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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (Oct. 10, 1915)
THE SUNDAY OREGONTAN, PORTLAND, OCTOBEIt lO. 1915. i The gTr eat draft riots in New York City are naturally recalled by the efforts to force England to adopt conscription and by the threats that if this is resorted to there will be strikes, riots and, in fact, political and social revolutions. The draft riots in New York were a terrible experience, but they did not compel the Govern ment to abandon its purpose. A rV! . . i 11 . NEW YORK. The draft riot in New York city, which began on July 12, 1863, and continued with increaetng violence and bloodahed un til July 16, were caused by the military conscription or drafts of that year, which had been denounced by Demo cratic leaders and their followers. It was declared to be unconstitutional by these leaders, because, as they main tained, military service was due only to the States, and dangerous, because it was liable to absorb the State militia and civil officials into the Federal service. The provision that conscripts might evade service by the payment of $300 caused great dissatisfaction among the rank and file of wage-earners, who as serted that the conscription act on this account was a class measure, which shifted the burden from the rich to the poor. Governor Horatio Seymour, head of the Democratic party in the state at that time, sent an agent to Washing ton to urse a suspension of the draft on the ground that its enforcement, in the inflamed state of the public mind, might provoke trouble. On Saturday. July 11, the drafting besan at the offices of the Provost Marshal, Captain Jenkins, the more Important of these being in the Ninth district, at Forty-sixth street and Third avenue, one of the strongest Democratic quarters in the city. Names of citizens were placed in a wheel and drawn by assistants, the first names being drawn, up to the assigned quota for each district, being the conscripts. The drawing was witnessed by large crowds, but there was nothing in the quiet attitude of the mob to indicate the scenes of violence which were to follow the resumption of the drawing on the following Monday. The li3t of 1236 names drawn In the district was printed in the New York Herald and other newspapers on the following day, and. this being Sunday, the conscripts, many of them of the poorer class, were urged by their lead ers to resist and, if necessary, to arm themselves for their own protection. Large crowds gathered in the vicinity of Cooper Union and at other points in the city, and the movement 'of the fol lowing' four days was secretly organ ized.. On Monday, July 12, when the drawing was to be resumed, crowds of conscripts called at varicus factories " and workshops and succeeded in induc ing thousands of workingmen to leave their employment and to lend their aid to the success of the revolt. Tbe Opening; Gun. The drawing bad just begun under the supervision of Captain Charles E. Jenkins, the Provost Marshal, at No. 677 Third avenue, at 10 o'clock in the morning, when a stone was thrown through the front window, striking and painfully injuring a reporter. This Was the signal for a general assault, and in the next instant the place was Invaded by a crowd of several hundred men, who wrecked the furniture, beat several deputies and then set fire to the building. The flames spread with rapidity, and the tenants above nar rowly escaped with their lives in the excitement that ensued. Although the firemen arrived soon after the fire started, the crowd pre vented them from using the hydrants until the fire was beyond control. The city was destitute of militia, nearly all of them being in Pennsylvania, and the few garrison regulars and marines were under separate commands. It was Impossible on this account to bring an organized body with deciding power against the rioters for the time being, the result being that the mob Increased in numbers and its opera tions became more general. Mayor Opryke Issued an appeal to the rioters to disperse, but no atten tion was paid to this command. The mob began to pillage and burn prop erty in various sections of the city, and In this work thieves and ruffians joined willingly. Fifty marines, sent to disperse the mob of more than 20,000. fired blank, cartridges at the crowd in East Forty -sixth street and were routed and chased through the streets by the rioters, many of whom were women and children. The policy of the crowd being changed to aggression, a squad of po licemen sent out by tbe Mayor to dis perse the mob was put to flight, and one of tbe policemen was killed. Ne groes who chanced to be within the rone of disturbance and who were charged with responsibility of the "Black Republican War," were beaten and several stoned to death or hanged on lamp posts. The colored orphan asylum In Lexington avenue, near Forty-third street, was invaded by the mob, its contents thrown into tho street and the building set on fire and destroyed. Mob Anna Self. The old Bull's Head Hotel, in Forty third street, near Third avenue, was pillaged and burned. The mob then proceeded to an armory at Twenty first street and Second avenue, which was defended by a small body of men, who made valiant resistance, killing five of the crowd and wounding sev eral others. The crowd broke its way Into the building, however, and, after appropriating a large quantity of arms and ammunition, set fire to the biuld Ing and left tbe scene. An hour later two private dwellings in Lexington avenue were pilaged and burned. During the afternoon Mayor Opdyke, after a conference with Major-Generals Wood and Sanford, Issued a proclamation calling upon the rioters to disperse and calling upon all law abiding citizens to be sworn In as special deputies to preserve the peace. Despite this, however, the rioting pro ceeded with, unabated energy. The t. I j Vi MMri'i Vjr VV I f ? U. -1 r : 1 1 Tribune building was invaded by a large crowd and the lower part of the Structure Was badlv dnmnsritri. After , , Several rushM Vi v th nnllra Vi. ernwrl several rushes by the police the crowd scattered and the hiilldlno muiwiI demolltion. The Herald ' rce. protected by an armed fore The building in Broadway in which the Provost Marshal's office was lo cated was burned by the mob and there were numerous clashes with the police in which several persons were killed and injured. How long the riot- ing would have continued that night is problematical, b.ut at midnight a fierce storm swept the city and forced the mob tO disneme Tn enmtvienM.,.- .1 ' W......B the events of the day. the New York Herald said editorially in its issue of July 14: "There was a serious disturbance in the city yesterday, arising out of the prosecution of the draft in the Eighth ana iintn aistricts. A good deal of violence violence was manifested H,M-hn the latter nrt f h . p 1 r tne day and much ot MODle PThIa flm?nS f1!,01".8" name, from tn! lh ? ."l draw,n? names irom the wheel, which was re- reived in the x-i-.v j . uay tlth aonarent fVi n SatUr- rdle eatTZft t0k habitant dinf.y.n yesterday', the - habitants displaying a resolute de- mlnyciHew"" T BlreS ln and ,( e " closed; the cars and stages ceased running. It was FATHER TO BEING "father to 1300 boys" beats the record of the late Joseph . ... omumgn in ail nis Klory Was ' t-niiareneo- unto that number Yet Captain Roger Welles, command- ing the Naval Training Station at New- POv. v. . lV .hOS been eiven the tltle which initiates this article. Captain, Welles ls somewhat proud of the title. He feels paid for the effort which (he reluctantly relates) he has made to bring his "children" close to mm in tne great laas' school estab- U.hl In 1H1 V... , uu "J DuiucntiiBi wiso auu occasionally generous Government. TTrtW P.nt.ln X" . 1 1 . .An.jw.V.I. .1.1. ,, insncu u.a 11 Lin is a story by itself. How he wears the title i. the subject of this article. Newport Training Station receive, know that the big, .traight-backed ept to the cash of the father, of , d .tralghtforward and srivea bitterness about the Yankees hundreds of "rookie" would-be sailor, gentleman sitting in the commandant', families. More than this his son ba. an,y ana traigntrorward. ana gives ' -every year. These sailors in the mak- chair on th. "island." a. the station borne himself a. a true Frenchman. th ader a respect for hi. character "'e 3t am "S "af ing are all youngsters, too young to be shipped as seamen and entirely too un- trained to be anything but "kids" Some of these lad. are tough. Some come from good families. Some are reckjess "spits o' the devil ome just ordinary lads, aflame with the Idea of ered from the peaks and the valleys of iks and the valleys of throughout the East- the social order ern section of the United States. Out of the hopper comes first-class fighting material men in the making straightforward, single dealing young teUows, Who look, as they' ave clean. minin THA Tinw hSI rt' tha rrnyl nannla a Yrl tha sf a1nn r V m s nm nsarfi rT rnm O T n nf ri aa rn e p111 1 s . . . . XT."" "1 nV" V." .-.7 ; " ...r " 7 . :. . . . . V .. "-.. war- w nl"a 01 ureal unuun, jf tbe English hallucination or mono- mated more t fining outturn. 10 use a wuiir.g to ten ot nis worn ana ni. ac- - " n nave pa.a me i..u caused by her declaration of war. was mania. Ru.sophobia. could be cured so slain. The hackneyed phTase. is therefor. "Th. complishments. especially the men un- francs at the end of tbe month. Today powerful in his mind." Quickly why may Germany not fly excess of n rwl lur w"u" xoung Ameri- aer nis commana tno rooKie. out or "tne xx. na. aiaappeareo. ae was my The poetical temperament, .uper- .ome time into the arms of the "yel- deaths from v ucr tunica a numiin dov RLrtiH m iriiin ttiati- rui rifii. iri v cnn.r ni ciniifu r Anx niiR v a s . . evident that some trouble might be an- ticipated and considerable alarm was manlfutAd A. . ,n..lhl. " ' attnr . a . ji effort was made to repress the di- turhone. Hi, j V..(A,.V ,u.ub -"'- " 0 Guard and such other means as were at the disposal of the authorities. at the disposal of the authorities. "At one time a number of people from twenty thousand to fifty thou- sand were assembled at one spot, and affair, assumed a serious aspect. Sev- eral buildings were destroyed, many lives were lost, several soldiers, police and citizens were wounded, and prl- vate house, in not a few instance, were hpnlron men end A.mflt TkA ww.. e,.. ue!.u,ic. j. Tribune building was attacked by the people In large numbers during the evening, and considerable damage wa. done before the police interfered." Rioting Proceeded Unchecked. Although the military forces and tha specials sworn in by the Mavor hud . Buuirm uui, lue rioting proceeaea vigorously on the following day. Tues- day- the 15th. In retaliation for his Proclamation calling upon law-abiding i,i,.n .id in - .v,nu r'ter8 mb attacke'1 May- Opdyke'. res,denc8 tn Fifth aTenu and dl on- sWerable damage before it was driven away. Immense crowds arathered on Flfth and Slxth a'""e above Thirty-fourth street and they marched here and there, doing consld- MANY BOYS Order and discipline, however, cannot make a sailor. No rule book can "1m- nilA Tne umincr .He, nri.n .- .. ahnntine- nrelT If ..... - 1 revised Anj ,. w.n..' Men- .....T.. ..1. " wa. the needed touch to "humanize" the boy hopper to make something mora than sailor, out of "recruities." Captain-Welle, ha. Inserted hi. own virile personality into the station life at Newport until the lads who have to go "before the mast" though dreading the punishment which is sure to come . .. .... . " Know tnev will Be a-lven the snuara deal always. The lads at the station .. ... -. . Know xnat tne eommanaing oiricer naa gone to the front" for them In the high places more than once. They ls called, is their "friend at court. Captain Welle, despise, to talk about himself. He Is about as Informative as to what he ha. done and i. doing with his great boy family at Newport as an owi. iiowever, ni. reticence is con- fined only to himself. He ha. plenty "He's given u. a rest room and a library." said one of the embryo sail- or.. "He' fixed it .0 that every man leaves the island after hissix months' apprenticeship has been served with enough money to take a nice furlough. He has seen to Jj that pujr Jlfa her ia " ' wmcn u man-c. ur- u6uu 'vu i aiu ruinea, heated In a moment of patriotic exulta- low peril." or England and German ported during "'l .Z ,V.; .17 flj . .V .7. .Ti .v.. more tt.n sn .L I 7h I day of the rioting The seventeenth ward was blockaded throughout the day by armed rioters Sent.qwerrerLckeranS IT lei'" 2 M """" leu i T". ; " " . 5""" . . rioterrafter firing " .hell Into th. noiers aner iiring a alien into in crowd vmfner 12 nprnn nnH wriinrf- crowd killing 12 persons and wound- iiik ao. x nc railroad iracKS or me New Haver 8n Railroad wee torn up for y the authorities to continue the ;i:d"i,." to Gov "0 sl s of one block a so4n chand- draft, and there was. therefore, less , n 8 servlce to Governor Sey wa. 1:4 substantia, cause for the popular in- "I"'""1- hP a distance of one block, a sop chand- ler's shop was destroyed and many other acts of violence were recordea. Colonel O'Brien, in command of the Eleventh New York State Volunteer-, cievenm new jcorn state volunteers, after dispersing a mob at Second ave- - .. uuo uu 1111 ij-iuurui b li rci, nnd in- jured and entered a drug tain medical aid. The cr the place, dragged Colonel the street, hanged him post and dragged the body through the streets, mutilating and trampling upun iu Governor Horatio Seymour arrived jn the city during the afternoon and. . . . . . r.. . '. . unaing nis proclamation ignoreo, ne . . .. . . .. . . ' . placed tha city under martial law. As- . saiiiL. noon nrivHTfl citizens n v ina rioter, continued throughout the day. and the mob became so threatening that nearly all of the public buildings, as well as private business houses filled with i-(oh e-nnd. e-.,.-ded by armed force.. In the rioting -ev- eral women and children were slain, and in an effort to restore peace Arch- bishop Hughes issued an appeal to the Catholics in the mob to cease further rioting. The Twenty-third precinct .. . , - . ponce Buuon ana tne weenawken ferryhouse were destroyed by fire. The home of Postmaster Wakeman was pillaged and burned, and Brooks cloth- ing establishment wa. sacked by the mob. Draft Rale Suspended. A report that the draft was sus- - - - penaea was spreaa, out tni. naa little. If any. effect. In allavlns: the disturb- ance Answering the appeals of busi- ness men of this city, the War Depart- ,. j j , ,. mem orucicu mo iniuieuiaio return 01 the New York militia .ervlng in Penn- sylvanla. Even this announcement did not halt the violence, which continued In .very n.rt of th. ety Vn 1,.. In the night. The Seventh-Avenue Ar- senal was threatened for a time, but the armed force ln that structure wa. clean. He gives us plenty of time for recreation, and, best of all, he doesn't forget that he was a boy himself once." Captain Welles has written ex tensively on naval training school work "T i. Considered "tlu..Zi an authority on the schooling of tbe apprentice seaman. His views on the subject embrace a hu- -."" new iu- nlcal knowledoge. and the best example U l;,"' in the UV b-Jowil upon Tm by hi. filyFather to rr.n7.Lr' ..LJ "7 au,er to Thirteen Hundred Boys. The French Money Lender. jri ae fans. Blxty years aaro a man came to Paris . J..' . '. .. . .. irom xne tarpainiar.a since tnat time he has sold jewels and lent money to ..... ., - ... ... Btnernigni 01 spenatnrirts. ootamea permission to remain In Franca He has never been dangerous who has been wounded battling with " enemies. When one asks his father for news of his wounded son. he re- .ponds: "My boy, thank you, ls getting better. But day before yesterday I .earnea 01 me aeatn or tne viscount or S. He owed m, 12 000 francs. Tester- the old man each day runs through the Journals giving lists of dead and wounded. He ls as sensitive as the "! feRj usMa nu.u rer whjrayu yrry TMs Hungarian money lender weeps witn. the mourners of the French no- feiutx, iUU lurmiaao.e tor me rioters, wno aid venture an open attack in the Uce of the cdds them. In commentinK editorially upon the events of the day the New York Her- aid ,n its ,5sue of Wedneadayt the 15th Bald. . '"" disturbances which so violently affected the ordinary quietude of the metroDolis on M,1., w-. terday with somewhat more a arm- , j - . , ls inuitaiions man on tn preceaingr ,Meh . th,r w. -- eno: there was. therefore, less """ cause tor me popular in- dignation. Nevertheless, the people did not all. abate their violent demon- "trations. fp to a long time past mid- -- nre BeIl save notice that incendiarism wa nrocrminr h.r nri r D OUB- a"a csacuiaiea to excite mucn alarm for the safety of property and The surrender of the management of the city by Mayor Opdyke into the hunrll of nnv.rnnp Sovmn..,- .rr. -...w rilnnlat oll.v . calculated to allay the excitement for n. k(. i.t.. ,innni.ni. " - r . -"" wera not to be B easlly appeased. In- deed, they rarely, if ever, are under circumstances such a. have thrown our city Into a turmoil for the past few days, but we opine that the in- telligence which we publish today that Governor Seymour ha. received an a- surance from Washington that the draft has been entirely suspended will allay the popular excitement, and that and n-nnd -An& -.ktAh -1 "" ways characterized the citizens of this Kreat metropolis, even under the great- est incentives to violence, will serve to restore tne city to its accustomed peaceful condition, and put an end to scenes which every one must deplore." Fortr Person. Killed. .. - Rioting began early on the morning f Wednesday, the 15th. A rrnwd ct 2000 person, had gathered at Eighth avenue and Thirty-second street at 8 . .. . , .. o ciock, ana 11 who movea 10 action when a negro who had been Insulted by one of the crowd drew a revolver and fired upon the man. He was in- nd v.. , post. The crowd then started to de- .troy the homes of negroes in the vl- cinlty. and they were engaged ln this SCORN AND T7IRNEST LISSAUER, whose "Song of I 4 Hate" was a nine days' wonder for its ferocious bile, seems to have seen the folly of letting patriotism make him u.. .vu, u. .un, fall -curslng like a very drab. He ls It1 .PI,rOVe IT 8enBlbIopinlon ot BerU" Taeblatt that hl poem ahould not be inaerted in .chool text- book, or song books, that hatred of England should not be taught in the German schools, which, by the way, magnify and nave lons Deen usea to m&snizy and dl..emln..e th. Woh en nl I e-n mh end " - w" cult, and, for the purposes of the Navy v ... . , . . league, to inculcate suspicion ana rear of British sea power and British de- .i ...n t.i. ..,-- .i..i. 1. that could hardly be felt for his talent. were that to be judged by the passion. violent, not lasting, of the "Hassge- sang." That, he says, wss "the result of a moment of passionate Mnsnirstlon .nd lmpuUe during the fir.t week of the wlth hlB ..ruU wleh to drink tne ; hlood- of nis enemlea. Swinburne, in his amusinely -furious and frantic" "Ft.i- pohile" and republican songs, out Lis- ured Liesauer. Since no ores underlie the no longer treacherous ashes of the civil war. these lines of Lowell's may -store to ob- lnero tnrougnout tne entire city in . , , fnw- .Biure 10 od- ... ... dav nvak,nfl nnhHi. nnA.nA. t n . 1 as ioiiows. owd stormed lower as well as the upper wards. ' Ce..atIon of th- rT. "I "In many districts of the city yester- O'Brien into no oouot tnat tne condition Seymour , hi!l hrt " day the disturbances were almost al to a lamp yeeroay was most aanger- Klchol Hol(, h.M h ' ':,". layed. Law and order seemed to pre- work when Colonel Winslow. ia com- mand of a detachment of infantry, with a howitzer, reached the scene. Refus- to disperse, the crowd attacked the troops, and Colonel Winslow or- dered the howitzer to be discharged, wlth fatal efrect 40 ner.on8 belDg kued d -cores wounded. The persecution of negroes in other Quarters continued, and three were """J wh" ny more e "1' Injured. Mobs ihrRtsn-H tv . . houses .and the situation became so m caMcitr in h. w f brInlni th. -,.. , XVarmed by the violence, resident 7 toon.s!i anTttl c ty.,.b tho"sads- nd th" end. left was vwln rr frihtt . nelhborl .tate. The arrival f th "'snooring states, ine arrival or the Mayor Opdyke and civil and a0r. ,Tlr"t s-hnnt h a Hav ThA vv xjQt s . , th .cen6- of 71- Am mm,V. lue Ol ine OBy. SalO. "Thers was little abatement irk tha W OlWmeill in IOS diB lay of violencV manifested bv the ' 1 viuiento mamiesieu Dy tne ar i t .i, v. . v. terday. Notwithstanding the order of th Mavor ann,lnr,nc. ,hnf the Mavor annonnrlmr ,h f r,.- k.j been restored scene8 asvicJent and mora bloody tnan Tuesdav were , , ' .. The people seemed more desperate than ever and tn m,lltary force emDloved. though strong : was renulsed In differ ent iocaIitles Under these circum stancea the e'ffUsion of new biood and th deatruction ot Dr.DtT ,.. ' W 3 were vef' gj.ea Tbe excitement was intense- It undoubtedly alarmina- and annill- , " w militia from Pr.vl,nl. .v. uanon in in issue oi. inaaj. mo 1.11a, The situation In New York City on - . " l. --- "Pnded. there does not seem to be 7 " , mem- . v. should lend further aid to the dls- turbers of the peace, and thus give n . movement whieh m. ne. essarlly resolve itself Into a raid upon private property and individual right. . . . . . .1 - . tne natural tendency or sucn an ebullition of popular excitement in all great cities, such as we now witness. Wisdom, moderation and the voic. of . .. .... d v. . presumed sense of wrong and fostered by success and the flood of passion. which always carry the masses to ex- HATE IN WAR 'be quoted to illustrate the Intolerant personal fury bred by war: I'd rather take my chance to stand At Jedsment wher. your meanest slave Is. Than at God's bar bold a band Es dripiln' red as yourn. Jeff Davis. A. If the brave and accomplished Mr. Davis, the admirable Secretary of War. the honorable and nlou. e.ntleman. were personally responsible for the war! .No doubt, Mr. Lowell, toasting his toes at Elmwood 2B year, after- ward- 't a certain wonder at that old " in the field he v.ia .vn...t..v .nd .-. .he J ' 9 1 North are concentrated ln that verse. An obscure poet of the South nnnrinr forth eeriier in th. w.n hi. beys. Long- as Abe1 " uiivuiui. u ., .. ' "j, . . '.,," ' . " look. If the centuries of warfare, rl- v . n. and England find them friend, at last. A th par,onal and popular transport, are ephemeral, gainst KussiaT Nations neither c.fint..t imn.rin. n...i. strength to be gained, dictate and shift their relations, alliances, and ententes. Time is long and hate ls fleeting. New Tor limes, cesses which are to be. and no doubt will be hereafter deplored equally by those who inflict the suffering and those who suffer." The rioting continued on Thursday. the 16th. but it was observed that the crowds had thinned considerably and that Isolated band. of criminal. prowled about the streets In search of plunder. The disturbances in the Twenty-fourth Ward continued until nirhtfnii. nn vnman y,nt at her door, and there were other Kt Cl..l. There were clashes between the rioter, and militia in First avenue near Twenty-third street, several persons being Killed ano wounaeo. -ine ixew Yorlc Herald commented upon the sit- . , m .... v,tl1 to a "-eter extent than of any time since Monday last. The stores were rcopenea. tne Biases ana cars were asain in motion and the city sen- erally resumed much of its wonted to"-i-" . i l . n & lew iuiuuics, especmiiir in luo Eighteenth and Twenty-first wards, there was a considerable resistance to " a autnority. ana many lives were sacri- ficed' but the visor of 018 miutar'r Pwr brought to bear upon the excited Deode Droved too much for them. Not on,y were a numbw of arrests made, but sevafal Person, were shot down by the soldiery in the houses from 'hlch any attacks were made. This summary mode of treating obnoxious Individuals had the necessary result of : 1 . : . 3 . - rcoiomm. wuiuiuun ' Breat extent, although at the cost of much blood." Friday, the 17th. wa. quiet and affairs were normal. The New Tork Herald on Saturday, in commenting editorially upon the events of the day. said In part: "The aspect of the city yesterday pre sented a marked contrast to the ex- "f m",'d "Dt , X'.r, wne.dh ,1, ?! ni which existed during- the preceding ,, . ,.!,'' -nn...ee. ' Jlltl th. m"( Veabevance for ""8 " To ' ' Ve 'tratf there was no external demonstration ,lv,H day three regiment, ar rived from the seat of war to sustain the authorities in the preservation of the peace should their presence be re quired. General Harvey Brown has been superseded In the command of the military and General Canby has taken his place and will henceforth direct the employment of the troops wherever necessary in carrying out the conscrip tion law, which it ls decided by the Government to enforce. An"order from Colonel Fry, Provost Marshal-General at Washington, received yesterday. "ates that the draft was not suspended at ay time, and direct, th. Provost Marshals to continue wherever prac- "cable, promising at the same time that they shall be amply .u.talned by 'n ro'""r' wcr " win tnu. o. wnKr.pu. wlu on wherever It Is ln progres. ,, . an cuum.ry. "As we have said the violence of the past few day. was entirely abated yesterday. Let us hope that whatever may transpire in the future we shall of lawlessness and- bloodshed which have recently disturbed the peaceful aspect of the metropolis and have stricken with alarm .0 many of Its In nocent and helpless Inhabitants." Htudred. Slain. How many lives were sacrificed dur- i, ik. 11.. d.. ,mw 1. K.. TnrV City was not revealed, but it ls e.tl- than ZOO persons were mortuary report was 450 ln normal for the week, and 0 gunshot wounds were ra the week. Claims for property oamageo. or uesiroyea. amounting to more th were filed, and of that than 2.5 00.000, sum fl.S00.000 .h..nn.ntiv ws naid bv the city to claimants. The draft was continued on August IS and continued until August 28. no disturbances beins reported dur- lac that Interval. i