OF
JESSE JUI
Death of Hit Stepfather Recalls
Memories of America's Most
Desperate Outlaw.
WAS A SLAYER AND EOBBEE.
Outrages Upon His Family netted
Him to Deeds of Maniacal
Fury.
Recently the death of Dr. Reuben
Samuels, of Missouri, bas been an
nounced In a line. To the majority of
readers this Item conveyed no sig
nificance. Yet Doctor Samuels was n
figure In the guerilla warfare that
made of Missouri find Ivinsns settlngn
for the bloodiest and bitterest strlle
ever waged by banded assassins. Sam
uels was, however, a passive figure, the
accidental center of affairs In which he
took no part Conflict waged about
him, Its fiery billows surging up to the
threshold of his home. For he was the
liUBbnnd of the mother of Jesse James,
a woman with the heart of a lioness,
loving her own with an Intensity as
fierce as the hatred she felt for ber
enemies.
The death of Doctor Samuels recalls
the mad, career of Jesse, as Intrepid n
freebooter as ever murdered and
robbed; a man who for years, moving
In a community where everybody knew
there was a price on tola bead, never
flinched In the presence of danger.
James was a man of curious paradoxes.
He was strong In friendship, terrible,
unrelenting In battle, whether under
the black flag of Quautrell or warring
on the society that had made him un
outlaw. To his mother he was always
kind and affectionate; to his wife a
model husband. His children found In
blm, so far as their tender senses could
appreciate, every desirable element of
fatherhood. For a long time he as
sumed the name of Howard. There was
no Setter citizen than "Mr. Howard,"
no more thoughtful neighbor. Shortly
before he was killed there had been n
municipal procession In St Joseph,
marking a local event. At the head if
the parade was a platoon of police.
Immediately behind the police rode
Jesse James on a blooded horse, his
little boy Jesse held before him. Such
were the chances the bandit took.
There have beeu attempts to exalt
Jesse James. That he was driven into
the hard school of Quantrell must be
ROBBERY OF TnH STAGE COACH BY THE JAMES GANG.
admitted. His mother was a native of
Kentucky, and when the mutterlngs of
civil war were first heard her sympa
thies were with the South. So were
those of Doctor Samuels. In these sym
pathies It was but natural that the boy
should share. Quautrell's guerrilla or
ganization bad operated before the dec
laration of war. It was a sinister
group, wholly without mercy, hldeoux
In Its methods, Its members made up of
social renegades steeped In crime, and
bent upon revenge.
naatrcU' Guerrilla.
Quantrell bad a grievance agalust
some of the maurauders of the border.
Others had sworn to kill all the Fed
erals they could In reprisal against
outrages committed by sympathizers
with the cause of tbo North. As Quau
trell gained prestige some soldiers de
serted the Confederate ranks to Join
him, Impelled by a blood-lust uot to be
satisfied on the battlefield. They craved
the Joy of murder. Tbey gave no quar
ter. No prisoner was spared. As fight
ers tbey were demons. Tbey relied up
on skill as horsemen and with revol
ver When they went Into action It
was with a fiendish sest that could
not be withstood.
It was the practice of every Quan
trell follower to take the reins In his
teeth, guide the horse by pressure of
the knees alone and, with a revolver
In each hand, plunge at full speed Into
the heart of the enemy. There was no
preliminary order," "Trot gallop 1" but
the trained horses sprang to the utmost
gait on the Instant The rush was n
terrifying spectacle, pitiless, awful; a
rentable swath of death.
Bad as was Quantrell, as monstrourt
bis cruelty and measureless his passion,
there were boJIts opposing blm thnt
lacked none of bis malignity of pur
pose, but did lack Ills leadership. One
day the representatives of one of tbeso
bodies r,ode up to the Samuels home.
They found Doctor Samuels at work
with Jesse In a cornfield. With oaths
they demanded the whereabouts of
Quantrell. Samuels could not tell
them. Tbey hanged him to a tree and
kept blm suspended until nearly dead.
Thrice did the doctor have to submit
to this torture, and was left senfeles
and bleeding. Jesse bad been obliged
to look on. Then with whips he was
scourged up and down the corn rows,
prodded with bayonets. Little wonder
that there arose within him n tumult of
hatred. Pnwlttliigly the visitors were
training him for a place with Quan
trell, that grim Individual who with
bis own hand bad slain thirty out of n
band of thirty-two that had killed a
brother.
Leaving Samuels to suffer, the Inter
lopers next demanded of Mrs. Samuels
that she betray Quantrell. "I am like
Marlon's wife," she responded, "what
I know I will die knowing." They did
not kill her. A little later she was
JESSE JAMES.
(From a Photograph Taken ta 18T3.)
taken to Jail In Liberty, and there, with
her daughter, subjected to hardship and
grossest Insults. She was a Southern
sympathizer and, far from denying the
fact, gloried In It In a community
aflame with excitement and prejudice,
growing accustomed to every expres
sion of violence, this was offending
enough.
Slanarhter of Troops.
It was enough, too, to drive Jesse
from the perils of bis threatened home
Into the ranks of the Quantrell guerril
las. There he found himself among
men fittingly described as crossed be
tween highwaymen and tigers. He was
a smooth-faced boy, yet soon there was
not one of his comrades a more dan
gerous fighter. He was as good a rider
as any, a better shot than any, and
the ferocity that had slumbered within
blm was roused to a pitch that made
him as demoniac as the rest of the lnl
qultous brotherhood of butchery.
The exploits of the guerrillas, In
which Jesse soon took active nart.
were almost beyond belief In their
reckless daring, tbelr frenzied brutal
Ity. The affair at Ceutralla UlustrBtwa
the actuating spirit" One day It, was
BepteinDer ;u. , a tram bearlug
twenty-four Federal soldiers rolled Into
the little station. Upon the platform
awaited BUI Anderson, one of Quau
trail's most savage followers, an."
enough of his associates to overawe tho
soldiers. The twenty-four were march
ed out of tbelr car, stood In a line and
slaughtered to a man.
. Soon after 300 troops under Major
Johnson sought to punish this dml
and approached a rendezvous where
were were jara or tne guerrillas. John
son adopted suicidal tactics. Evident
ly he did not understand Quantum
way. He caused his men to dismount
and thus they stood awaiting the on
slaught On came the guerillas like t
whirlwind. They could not be with
stood. Human courage could not on
dure against these grinning devils, who
rode with teetn bared and holding th
reins. After one volley the troops fled
They were nursued as fore n,,,.
sued, and of the 800 only eighteen es
caped. The rest were not wounded.
xney were eaa.
In this charge Jesse James, having
tne best horse, was in the lead. It was
a bullet from bis unerring revolver that
laid poor Johnson low. and many others
were accredited to blm that dreadful
day. The guerrillas lost four men. Such
was tbelr usual fortune. By exig
ences of this kind Jesse James was
hardened. He was a butcher of men.
Crlmo Wlthont Parallel.
.An Incident characteristic of Jesse
James may be related bere. After the
war, traveling in Tennessee, be found
the widow of an old comrade. It hap
pened that a mortgage upon ber homo
was to be foreclosed that day, and she
was momentarily expecting the Sheriff
and the money Jeuder. The sum she
needed was $500. Jesse bad this with
him, but no more, and be was far from
home, but he gave It to her. Then ho
secreted himself by the roadside, watch
ed the ofliclals and the lender arrive
and depart, and stepping from ambush
with leveled pistols, made them dis
gorge the entire amount with which be
went on bis way, happy In having saved
the widow's home at the cost of a tri
fling Inconvenience not In Itself disa
greeable. When fully launched upon his crimi
nal course. Jesse had with him Bill An
derson, the Central la butcher, and four
of the Younger brothers, as well a.-i
some others, Including his own brother
Frank. Frank has been for many years
now a reputable, law-abiding Individ
ual. He always lacked Initiative, and
never had a tithe of the singular abil
ity of Jesse. The first act known to
have been committed by the gang was
the robbery of a bank at Corydon. Iowa,
n bold and open raid, which the per
petrators announced to a gathering of
citizens as tbey rode away, firing tbelr
pistols. In July, 1873, they robbed a
train on the C. R. I. & P. near Council
Bluffs, murdering an unarmed engi
neer. At Intervals followed a robbery
pn the Iron Mountain, netting $10,000;
one on the Union Pacific, where the
loot was $55,000, and another with
$17,000 haul on the Missouri Pacific. In
each Instance there was displayed ut
ter indifference as to the killing of
trainmen or passengers, although -possibly
an Inclination to leave a few dead
to lend Impress! venesg to the occasion.
With sporadic outbreaks the James
gang did nothing especially notable
after the Missouri Pacific robbery un
til September, 1876, when they under
took to rob a bank at Northfleld, Minn.
The citizens fought a good fight upon
learning that the bank cashier bad been
killed. Bill Chndvpii rioii rnio. m.t
Charley Pitts were shot to death and '
Bob and Jim Younger, with Jesse
James, were wounded. The wounded
Youngers, together with their brother
Cole, were captured and sentenced to
prison for life. Bob died In prison.
Cole and Jim were pardoned In 1901,
and a year later Cole committed sui
cide. Frank James managed to get the
injured Jesse Into Dakota and away.
Killed by Treachery.
Such a life as Jesse James led was
bound to culminate In tragedy. Gov-1
ernor Crittenden, of Missouri, disgusted 1
at the futile efforts 'of officers and de
tectives to take him, offered a reward '
of $10,000 for bis capture. One "Bob" .
Ford, with his brother Charles, deter
mined to secure this sum. They had
won the confidence 6f the outlaw, the
solitary Instance, perhaps, In which his
Judgment of men led him astray. These
boys had the freedom of the James
home. They were both there one warm
day In 1882. Because of the heat Jesso
bad removed coat and vest and then laid
aside his arms, a lack of precaution he
had never before been known to exhlh
It Observing that a picture on tho
wall was askew, he mounted a chair
to adjust It This gave the Fords their
chance. They had edged between Jesse
James and the bed on which lay his
pistols. Bob tben shot him In the back
of the head. There were a few gasps
and Jesse James, bandit and outlaw,
was dead. He lived Just long enough
to be gathered Into the arms of bis
wife. The revolver that was used for
bis undoing bad been bis own gift to
the man who used It The Fords go:
their money, a pardon from tbe Gov
ernor and the detestation of even the
enemies of Jesse James. Thereafter
they, knewno peace. There was none
so mean as to extend a band to them.
Charles Ford committed suicide In
Richmond. There were no mourners.
Bob Ford drifted to Colorado, became
an unwelcome habitue of gambling
halls and was shot In a drunken brawl.
For long there has bung In tbe Sam
uels home a framed scroll bearing this
Inscription :
In Loving Remembrance of my Beloved
Son
JESSE W. JAMES
Died April 3, 1882
Aged 34 years 6 months 28 days.
Murdered by a Traitor and Coward
Whose Name is not Worthy to Appear
Here.
Such Is a brief sketch of Jesse
James, dauntless, desperate, brutal, a
soldier of vengeance, wbo warred upon
society, bis band against every man,
bis legacy the memory of bitterness.
Henry James in Philadelphia Ledger,
Tho Coop.
"This flat Is a mere coop."
"Yesjohn," said his wife sweetly,
"and the cook has Just flew it" Pitt
burg Post
BABCOCK MILK TEST.
Simple, Accural and Easily Mastered
With Little Siuny
Br 3. H. FVanHBon. Professor of Dalrjrtac
UniviH.Ur of Idaho. Moscow.
A great deal has been written abont
testing milk and a lar.'e number of
farmers already nse tne Bibcock teet;
but em nth inquiries have me to the
writer to warrant the assertion that tl e
enhj ct Is not yet fully nnderstord.
Many seem to have the idea that the
Babeock test 1 a complicated, and at
bet an unreliable affair. , This Is an
erroneous idea and should not be al
lowed to prevail. Tbe test is simple,
accurate and eai-ily mattered by anyone
who will give the matter a little care
ful study and attention. It must be
borne in mind that the acenracy and
value of tbe teat depend not alone on
the teat, but qnite as much on the
pr per tailing oi tbe sample. If that
is Improperly done the results are of
little value. For example, the writer
has known o( cow-owners who, when
desiring to test the milk of an individ
ual cow, have taken the sample by
milking directly into the sample bot
tie. When it is known that the firi-t
part of a' cow's milk i largely water
and the lat part of sto ppings is very
rich In fat, it is self evident that s-:b
a sample would yield results of little
value so far as determining the actual
richness of that pirtlcular cow's milk.
The milk to be tested should be
paired from one can into another seve
ral times or carefully stirred with a
stirrer until it is of a uniform mixture
The sample is then immediately taken,
preferably with a small, long handled
dppr. If the testing cannot be done
soon after the sample is taken it must
be placed in an airtight jar and some
preservative added to ke p ii sweet.
The Babeock test bottles are gradu
ated on the supposition that an 18
gram sample is taken. Milk varies
very little in Its speciflo gravity and a
p petto graduated to hold 17.0 cnbio
oeutimeters will deliver approximately
18 grams of milk. When the (ample
is r ady for testing, the Jar containing
it should be placed in warm water and
lowly beatedto a temperature of abont
70 degrees Fahrenheit. Mix the sam
ple well ; especially see that any cream
which may have gathered on the tide
of the jar is carefully mixed with the
other part of the sample. The measur
ing p pette it now filled to the mark.
This is done by sucking the milk np
into the pipette above the mark; the
dry forefinger is immediately placed
over the top of the pipette to prevent
the milk from escaping. By gently
releasing the pressure the milk is al
lowed to flow out until level with the
mark on the stem of the p'pette. Ihe
pipatte now contains the 18 grama.
Ihe sample is now emptied into the
'teat bottle. To do this the teat bottle
should be held in a slanting position,
the presaure on the pipette released, al
lowing the milk to slowly ran into the
bottle in such a way as to allow the air
to gradually escape from the bottle.
The next step is adding the acid.
This is measured in the acid graduate;
the exact amount, to nse will depend
largely on the strength of the acid, the
temperature of the sample to be tested,
etc. If ordinary commercial sulphuric
acid is used, 17.6 cubio centimeters
will be found approximately correct.
With a little individual experimenting
the tester will soon notice the proper
amount to use. To prevent the burn
ing or charring of any part of the milk
the aoid is poured slowly down the side
of the bottie until all has been added.
Now give the bottle a gentle rotary
motion, thus giving the acid a chance
to act equally on all parts o' the milk.
Then let it stand three or fonr minutes,
after which it is given another rotary
movement and then plaoed in the
tester.
The bottles are placed in . the tester
in suoh a position as to keep the ma
chine balanced. The bottles should
now be whirled for five or six minutes
at snob speed as is generally marked on
the machine. The machine is now al
lowed to slow down for the purpose of
adding water to the bottles. Enough
water is added to bring the contents np
to the neck of the bottle, after which
the machine is again started and run
for two minutes; again stopped and
sufficient warm water added to bring
all the fat contents up into the gradn
ated part of the bottle. After another
whirling of one minute the samples are
to be read. It may be well to state
that it is preferable to nse soft water
and that the temperature ahonld be
about 1"0 degress Fahrenheit.
To read the amount of fat, take one
Dottle out at a time, hold it upright,
the graduated part should be on a level
with the eyes. The difference between
the highest and lowest limits of the
butter fat oolumn Is the amount of but'
ter fac expressed In per cent direct
Most milk battles are graduated np to
10 per cent, each large division lndi
cates one per cent and each small dlvls
Ion two-tenths of one per cent of butter
fat. To illustrate the method of read
ing let it be supposed that the top of
the fat column is at 8.5, and the bot
tom at 4 6, then the leadings 8.5-4.6
equals 4 per cent fat. This means that
in 100 poundi of this kind of milk
there would be exactly 4 pounds of iat.
If the testing has been properly done
tbe butter tat column should be per
fectly dear, of a brownish yellow oolor;
the line separating It from the acid
should be clear and distinct. Too
ttroog aoid la apt to cause black or
rharred particles to appear In the tat.
This asms result may als he due to too
b'gh teniperatnra of eii ' er t m milk or
ti e acid. Iosi ffl -ieDt . mount of acid
or too weak aoid or too low temperature
of the milk may result in a white or
cloudy teat
Much more complete directions ac
company each outfit the p Incipal ob
ject of this article is to iiupreis upon
f aimers the simplicity of the test and
that there is nothing mysterious or
mystifying about it. It is so simple
that any one cf ordinary intelligence,
willing to give it a little time and pa-
fence, can easily master all its details.
When the farmer fully realists that It
furnishes him a key not only for weed
ing out his unprofitable oows, bnt also
for checking np his creamery man, he
will not be slow to make use of the
Babeock test.
FAMILY HOTBEDS.
Some Good Suggestions for the Smal
Beginner.
Br J. R. Ehinn, TJnh-anltr of Idaho. Maaeew.
Some kind of a hotbed is Wi aManntlftl
factor if one it to tecnr ernrn from
plants that require an exceptionally
ong reason lor maturing. A hotbed
also affords an opportunity to grow cer
tain crops, such as radishes snd lettuce,
in advance of the season. Such crops
as tomatoee, cabbages, celery and cauli
flower, practically demand that they be
started in the hotbed before they are
transplanted to the field, especially in
tbe ftoith. As theee crona must nr
be regarded as tbs staple product of
every wall-halaiwd parriVn, the con
struction and management of hotbeds
is a very timely topic for the prospec
tive garaener io consider.
First of all, a hotbed may be defined
as an incloaure covered with fash and
furnished with artificial heat so that
the plants are kept in an actively grow
ing condition. Common stable mannra
constitutes the main source for securing
this heat. There are aeversl require
ment! -that shonld be noted regarding
tne Kind and quality of manure used
for hotbeds. It ahonld he nrnntlaall
the same age thronghont, and it ahonld
do oi sucn texture that when packed it
will neither be fluffy nor will it b
soggy. On the other hand, it shonld
respond with springy elasticity be
neath the weight of a man, without
fluffing np when the presaure Is re
moved. Horse mannra which ha from
one-third to one-half straw composing
its total bnlk will usually be found to
provide this requisite texture. More
over, this manure should be fresh, in
order that fermentation may proceed
rapiany.
The nroeess of fermentation la ataral
before the manure la placed in the ho
bed. To accomplish this the manure
is USUallv niled in Inn. ahalloar
square-topped piles; If dry when piled,
1 a, t a. I it ..
ic is moisienea tnrougnout, ana u it is
ant to become water-anakad. aa ia th
case in rainy climates, it should be
puea nnaer sneiter, tor wheie so much
moisture is present manure will re
main cold. Tho flint fnrmantation la
almost sure to be irregular, so it is ne
cessary to fork over tbe pile, distribut
ing tne not manure thronghont the
mass, in order to get the heal uniform-,
ly distributed. When it is noticed
tbat steam la com In? from tha nil
again nnlformy, it may be taken as evi
dence mat me manure is ready to place
in tne notbed.
After one thoroughly nndaratanda tha
important details of preparing the
manure for the nurnosa nf heatino at
tention should be called to the location
and construction of the pit and frame.
Pits are usually dug from 24 to 30
inches deep and of sufficient size to ad
mit tbe frames being placed inside
their walls. Sjch nit ahonld ha lo
cated near some much-frequented path,
in oraer mat tney sre sore to receive
the reauiaite amount; nf at.tant ion A 1
ways have the hotbed facing the south
and if snch a site is available, put it on
the south side of some building or tight
board fence or hill. Protection should
also be sought from the prevailing
wiuus, ior winas nave a decided effect
in carrying awav the heat. A wall.
draimd location is also an esaential re-
uirement.
Hotbed sash are 3x8 feet In alma ant
cost about $ 3 each. Frames for these
Sash are made with the back 12 inches''
higher than the front, the Liter bsing
10 inches. The number of sash and
the sice of tbe fia'me will depend upon
the needs of the family. Usually one
frame 8x8 feet will afford sufficient
hotbed area for a family of six. ,
Before tbe frame is placed upon the
pit the fermenting mannre is placed in
the pit and thoroughly compacted,
bringing the level of the mannre to
within three inobea of the surf ate ot
the soil. From tbree to six Inches of
good loamy garden soil are distributed
evenly over the surface of the manure
in order to Jurnlah a seed bed. The
seed is not planted until the excessive
heat cf the first few days has begun to
subside. By the nse of a thermometer
the temperature mar ha xvmmiaiw as
certained. Tomatoei may be sown at a
wujperaiure oi u to 8i degress, cab
bage and lettuce from 80 to 70 degrees.
Railway whistles Inflict torture ea so
many people that the effort abroad te
check tbs plague hart won approval from
tbs people. Austria has introduced a
system of dumb signaling to start and
stop the trains. Belgium Is trying com
pressed air whistles Instead of steam, as
Germany experimsaU with horn