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About Lincoln County leader. (Toledo, Lincoln County, Or.) 1893-1987 | View Entire Issue (May 29, 1908)
OF JESSE JUI Death of Hit Stepfather Recalls Memories of America's Most Desperate Outlaw. WAS A SLAYER AND EOBBEE. Outrages Upon His Family netted Him to Deeds of Maniacal Fury. Recently the death of Dr. Reuben Samuels, of Missouri, bas been an nounced In a line. To the majority of readers this Item conveyed no sig nificance. Yet Doctor Samuels was n figure In the guerilla warfare that made of Missouri find Ivinsns settlngn for the bloodiest and bitterest strlle ever waged by banded assassins. Sam uels was, however, a passive figure, the accidental center of affairs In which he took no part Conflict waged about him, Its fiery billows surging up to the threshold of his home. For he was the liUBbnnd of the mother of Jesse James, a woman with the heart of a lioness, loving her own with an Intensity as fierce as the hatred she felt for ber enemies. The death of Doctor Samuels recalls the mad, career of Jesse, as Intrepid n freebooter as ever murdered and robbed; a man who for years, moving In a community where everybody knew there was a price on tola bead, never flinched In the presence of danger. James was a man of curious paradoxes. He was strong In friendship, terrible, unrelenting In battle, whether under the black flag of Quautrell or warring on the society that had made him un outlaw. To his mother he was always kind and affectionate; to his wife a model husband. His children found In blm, so far as their tender senses could appreciate, every desirable element of fatherhood. For a long time he as sumed the name of Howard. There was no Setter citizen than "Mr. Howard," no more thoughtful neighbor. Shortly before he was killed there had been n municipal procession In St Joseph, marking a local event. At the head if the parade was a platoon of police. Immediately behind the police rode Jesse James on a blooded horse, his little boy Jesse held before him. Such were the chances the bandit took. There have beeu attempts to exalt Jesse James. That he was driven into the hard school of Quantrell must be ROBBERY OF TnH STAGE COACH BY THE JAMES GANG. admitted. His mother was a native of Kentucky, and when the mutterlngs of civil war were first heard her sympa thies were with the South. So were those of Doctor Samuels. In these sym pathies It was but natural that the boy should share. Quautrell's guerrilla or ganization bad operated before the dec laration of war. It was a sinister group, wholly without mercy, hldeoux In Its methods, Its members made up of social renegades steeped In crime, and bent upon revenge. naatrcU' Guerrilla. Quantrell bad a grievance agalust some of the maurauders of the border. Others had sworn to kill all the Fed erals they could In reprisal against outrages committed by sympathizers with the cause of tbo North. As Quau trell gained prestige some soldiers de serted the Confederate ranks to Join him, Impelled by a blood-lust uot to be satisfied on the battlefield. They craved the Joy of murder. Tbey gave no quar ter. No prisoner was spared. As fight ers tbey were demons. Tbey relied up on skill as horsemen and with revol ver When they went Into action It was with a fiendish sest that could not be withstood. It was the practice of every Quan trell follower to take the reins In his teeth, guide the horse by pressure of the knees alone and, with a revolver In each hand, plunge at full speed Into the heart of the enemy. There was no preliminary order," "Trot gallop 1" but the trained horses sprang to the utmost gait on the Instant The rush was n terrifying spectacle, pitiless, awful; a rentable swath of death. Bad as was Quantrell, as monstrourt bis cruelty and measureless his passion, there were boJIts opposing blm thnt lacked none of bis malignity of pur pose, but did lack Ills leadership. One day the representatives of one of tbeso bodies r,ode up to the Samuels home. They found Doctor Samuels at work with Jesse In a cornfield. With oaths they demanded the whereabouts of Quantrell. Samuels could not tell them. Tbey hanged him to a tree and kept blm suspended until nearly dead. Thrice did the doctor have to submit to this torture, and was left senfeles and bleeding. Jesse bad been obliged to look on. Then with whips he was scourged up and down the corn rows, prodded with bayonets. Little wonder that there arose within him n tumult of hatred. Pnwlttliigly the visitors were training him for a place with Quan trell, that grim Individual who with bis own hand bad slain thirty out of n band of thirty-two that had killed a brother. Leaving Samuels to suffer, the Inter lopers next demanded of Mrs. Samuels that she betray Quantrell. "I am like Marlon's wife," she responded, "what I know I will die knowing." They did not kill her. A little later she was JESSE JAMES. (From a Photograph Taken ta 18T3.) taken to Jail In Liberty, and there, with her daughter, subjected to hardship and grossest Insults. She was a Southern sympathizer and, far from denying the fact, gloried In It In a community aflame with excitement and prejudice, growing accustomed to every expres sion of violence, this was offending enough. Slanarhter of Troops. It was enough, too, to drive Jesse from the perils of bis threatened home Into the ranks of the Quantrell guerril las. There he found himself among men fittingly described as crossed be tween highwaymen and tigers. He was a smooth-faced boy, yet soon there was not one of his comrades a more dan gerous fighter. He was as good a rider as any, a better shot than any, and the ferocity that had slumbered within blm was roused to a pitch that made him as demoniac as the rest of the lnl qultous brotherhood of butchery. The exploits of the guerrillas, In which Jesse soon took active nart. were almost beyond belief In their reckless daring, tbelr frenzied brutal Ity. The affair at Ceutralla UlustrBtwa the actuating spirit" One day It, was BepteinDer ;u. , a tram bearlug twenty-four Federal soldiers rolled Into the little station. Upon the platform awaited BUI Anderson, one of Quau trail's most savage followers, an." enough of his associates to overawe tho soldiers. The twenty-four were march ed out of tbelr car, stood In a line and slaughtered to a man. . Soon after 300 troops under Major Johnson sought to punish this dml and approached a rendezvous where were were jara or tne guerrillas. John son adopted suicidal tactics. Evident ly he did not understand Quantum way. He caused his men to dismount and thus they stood awaiting the on slaught On came the guerillas like t whirlwind. They could not be with stood. Human courage could not on dure against these grinning devils, who rode with teetn bared and holding th reins. After one volley the troops fled They were nursued as fore n,,,. sued, and of the 800 only eighteen es caped. The rest were not wounded. xney were eaa. In this charge Jesse James, having tne best horse, was in the lead. It was a bullet from bis unerring revolver that laid poor Johnson low. and many others were accredited to blm that dreadful day. The guerrillas lost four men. Such was tbelr usual fortune. By exig ences of this kind Jesse James was hardened. He was a butcher of men. Crlmo Wlthont Parallel. .An Incident characteristic of Jesse James may be related bere. After the war, traveling in Tennessee, be found the widow of an old comrade. It hap pened that a mortgage upon ber homo was to be foreclosed that day, and she was momentarily expecting the Sheriff and the money Jeuder. The sum she needed was $500. Jesse bad this with him, but no more, and be was far from home, but he gave It to her. Then ho secreted himself by the roadside, watch ed the ofliclals and the lender arrive and depart, and stepping from ambush with leveled pistols, made them dis gorge the entire amount with which be went on bis way, happy In having saved the widow's home at the cost of a tri fling Inconvenience not In Itself disa greeable. When fully launched upon his crimi nal course. Jesse had with him Bill An derson, the Central la butcher, and four of the Younger brothers, as well a.-i some others, Including his own brother Frank. Frank has been for many years now a reputable, law-abiding Individ ual. He always lacked Initiative, and never had a tithe of the singular abil ity of Jesse. The first act known to have been committed by the gang was the robbery of a bank at Corydon. Iowa, n bold and open raid, which the per petrators announced to a gathering of citizens as tbey rode away, firing tbelr pistols. In July, 1873, they robbed a train on the C. R. I. & P. near Council Bluffs, murdering an unarmed engi neer. At Intervals followed a robbery pn the Iron Mountain, netting $10,000; one on the Union Pacific, where the loot was $55,000, and another with $17,000 haul on the Missouri Pacific. In each Instance there was displayed ut ter indifference as to the killing of trainmen or passengers, although -possibly an Inclination to leave a few dead to lend Impress! venesg to the occasion. With sporadic outbreaks the James gang did nothing especially notable after the Missouri Pacific robbery un til September, 1876, when they under took to rob a bank at Northfleld, Minn. The citizens fought a good fight upon learning that the bank cashier bad been killed. Bill Chndvpii rioii rnio. m.t Charley Pitts were shot to death and ' Bob and Jim Younger, with Jesse James, were wounded. The wounded Youngers, together with their brother Cole, were captured and sentenced to prison for life. Bob died In prison. Cole and Jim were pardoned In 1901, and a year later Cole committed sui cide. Frank James managed to get the injured Jesse Into Dakota and away. Killed by Treachery. Such a life as Jesse James led was bound to culminate In tragedy. Gov-1 ernor Crittenden, of Missouri, disgusted 1 at the futile efforts 'of officers and de tectives to take him, offered a reward ' of $10,000 for bis capture. One "Bob" . Ford, with his brother Charles, deter mined to secure this sum. They had won the confidence 6f the outlaw, the solitary Instance, perhaps, In which his Judgment of men led him astray. These boys had the freedom of the James home. They were both there one warm day In 1882. Because of the heat Jesso bad removed coat and vest and then laid aside his arms, a lack of precaution he had never before been known to exhlh It Observing that a picture on tho wall was askew, he mounted a chair to adjust It This gave the Fords their chance. They had edged between Jesse James and the bed on which lay his pistols. Bob tben shot him In the back of the head. There were a few gasps and Jesse James, bandit and outlaw, was dead. He lived Just long enough to be gathered Into the arms of bis wife. The revolver that was used for bis undoing bad been bis own gift to the man who used It The Fords go: their money, a pardon from tbe Gov ernor and the detestation of even the enemies of Jesse James. Thereafter they, knewno peace. There was none so mean as to extend a band to them. Charles Ford committed suicide In Richmond. There were no mourners. Bob Ford drifted to Colorado, became an unwelcome habitue of gambling halls and was shot In a drunken brawl. For long there has bung In tbe Sam uels home a framed scroll bearing this Inscription : In Loving Remembrance of my Beloved Son JESSE W. JAMES Died April 3, 1882 Aged 34 years 6 months 28 days. Murdered by a Traitor and Coward Whose Name is not Worthy to Appear Here. Such Is a brief sketch of Jesse James, dauntless, desperate, brutal, a soldier of vengeance, wbo warred upon society, bis band against every man, bis legacy the memory of bitterness. Henry James in Philadelphia Ledger, Tho Coop. "This flat Is a mere coop." "Yesjohn," said his wife sweetly, "and the cook has Just flew it" Pitt burg Post BABCOCK MILK TEST. Simple, Accural and Easily Mastered With Little Siuny Br 3. H. FVanHBon. Professor of Dalrjrtac UniviH.Ur of Idaho. Moscow. A great deal has been written abont testing milk and a lar.'e number of farmers already nse tne Bibcock teet; but em nth inquiries have me to the writer to warrant the assertion that tl e enhj ct Is not yet fully nnderstord. Many seem to have the idea that the Babeock test 1 a complicated, and at bet an unreliable affair. , This Is an erroneous idea and should not be al lowed to prevail. Tbe test is simple, accurate and eai-ily mattered by anyone who will give the matter a little care ful study and attention. It must be borne in mind that the acenracy and value of tbe teat depend not alone on the teat, but qnite as much on the pr per tailing oi tbe sample. If that is Improperly done the results are of little value. For example, the writer has known o( cow-owners who, when desiring to test the milk of an individ ual cow, have taken the sample by milking directly into the sample bot tie. When it is known that the firi-t part of a' cow's milk i largely water and the lat part of sto ppings is very rich In fat, it is self evident that s-:b a sample would yield results of little value so far as determining the actual richness of that pirtlcular cow's milk. The milk to be tested should be paired from one can into another seve ral times or carefully stirred with a stirrer until it is of a uniform mixture The sample is then immediately taken, preferably with a small, long handled dppr. If the testing cannot be done soon after the sample is taken it must be placed in an airtight jar and some preservative added to ke p ii sweet. The Babeock test bottles are gradu ated on the supposition that an 18 gram sample is taken. Milk varies very little in Its speciflo gravity and a p petto graduated to hold 17.0 cnbio oeutimeters will deliver approximately 18 grams of milk. When the (ample is r ady for testing, the Jar containing it should be placed in warm water and lowly beatedto a temperature of abont 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Mix the sam ple well ; especially see that any cream which may have gathered on the tide of the jar is carefully mixed with the other part of the sample. The measur ing p pette it now filled to the mark. This is done by sucking the milk np into the pipette above the mark; the dry forefinger is immediately placed over the top of the pipette to prevent the milk from escaping. By gently releasing the pressure the milk is al lowed to flow out until level with the mark on the stem of the p'pette. Ihe pipatte now contains the 18 grama. Ihe sample is now emptied into the 'teat bottle. To do this the teat bottle should be held in a slanting position, the presaure on the pipette released, al lowing the milk to slowly ran into the bottle in such a way as to allow the air to gradually escape from the bottle. The next step is adding the acid. This is measured in the acid graduate; the exact amount, to nse will depend largely on the strength of the acid, the temperature of the sample to be tested, etc. If ordinary commercial sulphuric acid is used, 17.6 cubio centimeters will be found approximately correct. With a little individual experimenting the tester will soon notice the proper amount to use. To prevent the burn ing or charring of any part of the milk the aoid is poured slowly down the side of the bottie until all has been added. Now give the bottle a gentle rotary motion, thus giving the acid a chance to act equally on all parts o' the milk. Then let it stand three or fonr minutes, after which it is given another rotary movement and then plaoed in the tester. The bottles are placed in . the tester in suoh a position as to keep the ma chine balanced. The bottles should now be whirled for five or six minutes at snob speed as is generally marked on the machine. The machine is now al lowed to slow down for the purpose of adding water to the bottles. Enough water is added to bring the contents np to the neck of the bottle, after which the machine is again started and run for two minutes; again stopped and sufficient warm water added to bring all the fat contents up into the gradn ated part of the bottle. After another whirling of one minute the samples are to be read. It may be well to state that it is preferable to nse soft water and that the temperature ahonld be about 1"0 degress Fahrenheit. To read the amount of fat, take one Dottle out at a time, hold it upright, the graduated part should be on a level with the eyes. The difference between the highest and lowest limits of the butter fat oolumn Is the amount of but' ter fac expressed In per cent direct Most milk battles are graduated np to 10 per cent, each large division lndi cates one per cent and each small dlvls Ion two-tenths of one per cent of butter fat. To illustrate the method of read ing let it be supposed that the top of the fat column is at 8.5, and the bot tom at 4 6, then the leadings 8.5-4.6 equals 4 per cent fat. This means that in 100 poundi of this kind of milk there would be exactly 4 pounds of iat. If the testing has been properly done tbe butter tat column should be per fectly dear, of a brownish yellow oolor; the line separating It from the acid should be clear and distinct. Too ttroog aoid la apt to cause black or rharred particles to appear In the tat. This asms result may als he due to too b'gh teniperatnra of eii ' er t m milk or ti e acid. Iosi ffl -ieDt . mount of acid or too weak aoid or too low temperature of the milk may result in a white or cloudy teat Much more complete directions ac company each outfit the p Incipal ob ject of this article is to iiupreis upon f aimers the simplicity of the test and that there is nothing mysterious or mystifying about it. It is so simple that any one cf ordinary intelligence, willing to give it a little time and pa- fence, can easily master all its details. When the farmer fully realists that It furnishes him a key not only for weed ing out his unprofitable oows, bnt also for checking np his creamery man, he will not be slow to make use of the Babeock test. FAMILY HOTBEDS. Some Good Suggestions for the Smal Beginner. Br J. R. Ehinn, TJnh-anltr of Idaho. Maaeew. Some kind of a hotbed is Wi aManntlftl factor if one it to tecnr ernrn from plants that require an exceptionally ong reason lor maturing. A hotbed also affords an opportunity to grow cer tain crops, such as radishes snd lettuce, in advance of the season. Such crops as tomatoee, cabbages, celery and cauli flower, practically demand that they be started in the hotbed before they are transplanted to the field, especially in tbe ftoith. As theee crona must nr be regarded as tbs staple product of every wall-halaiwd parriVn, the con struction and management of hotbeds is a very timely topic for the prospec tive garaener io consider. First of all, a hotbed may be defined as an incloaure covered with fash and furnished with artificial heat so that the plants are kept in an actively grow ing condition. Common stable mannra constitutes the main source for securing this heat. There are aeversl require ment! -that shonld be noted regarding tne Kind and quality of manure used for hotbeds. It ahonld he nrnntlaall the same age thronghont, and it ahonld do oi sucn texture that when packed it will neither be fluffy nor will it b soggy. On the other hand, it shonld respond with springy elasticity be neath the weight of a man, without fluffing np when the presaure Is re moved. Horse mannra which ha from one-third to one-half straw composing its total bnlk will usually be found to provide this requisite texture. More over, this manure should be fresh, in order that fermentation may proceed rapiany. The nroeess of fermentation la ataral before the manure la placed in the ho bed. To accomplish this the manure is USUallv niled in Inn. ahalloar square-topped piles; If dry when piled, 1 a, t a. I it .. ic is moisienea tnrougnout, ana u it is ant to become water-anakad. aa ia th case in rainy climates, it should be puea nnaer sneiter, tor wheie so much moisture is present manure will re main cold. Tho flint fnrmantation la almost sure to be irregular, so it is ne cessary to fork over tbe pile, distribut ing tne not manure thronghont the mass, in order to get the heal uniform-, ly distributed. When it is noticed tbat steam la com In? from tha nil again nnlformy, it may be taken as evi dence mat me manure is ready to place in tne notbed. After one thoroughly nndaratanda tha important details of preparing the manure for the nurnosa nf heatino at tention should be called to the location and construction of the pit and frame. Pits are usually dug from 24 to 30 inches deep and of sufficient size to ad mit tbe frames being placed inside their walls. Sjch nit ahonld ha lo cated near some much-frequented path, in oraer mat tney sre sore to receive the reauiaite amount; nf at.tant ion A 1 ways have the hotbed facing the south and if snch a site is available, put it on the south side of some building or tight board fence or hill. Protection should also be sought from the prevailing wiuus, ior winas nave a decided effect in carrying awav the heat. A wall. draimd location is also an esaential re- uirement. Hotbed sash are 3x8 feet In alma ant cost about $ 3 each. Frames for these Sash are made with the back 12 inches'' higher than the front, the Liter bsing 10 inches. The number of sash and the sice of tbe fia'me will depend upon the needs of the family. Usually one frame 8x8 feet will afford sufficient hotbed area for a family of six. , Before tbe frame is placed upon the pit the fermenting mannre is placed in the pit and thoroughly compacted, bringing the level of the mannre to within three inobea of the surf ate ot the soil. From tbree to six Inches of good loamy garden soil are distributed evenly over the surface of the manure in order to Jurnlah a seed bed. The seed is not planted until the excessive heat cf the first few days has begun to subside. By the nse of a thermometer the temperature mar ha xvmmiaiw as certained. Tomatoei may be sown at a wujperaiure oi u to 8i degress, cab bage and lettuce from 80 to 70 degrees. Railway whistles Inflict torture ea so many people that the effort abroad te check tbs plague hart won approval from tbs people. Austria has introduced a system of dumb signaling to start and stop the trains. Belgium Is trying com pressed air whistles Instead of steam, as Germany experimsaU with horn