The Sunday Oregonian., September 21, 1919, Magazine Section, Page 6, Image 90

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THE SXJITDAY OISEGOyiATT, rORTLAM), SEPTEMBER 21, 1919.
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The
BT CLIVE MARSHALL.
A CAT may look at a king and a
simple, uneducated sailor may re
ceive the homage of royalty at
the banquet board of a queen,
is the story of one who did.
This
Members of the erstwhile royal house
of Russia, except the immediate family
of the czar, who owe their lives to an
untutored sailor guard, include Marie,
queen mother and widow of Alexander
III; the grand dukes Nicholas, former
commander-in-chief of the Russian
army, and Peter Nicholas, uncles of
the czar; the Princesses Xenia and Olga,
eistera of the czar, and the Princess
Irene, wife of Prince Youssoupoff, who
killed Rasputin, the so-called evil
genius of the czar's household. The
Princess Irene, daughter of the Graifd
Dirice Alexander, is a niece of the
former czar.
The story of this loyalty to the Rus
sians and to members of the imperial
family by a widely recognized bolshe
vik who was given great power over
the "enemy has been brought to this
country by Gleb Derujinsky, a well
known artist and sculptor of Russia.
When the bolshevists invaded south
Russia this year young Derujinsky
escaped to Constantinople and there
took passage on a Russian commercial
ship to New York. For more than a
year the young sculptor lived on the
Crimean estates of Prince Youssoupoff.
Because of ill health Derujinsky had
been rejected by the Russian army. He
said that he held an order from Prince
Youssoirpoff for the execution of some
fountains and other pieces of art to
grace the princes handsome country
estate.
A short time after he had electrified
NEW TYPE MAN-APE REVIVES
INTEREST IN ALL MONKEY LIFE
Professor Garner, Famous Naturalist, After Nearly Three Years in Wilds
of French Congo, Finds Animal That Is All but Human.
BY CLIVE MARSHALL.
THE recent return of Professor R. L.
Garner, the famous naturalist and
student of the monkey, after
spending two years and seven months
In the French Congo collecting and
studying the animals and birds of the
jungle in the interests of the Smithso
nian Institution, and his announcement
that he had found a new animal, a cross
between a gorilla and a chimpanzee,
which was- of such high intelligence
that it could talk in a limited de
cree to the natives of that region, has
awakened a new interest in the mon
key and in just how much science
knows about this interesting creature
which in so many ways seems so man
like. Professor Garner describes this new
ape as being more than six feet tall
and as weighing about 200 pounds. He
shot one of them and brought its body
back with him. But while the profes
sor declares that "in all my travels
threueh the Jungles I have never come
ecro&s such, a strange animal a this
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Queen Mother Marie, Widow of Alexander IIL
Russia by murdering Rasputin, whom
he believed to be a traitor to the coun
try, the young Prince ' Youssoupoff.
with his wife, went to live on their
ARtnrA in thA rHmpa T t Injnpii tha
bail(iSOme country homes of the im
perial family. In all, more than 20 big
estates with their splendid palaces oc
cupied this district, which Philip the
sailor guard, although a revolutionist
himself, protected against mob attack
time and again during his few months
of guardianship there.
Philip Made Commissioner.
In November, 1917, after the mutiny
of Russian sailors at Sebastopol and
the establishment of a soviet govern
ment there, the young sailor, who is
known only as Phillip to his royal pris
oners, was appointed by the soviet gov
ernment as commissioner of the district
in which the royal estates were located,
about 60 miles from Sebastopol and was
given an armed guard of 40 sailors.
Fourteen miles away on the road to
Sebastopol lay the town of Yalta, and
this town, after December, 1918, was
also the headquarters of a soviet com
missioner who not only was a friend of
the sailor guard of royalty, but who
also shared his views regarding the
taking of human life.
"Such a man was the sailor who kept
us prisoners several months," said
Derujinsky. "It is because of his loy
alty to the Russians and his convictions
that no one has a right to take human
life, that the royal family are alive to
day in Europe..
"The first order Commissioner Philip
received came in the form of a courier
with instructions to seize the jewels of
the different families living in this sec
tion. Of course this included the
jewels of the imperial family. These
talking gorilla," he seems to have
brought back but two words or calls
or sounds that he himself heard from
this heretofore undiscovered sort of
"missing link."
"I first heard of the beast." says the
professor, "from' natives in the Congo,
who said that a certain region was In
fested with the animals, with which
they had learned to talk after a fash
ion. He says that he Induced four na
tives to accompany him to the habitat
of the animals and found that they had
told him the truth, and he himself set
about to learn to talk to the monkeys,
which in the dark could be taken for
natives, because of their uncanny re
semblance to man.
"One night," continues the professor,
"several of these man apes approached
the village and uttered a strange call,
which sounded like "Waahooa." This,
I discovered, was the call of the male
to its mate, and interpreted it meant
'Where are your The answering call
of the female Is 'Ahoo-ahoo," meaning
Here i am.' "
" Professor Garner said, that he spent
How the Rough Guard, Wlio Was
Placed in Charge of the Royal
Prisoners and Who Did Not Be
lieve in 'Murder, Accomplished,
the Rescue of the Group of Titled
Refugees in Southern Russia
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jewels were priceless, not only for the
briliancy of their beauty and value as
rare stones, but for their historic asso
ciation. "When the commissioner took over
this jewelry he carefully packed it in
wooden boxes which he placed in a big
vault In one of the royal palaces He
did all this in a most businesslike man
ner. He even gave the owners receipts
for their jewels, which he also assured
them would be returned. Then he noti
fied his superior officers that their
orders had been carried out.
"Nevertheless, word of the Jewel seiz
ure had passed among the bolshevists
in this district." After some days had
passed a squad of them came to seize
the jewels. But the sailor Philip
proved a matcn tor them.
" 'I have charge of this district," he
told the bolshevists. 'If I am inter
fered with in my work here I have
enough soldiers at my command to level
this place.'
"Of course the force of his argument
lay in the fact that the Bolshevists
were ignorant of the real strength of
the sailor's command. Had they known
the truth that only 40 armed men
backed by Phillip's threats, they might
have acted otherwise. The revolution
ists saw that the commissioner was
a sturdy guardsman and without much
further conversation they rode away.
A short while after the jewel seiz
ure, another band of Bolshevikl rode to
the great bronze gate of the estate of
Prince Youssoupoff, and demanding the
delivery of the prince and the royal
prisoners, challenged again all the
quick wit and loyalty of the sailor.
Phillip, accompanied by his armed
guards, hurried out to meet the In
truders. "Have you an order from the com-
weeks perfecting himself In imitating
the call of the female, and that one
night he answered the call of a male
ape and, to his surprise, the animal
bounded over the ground to wnere be
stood. The body of this ape is the one
Professor Garner brought back with
him.
In 1903 Professor Garner went to the
French Congo and spent seven years
in the jungle, living in a large cage
to protect himself from the larger
beasts that he might study the mon
key In its native surroundings, and in
all that time he was able to distin
guish, set apart and familiarize him
self with 12 words, or sounds, which
seemed to have definite significance In
monkey life. He came back with the
opinion that monkeys had a language
of their own, a sort of series of sounds
uttered with a meaning to them and
fitting given definite circumstances and
conditions, but was rather dubious
about the possibility of teaching the
animals to speak the language of man.
The professor concludes that monkey
speech and human speech in all essen
tial points resemble each other.
"The sounds," he says, "are volun
tary, deliberate and articulate, and are
addressed to others with, the purpose
of being understood. If "they are not
replied to they are repeated. The
speaker looks at the one addressed."
Not only do monkeys understand cer
tain sounds when made to them by
their own kind, but they understand, as
Professor Garner found, when the
Gleb Derujinsky, the Russian Sculptor,
Who Tells the Story of Sailor Phillip.
mlssioner of Yalta commanding me to
turn over these prisoners to your in
quired the sailor guard with fine diplo
matic grace. They had to confess that
they did not possess any such authority.
,mWell, these are my prisoners, he
warned them, 'and I will turn them over
to no one who does not possess such an
order."
"The sailor Phillip told the men to go
back to Yalta and ask the commissioner
there for such a written order. Dis
gruntled, the intruders decided to go
without further ceremony. At once
Phillip telephoned him of the circum
stances and asking him to make out the
order, but to hold it himself. The com
missioner cheerfully complied with this
request.
"The Bolshevists returned some days
later. The sailor commissioner ordered
out his armed guard and told the In
truders to leave at once or they would
be shot down, as he had no authority to
relinquish his royal prisoners. The Bol
shevikl decided not to chance an en
counter. "There was one other occasion when
the lives of the Russian royal family
were in immediate danger from the Bol
sheviks. This time the effort to get
possession of the members of former
royalty of Russia was made by a group
of counter-revolutionists from the
north. This occurred in March, 1918.
"As this new group of revolutionists
arrived the sailor commissioner intro
duced his men as protectors of the
property and rights of the people now
living under the soviet government.
" 'But we have a mandate that gives
us the right to the royal prisoners here,"
said the leader.
"Well," retorted the sailor Phillip,
refusing to be bluffed, "my mandate is
my revolver, and I am not afraid to
use it."
"The revolutionists were in an ugly
mood and for several minutes it looked
as though all the work the sailor com
missioner had done in the protection of
life and property was about to end. But
as on former occasions of a similar
dangerous nature, he rose to the emer
gency. "Lucky for the royal family that they
had so brave a guardsman!
"Shortly after this many rumors were
afloat that aroused our hopes anew for
sounds are imitated ty numan "beings
or by a phonograph, without the aid
of gestures also. "These sounds," says
the professor, "are Interpreted the same
way at all times. They are made Just
as we make our sounds, by vocal or
gans, teeth, tongue, palate and lips."
Other experimenters, however, have
carried on under a rather stimulated
hope the Idea that in time the monkey
could be taught to speak the language
of man. Probably the most successful
among these is Dr. William H. Furness
of Philadelphia. Dr. Furness. who la
bored for six years with a female chim
panzee named MlmL and found after a
long while that the animal began to un
derstand and remember certain spoken
words; that she was able to articulate
certain sounds, expressing fear, anger,
pleasure, etc., came to the conclusion
that In the natural state the chimpan
zees are probably able to communicate
with each other by these sounds, but
after repeated efforts, which lasted
over months and months. Dr. Furness
succeeded in teaching Mlml to say only
"papa" and at the end of another long
interval of continued effort the patient
Instructor was rewarded with hearing
his backward pupil repeat the word
"cup."
Professor Llghtner Witmer of the
University of Pennsylvania once had
under observation a chimpanzee named
"Peter," which he claimed could say
the wbrd "mamma." but with great dif
ficulty and unwillingness, stones ap
I pear from time to Urns of monkeys
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Here Is the Russian Sailor. Known Only as "Phillip, to Whom the Revolutionists Gave Extraordinary Authority
and Who Used This Power Cleverly to Save the Lives of the Desperate Royal Group,
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Place in the
speedy deliverance. We waited patiently
day after day for almost a month. I I
continued my work In a big studio put
at my disposal by the Prince Youssou
poff on his estate. ' The Princess Yous
soupoff asked me to make a bust of
Phillip, the sailor commissioner, so that
she would have something always to
remind her of the great loyalty and the
great service of this brave sailor. She
also told me that the dowager empress,
the czar's mother, wanted a bust of the
sailor.
Sailor Poses for Boat.
"The next day I began work on the
bust, the commissioner consenting to
the request made by the empress to
pose for me. The empress visited my
studio on two occasions to see how I
was progressing with the bust which I
was able to complete. She took a great
Interest in it.
" 'In this hard time when loyalty is
something to be prized beyond all jna
terlal reward, our debt to this great
hero of the war Is something that none
of us shall ever be able to repay,' she
said to me. 'His friendship for us Is
something that makes us feel very
close to God. I shall be proud to have
this bust of him. for I want all the
talking human speech, but it is more
than likely that the human vocabulary
of all talking STmlans Is summed up In
three words, "papa." "mamma" and
"cup."
The experiments of the scientists have
taught them some other very interest
ing things about the monkey, however.
Garner found long ago that monkeys
were able to distinguish colors and
even shades of color, and Professor
Furness in his experiments confirmed
this report. Professor Furness found
also that a monkey could be taught to
thread a needle, to tie and untie knots,
to use a garden spade in the same way
as It Is used by a man and In the
"form board test" of the Binet-Simon
method of measuring the mental ca
pacity of children, which is recognised
as a standard method of determining
exactly the mental age of any individ
ual, Mirai, his educated chimpanzee,
passed the test In a way establishing a
mentality equal to that of the average
child of 8 years of age.
Professor Furness also took up the
alphabet with Miral and was able to
teach her the letters from A to M. that
Is. be educated the monkey to the point
where she was able to distinguish and
know the different letters sawed out in
block form, picking out each letter at
command, but when these same letters
were written on a blackboard the ape
was all at sea and was unable to rec
ognize any one of them. Nor was Miral
able to copy a tracing of any of the
letters.
i An Interesting series e experiments
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Black Sea Estate Where Royal Exiles
world and future generations to know
what a great hero this war produced
In the sailor Commlslsoner Phillip.'
"X few nights later the empress gave
a dinner for the sailor in the great
banquet hall ef the palace, and this
simple soldier who had stood steadfast
ly against the reign of crime that had
swept over his beloved country, was
toasted by members of his Imperial
family.
"Phillip was not very communicative,
but during the time he posed for the
bust he would often refer to the dan
gerous circumstances surrounding his
work there.
"I ro Sot Believe la Murder."
'But." I reminded him "you are a
revolutionist.'
" 'Yes.' he frankly explained. 'I am.
But I am a revolutionary socialist. I
do not believe In murder. No one is en
titled to take human life, and these
people, here,' motioning In the direction
of the royal estates, 'have as much
right to live as ws have.'
"Just before the Germans made their
appearance the sailor Phillip went to
the vault where he had stored the
family jewels and restored them to the
various members of the family.
" This Is all I can do for you.' he
was performed by Professor Yerkes of
Harvard in order to test the natural
Intelligence of tne roonxey. These ex
periments took the form of placing
food out of reach of the subject and
recording the animal's efforts to get
the dainty. The monkey was finally
able to grasp the idea that by using a
stick it could poke the food out. Profes
sor Yerkes argues from all of these ex
periments that the subjects displayed
reasoning powers of a human order as
contrasted with the instinctive mental
processes of lower animals.
Professor E. L. Thorndlke of Colum
bia university, after a close study of
monkeys as compared with other ani
mals, came to the conclusion at the end
of his experiments that there li no
denying the fact that the monkey is
metally nearer related to roan than any
of the other animals.
"Let us not wonder," says the profes
sor, "that the only demonstrable Intel
lectual advances of the monkeys over
the other mammals in general is the
change from a few narrowly confined,
practical associations to a multitude of
all sorts, for that may turn out to be at
the bottom the only demonstrable ad
vance of man an advance which In
connection with a brain acting with In
creased delicacy and Irritability brlnira
In Its train the functions which marK,
off human mental faculties from those
of all other animals."
Along this same line. A. J. Klnnaman
of Clark university experimented to the
conclusion that monkeys had the power
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Were Guarded.
told them. 'I may be killed, but here
Is your property, as I said it would bs
returned to you some day.'
"When Prince Reis arrived from Ber
lin to confer with the members of the
Russian royal family and also to offer
'any assistance, they refused to meet
I him.
"It was at this time that the sailor
commissioner Phillip bade his royal
.prisoners good-bye. It was Impressive
that parting. When the soviet gov
ernment had. ordered the commissioner
to seize the motor cars of the Russian
aristocracy, he obeyed orders, turning
the cars over to the authorities, but he
kept the best one for himself.
" 'I need a good machine, he said, to
visit my prisoners and keep watch of
these big estates-'
"Later he returned this automobile to
the royal family. It was tn this same
car, put at his disposal by the Grand
Duke Nicholas, that I accompanied
Phillip to SebastopoL From there he
departed for his home.
"When the bolshevikl again invaded
J the Crimea this year, the remaining
I members of the former Russian royal
J family made their escape to Constant
inople, where they found refuge aboard
a British battleship."
of imitation and reasoning of a low
order. They attained in one year many
of the things that it takes human be
ings three years to attain, but ther
they stop. Though there is much, too,
that they do not attain in that time,
still, monkeys' minds are not as simple
as they seem. "I am Inclined to be
lieve," says Klnnaman. "that the bumat
and animal consciousness are not reallj
different In kind, but only in degree.
The difference in degree, however, U
very great."
"It Is In the range of his feellpct
rather than in bis Intellect that th
monkey Is most human." -says Melvln
E. Haggerty of Harvard. "In fact, the
embryo of practically every human
emotion seems to be in him love
hate, fright, anger, social feeling, dis
appointment, curiosity, surprise and
many other emotions."
Profesor Garner declares also that
monkeys have a simple code of ethica
with faint ideas of right and wrong
though very humanly they are liable tc
see the better and choose the worse. He
discovered, too, that the gorilla has an
Incipient Idea of government. Within
certain limits he has a faint perception
of order and justice, if not also of right
ad wrong.
Experiments by Professor Alexander
Sokolowskt of Berlin shoiffed that
clothes had a civilizing effect on mon
keys. When a chimpanzee was clad in
garments of refined society he ad
vanced in culture, and from being lower
than a savage In manners he rose to a
high pitch, of elegance and refinements