
The Clalrmont ranch, near Engle
wood, In Clark County, Kan., consist
ing of 21,000 acres of fine land, will be
cut up Into small farms.
One hundred and thirty-nine cows,
comprising the best of thirty-six 1111
nols herds, produced an average of 30
pounds of butter fat last year.
COW STALL.
17 "
I
!
The first color photograph ever made
by flashlight has been successfully
taken at Effingham, 111. For years color
photography has been the goal that
photographers have been striving to
attain, and during the past two or
three years some successful experi
ments have resulted. But It was only
drlng the last six months that the first
successful color photograph by flash
light was taken, and the news that It
had been done came as a sensation at
the recent convention of the National
Association of Photographers held at
Detroit, Mich.
So far no method of printing photo
graphs 1ij colors hns been discovered,
but It Is predicted that this win shortly
be done. Meanwhile the flashlight pho
tograph taken by Prof. Raymer at Ef
CATTLE STEALERS IN AUSTRALIA
'
Canning Black Rnacnla Who Are a
Pent to Ranchmen.
In Australia the ranchmen have to
contend with native cattle stealers who
are so cunning and skillful that their
forays result in constant loss to the
farmers. They do not drive the cattle
away In. droves like the old Scottish
bordermen and the Texas outlaw, but
creep silently up to the herd and slay
a number by throwing sharp Rpears
Into their flesh. When they have killed
several of the animals they cut off only
the parts they wish for Immediate use
and leave the carcasses to rot on the
& w Is?? tyr'-' , , ;.4$' 3
ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIAN CATTLE-STEALERS.
plains. Next day when they want more
meat they do not scruple to kill more
cattle. In hurling their spears, which
are from 7 to 10 feet long, they employ
a throwing stick with a sort vof sling.
This enables them to throw the spears
with great force Incredible distances,
driving the spear entirely through the
animal. The mounted police are con
stantly on the lookout for these ma
rauders. Our picture Is from the Lon
don Illustrated News.
MYSTERY OF LOST MEMORY.
Not an I'ncomnion Occurrence for
Pcranna to Fortret lVaine. -
A young Parisian actress who had for
weeks held the title role In a popular
play, recently, It Is said, was, while on
the stage, suddenly a filleted with for
getfulness and was utterly unable to
rollout the lines of the last act, though
she had successfully passed through the
three preceding ones, says the Indian
apolis Star. v
It Is not an uncommon happening
with stage people, lecturers and others,
and sooiiib more likely to occur when
I he matter memorized has been so often
repeated that forgetfulness would up-
PHOTOGRAPHS
BY
FLASHLIGHT
fingham appears to be about the latest
development in the progress of photog
raphy. The picture Itself shows some
nine colors, with the various shades
and tints absolutely true to nature. The
subject of the photograph, a young
woman, is seated In an oak chair, nnd
even the delicate grain of the oak is
faithfully reproduced. The young wom
an wore a red dress, with red gloves,
and a yellow straw hat, with various
kinds of flowers, and the result was as
perfect as though ft bad been done by
a painter.
Prof. Raymer Is of the -opinion that
It will be some time before the process
will be so perfected as to permit of
printing the photographs. He states
that the principal difficulty in taking
flnshllke color pictures is the large
amount of flashlight powder which
must be used. The present pictures
themselves can never be transferred to
paper, although this problem is now
agitating the entire photographic pro
fession. pear Impossible while intelligence re
mained. The same thing happens In a less
marked and conspicuous way to a great
number of people, Its most common
manifestation being forgetfulness of
proper names. A name ordinarily fa
miliar and Just about to be-spoken will
vanish from the mind at the Instant
and be to the one about to utter It as
If It had never been. Ills consciousness
grasi at it In vain, and, as it were,
beats against a blank wall. It Is al
ways a disagreeable experience, this
momentary failure of the memory, and
sometimes extremely embarrassing.
Often It hapiens when the victim is
about to greet an old acquaintance, or
when It Is desirable to Introduce two
men, each of whom he knows well.
Doctors do not clearly explain this
occasional defect In the mental powers,
but those who experience It know that
It occurs when they are ' especially
weary or overworked, and they may
therefore assume that It Is a form of
brain fag and as readily accounted for
as a lameness of arms or legs. That
It Is most often displayed In connection
with proper names Is perhaps due to
the fact that these are each held in the
memory by separate and arbitrary ac
tion and not through association, and
are therefore most easily lost. But
whatever the cause, the multitude of
persons who forget names will have a
sympathetic comprehension of the state
of mind of the French actress when she
helplessly sought to Dud the words of
her play.
Genteel Restraint.'
Judge Tou'd better be careful or I
shall commit you for contempt of court
The Lady Don't be ard on me, yer
worship. .I'm a-dolu' me best ter coi
ceul me feelln's. The Sketch.
MYSTERIES OF S0N3 SLAKQ.
Oniona Are Akla ta Sentiment In
the Moalo Hall World.
How many people would guess the
meaning of a "Spanish onion song?"
This strange phrase one of the many
to be found in the professionals' dic
tionary of slang Is used to denote the
music hall ballad, and owes Its origin
t6 the fact that no self-respecting mem
ber of Its race would be without a pa
thetic reference to "dear old mother" or
"somebody's sweetheart far away."
Now, pathos draw tears, and so do
onions. The rest Is obvious, says the
Cleveland Plain Dealer.
These ballads are also known by the
name of "Give me your kind applause
songs," a title which Is also applied to
ditties whose duty it Is to draw atten
tion to some misdeed on the part of the
imperial government.
Artists, too, always allude to the last
song they sing as their third song,
though In many cases it may be their
second or their fourth.
"Breathers" are so called because tho
unfortunate artist who sings them has
no chance to breathe unless, perhaps,
he surreptitiously drops a stray note
here and there and thus draws a few
molecules of air Into his lungs. These
songs of which "The Irish Christen
ing" Is an example always have at
least five long verses, which are ruu
one Into the other and sung without a
break of any kind.
A type of song which Is designed
with the express purpose of deceiving
tho audience Is the "cud bullad." With
great ingenuity the composer begins
his verse In a highly sentimental tone,
when, Just as the audience Is com
mencing to search for Its pocket hand
kerchief, a sudden turn Is given to the
words and every -one realizes that he
has been tricked. - The whole thing Is,
In fact, veriest parody. "Mingle your
eyebrows with mine, love," Is a case In
point.
At the present moment the music hall
world Is searching high and low for
concerted numbers, which form 9 per
cent of the senside. These are merely
solos, rewritten to form trios, quartets
or quintets for Pierrots and outdoor
theatrical troupes, while "extra busi
ness' is added to suit requirements.
Motto songs, which are Increasing In
popularity every day, will also, it Is ex
pected, help to pass the hours for tho
loungers on "those yellow sands." These
ditties always point an excellent moral.
The "production number" Is a term
which needs some explanation. Jt
means that the song Is elaborated or
"featured" with chorus girls and la
"produced" on a more elaborate scale
than the ordinary number. It also re
quires special scenery, with effects.
Soubrette songs give the Idea of
songs always sung by soubrettes. They
must, however, fulfill certain other re
quirements. The chorus, as In other
songs, do not remain the same, till
couplet In every case being differently
worded.
Cherrr Hlntorf.
It Is still asserted In school books
that . cherries were introduced to Eng
land by the "fruiterer" or green grocer
of Henry VIII. ; also, that they were
not common for a hundred years after
that time. This Is an error. Mr.
Thomas Wright found the name In ev
ery one of the Anglo-Saxon vocabula
ries which he edited. So common were
they nnd so highly esteemed that the
time for gathering them became a rec
ognized festival "cherry fair", or
"feast." And this grew Into a pro
verbial expression for fleeting' Joys.
Gower says the friars taught that "life
Is but a cheryefayre," and Hoie "en
dureth but a throwe, right as it were a
cheryefeste." There Is more than one
record of the purchase of trees for the
king's garden at Westminster centuries
before Henry VIII. was born. But
Pliny contradicted the fable, as if in
prophetic mood. After telling that Lu
cullus first brought cherries to Rome
(from Pontus, In GSO A. U. C), he adds
that In the course of 120 years they
have spread widely, "even passing over
sea to Britain." Cornhill Magazine.
Dollar BUM by Weight.
"Dollar bills are worth almost their
weight In gold," a bank president said
the other day to a depositor.
"Yes, I suppose they come In handy
for change and are easy to carry," the
depositor replied absently.
"No; I was speaking literally," the
bank president said. "We got Into an
argument In the bank here the other
day as to how much a dollar bill weigh
ed. A twenty-dollar gold piece weighs
540 grains. We found that twenty
seven crisp, new one-dollar bills weigh
the same as a twenty-dollar gold piece.
We tested some bills that had been in
use and found that It took but twenty
six of them to balance the gold piece.
I suppose that twenty-six used bills
gather an accumulation of dirt In pass
ing from hand to hand that weighs
about what one new bill does." Kan
sas City Star.
Not to Be Expected.
"Have you any Idea how many
pounds the shipments of tea received In
this country in a year would total?"
"Of course not I'm not a tee-totaV
er." Kansas City Times.