Image provided by: University of Oregon Libraries; Eugene, OR
About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (Oct. 4, 1914)
THE SUNDAY OREGOXIAX, PORTLAND, OCTOBER '4, 1914. T )Amo in and rwr --S'-tf --S-- Wl-"- . . ' -7"' ..-"Jf. BT HENRY M. S.TOTIW. SHOULD Germany tear asunder the provinces of France, should she drive the British troops from the Continent and hurl the human wave of Russian advance back upon itself, she would still have Great Britain to de stroy upon the water. There are those who assert that fighting at sea is only the side play Incident to the decisive campaigns on land. History controverts this- The fates of nations, even of racee. have more than once been decided by a sin gle naval engagement.' It is difficult to say Just when roan first fought in ships. In Egypt carv ings have been excavated which tend to show that fighting; vessels were in use 5000 or (000 B. C. Herodotus de scribes ships of war which legends ascribe to Ulysses and which, while they did not fight as warship againBt warship, were used to enforce a block ade at the siege of Troy, If these vessels were used in actual lighting, however, their effect on the ultimate outcome of war must have sssMNWisssssssjRMUtofJ SSfaEoW'-feS' J0 ..-jnrASH-H'-' j ;S- :3(-V-i-li 5--- -SoV- - 4 v 4 1 . W7"T ta- 1 VftHr J . r, 4 The Gra fcrma'da" Entering the Channel. been small,' for there is little mention made of them. The first great naval battle of which there are fairly accu rate accounts, and which decided the fate of Greece, was fought off Salamis, 480 B. C. Rome became an empire as the re sult of a naval battle, according to many historians, who date the end of the republic from the battle of Actlum. After the defeat of Brutus and Cas Bius on the Plains of Phillppl, Antony. Octavlua and Pepidus, who had gained control of Rome after the death of Julius Caesar, drove all their political enemies from Rome. Lepldus himself was banished by his professed friends, and Antony, having fallen under the Bpell of Cleopatra, remained in Kgypt. where he attempted to set up the seat of government for Rome. Rivalry be tween OctaviuS and Antony led to war and again the issue was to be decided afloat Near Actium, in the Ambracian Gulf, the Egyptian and Roman fleets met. Although Agrlppa, in command of the Romans, had begged Octavlus to allow him to fight on land, he proved himself b. wily seaman. For a long time the two fleets lay cff, both refusing to be drawn into an engagement, but at last Antony, whose supplies from Kgypt were cut off, was obliged to attempt to break through the Roman blockade. His galleys were heavier than those of Octavius and he preferred a defensive engagement In shore, but the Roman vessels, being lighter, maneuvered for an engagement in the open sea. As the vessels drew near each other JI...K. (Bsj A4VsJa v V""""- .-" , '1 11 it, II w ,Ar- J Ml h Jh r s Gi l z?i'-i;-c nil h---Si--Cl th Battle of Ttu-Shima. Showirta 1- I I J Fight Between the First of the Irondads, the Monitor and the Merrimac. Hampton Roadt, Va; March 9, 1862. Scrapie and Bun Homme Richard Krum - KlKbts n4 AfTotnr,' "i rtr- A Urn a Sons, Toodos. 4- 'WjsnU' Russian Battle Ship Orel Battle of Ttu-Shima. facte of Japanese She Fire. Frost rnxa aa Ptsliu. Uttie. Browa Co. Sinking of the Arfondatore After th Battle of Ussa. Between Austrian and Italian fleets, Off the Dalmatian Coast III 'th 1 Jt. -vl.U. -, - s - v X " 11 sT I X J" TO1 Galley of ihe KniU of-Walta in Action with Turkish Galleys jrtlX -rA 1 -rfJ English Engaging Frenth Carrackt. Kna a UaeiMprt tK Brltbb Uiunm. fire that she failed and sank shortly after the battle. Having fairly broken the Italian this great sea fight, only two cruisers paring for an attack with all bis ves sels, but the Italians steamed away, an action for which Persano was sig nally disgraced. The story of Santiago, when Schley and Sampson sunk or burned the entire Spanish fleet under Cervera. in 189S, has been often told. The American ves sels, lying off the entrance to the har bor, met the Spaniards as they steamed out, line ahead, and chased them along the coast, until every single ship was destroyed. Historians say that never was the annihilation of one fleet by another so complete. Dewey's victory at Manila, another of the worm's great sea fights, is also too familiar to Amer icans to need description here. With the loss of only one man killed, the American Admiral destroyed the Span ish fleet and reduced the forts of the harbor. Tsu-shima is the name which thrills the seamen of every land, for this great battle, the greatest ever fought afloat, la the only engagement of modern times where two fleets of almost equal strength met and fought with modern weapons. under modern conditions. Santiago. In point of enormity, pales beside Tsu-shima. Of all the Russian ships engaged in The Trench iron Plated Ship "Magenta. " -inaarniteis Tlum." River Philip we. 1 n- 31 tVii,i(i?g ftutsjf, areolar Monittor "Wovfjorod." IroM s OvutemiMrarx Wwsl Bugiaviug. Kede. near Sluya. Altogether victory of the Christians under Don had 190 ships, including many Juan, of Austria, was in great part from Genoa under Barbavera,' who was due to a vessel called the galleas, a more of a seaman in the true sense of transition type between the galley the word than any other commander on propelled only by oars and the sail either side. Hearing that the French ing vessel. fleet was lying in the river, sterns to- The clash of the two fleets was ward the land, its left toward the river"s much like a charge'of cavalry against raouth and its right toward the town of cavalry. In fairly regular formation Bluys. Edward decided . to force an they swept down on one another. action. The ships in each of three di- The flower of Southern Europe's of ammunition, but speedier and more visions of the French fleet were fast- chivalry was on board the Christian manageable, harassed the Spanish fleet ened together into a sort of floating fleet, and it is interesting to note that until It attempted To return to Spain fort, which enabled the English, led by on ono of tne Spanish vessels was and was broken up irretrievably by Edward himself, who climbed over the Cervantes, whose "Don Quixote" was to storms and disaster. side of a French vessel and fought SQ far toward iau(rhlng. Europe out of m the fighting which destroyed the among his men. to attack the vessels tne ajfe of chivairy. As the battle Armada the Spanish attempted to em- ngly, beginning at each end of a line. liRea drew neJ,, the christians nin. . o.i .. were spurred to valor by the piteous the grappling of vessels and deck fight- fleet, Tegethoff reformed his third di vision between, them and Llssa, pre- and two destroyers were able to reach Vladlvostock. FINE FRENCH ARTILLERY Gauls Big Gnnst Form the Backbone of the Army. that the retreat or disperse, so rapid is shell after shell sent the enemy cannot es cape. The gun also Is constructed so that in firing It moves sldewise auto- IVIHEM the news came W Kaiser's Uhlans had been mowed down by French machine guns in the .Irlrmlnti at Sa.int CroiX lODIfl Of the United States Army officers exclaimed: maucauy to tne rigm or leit. mus cov ering possiDiy a quarter ox a raue ui n enemy's frontage. St. Louis Republic. "I told you so!" The eyes of every artillery officer are following the French artillery, on which is pinned the hope of France to whip the Germans. Will the French artillery, admittedly the best In the world.- wreak the havoo In the German ranks that has bean predicted? ThA French, since the time of Na poleon, have specialised in artillery and present time. It comes from a aescrip .v,.i. o-unB. with their handling, form tion written by 'William Fltsstephen, ,u htt.whnna of the umT. dated 1170, soon after the death The guns are manufactured in secret. Thomas a Becket. and runs as fol- v. i. niaid on them. The lows: . world began at once to build ironclad fgjnou, Dreyfus affair of 15 years ago "Among the'noble cities of the world vessels propelled by steam and the era Krew In part, out of the suspicion that fame celebrates, the City of Lon- of sailing ships in war was closed. ' that 'tha secret of their manufacture don. jt the kingdom of the English. Is Four veara Int..- Irnnri.rt flo.t. v. .niri to Germany. the one seat that pours out Us fame i..v, - w a . i li.. ,.. irnn. i. in hnr "Russian more widely, sends to farther - "- . w . luo u.ob uiuo uuivi J, r I a " come of the American Civil War. but its effect on naval warfare as a whole was enormous. All the navies of the An Old 1170 Tribute. London Globe. Professor Walter Rlppman has un earthed a little known tribute to the charm and beauty of London, which has a special appropriateness at the of As the fleets neared each other a IB umw near MCO Oiner . . i:- i ; v. ' J v,.w UA rnsniB ttuu uwa usl- - - - " . . . . j . , . . , ,.j llfta i . . . vivuu u& i u w a iwsn iruiu Lita ju,KA.au n i m i 1 i . i i .. . . i . i i . . ... . ... nir t n m i i a n n r t. ... ,n v. 1,1. .,. i. Avon lann i nu.Mi. ncniiu miu catapults on tne Egyptian vessels be- . . . . .- "-'"'" main m mi, out tne rngusn snips were nanaie? - '" buc rst B-aA ki,.u. - . .i t " " oars or the Mnn itm b-aiiavb sttinor vAr man fm..kt , ii is notaoie xnat in xnis nanc Austria anv rr rnr newer mouwa. r " - o ,mum UIV Avaiaoi. V.lwkt. i . , y, ' ' J " " " oca,u.v,u v.iia ' ' It was like the lands its head action of artillery be- ?'I". ."JWll T.T.l.t ?nl to reater nd greater efforts by whip fused to close with their adversaries. ' closes in death grips, ii"" '!!,,. . Ki .n T lashe the"- mastera hanging off in the distance and banging 0rl":: :"l"try C,OSe" ln d6th erip?- opportunity to board, and it is said but the real test came when the vessels clashed and men fought across the that many even had their horses below decks. The destruction of the French and decks. The lighter ships of the Romans Q.Boese fleet made lt possible .for Eng- ""r neav.er op- ,-nrt t no. nd Calais and for two centuries to absolutely control the ratewav to Northern Eurone. thus galleys fled from the bringing great pressure to bear on the was Been mat uciariua Ali Pacha, the Turkish commander, rammed the Reale, Don Juan's flag ship, which, however, kept up a heavy Are at close range with her cannon and away with their artillery, smashing one Spanish vessel at a time, but gradually reducing the great fleet. opposed Italy in the same waters where In action the French use the method it is happy in tne noaiwuness 01 us lt is not impossible the two nations of indirect firing, which has been air. in the Christian religion, in the may clash again. coDied by every other nation. The strength of its defenses, the nature of Admiral . Persano attempted to land gUn If possible, is planted behind a hill, its site, the honor 01 us ciusens, me len from an Italian fleet at the Island in a ditch or some place wKere it is modesty of its matrons; pleasant in ponents, but ripped away their oars as Armlnias had done at Salamis. Cleo patra and 60 fight when it firm a n nH a nf t h T-T n n r LenffUR. the was getting the better of It, and in the Countries. Spain. Genoa and Ven- confuslon Agrlppa used fire-tipped lce arrows, which threw the Egyptian fleet s'ome h,st0rians assert that artillery Into a panic w- -t siuvb. but this Is doubtful. men in isnc h. k 1. r .n .i- of Lisea. off the Dalmatian coast, but 4mm a distance. sports: frultiui or noDiemen. musketry. Twice the knights on board fought and Great Britain crumpled the before he could effect a landing Wil- Then the df fleer in charge of tne men me " " L. the Christian vessel charged through naval power of France and Soaln. By helm von Tegethoit and his far inferior handling the gun uses his glasses from soiiens the smoke, their steel blades flashlnar. sweeDlna- his forces from the sea it Austrian squadron attacked him. " the crest of the hill, or other high and brutisn. their armor glinting when the sun paved the way for Napoleon's downfall. The Austrians steamed toward the piaoe, locates the enemy and calls out liberal. broke through as great banks of The British lost 2500 men, among them Italians in tnree v-snaped lines. First the direction and distance. smoke rolled temporarily away, but Nelson, and the allies lost 7000. but rather benign and they would have been annihilated had It was In American waters that the not Colonna come to the rescue. first great fight between steam-pro- Don Bernardino Cardenas, Don Juan's pel led. ironclad vessels took place. In Above all other citizens, everywhere. came the ironclads, with the flagship The gun crew fire a first shot to tne cuisens oi i-unuuci " Ferdinand Max at the apex of the plant the gun in the ground, and after conspicuous and noteworthy for hand wedge. Behind them were the old that lt settles in position and can fire someness of manners and of dress, at wooden ships and in the rear the gun- as many as 40 shells a minute. table and in the way of speaking, boats. The Italians steamed to the ju,t before the shell reaches the "I 1o ot think there is a city with attack in three divisions, line ahead, v,,- , n,.n.ratirv to firing, the cor- more commendable customs of keeping th. boirinnin of th. pnm.n fmni,a . "....a wmmriorf hut h fnnrht n imii th. from the United States at Nortoiv. crossing tne Austrian line of advance Alatajica is Dunched through fig- sacreu iiugiiu, uuep.io.. o LonumnorarT writers aeacnoe me iuaa " - , - - , . . .i i . . i lor it was as a result of the prestige ,n of th6 r.non over nieht and Turks, seeing many of their vessels ln christened the Virginia, cut down and obliquely. Ures stamped on the rim as a conductor ity. connrming eou... uw...,. gained By this victory that Octavius de- their discharge at sunrise before the flames, became discouraged and began protectee; Dy-railroad iron, sank the clared himself Emperor. opening of an attack, after which they to withdraw. Just as it seemed the Cumberland and drove the Congress These two battles were typical of the were frequently not loaded again until daV won for the Christians, the ashore near Newport News. The fol- many lights between the galleys of Eu- the following night. Algerians returned to the scene of ac- lowing day the Merrimac returned, but ropean and African or Asiatic nations. The nosslbilltv of Turkey becominc tion, but the Knights of Malta "drove instead of destroying the Congress at them off. The Christians had lost icmure, a.a me, naa expectea, sne September 21, the date of the battle Pannnn of th time were verv unwieldy lieutenant, was killed at the command- March. 1862. the Merrimac a Confeder al Actium, is set by many historians as and usi-d moatlv for sletre ODerations. er's side and the leader himself was ate vessel which had been captured urea. -ing oi r-ngiana, naa a num- one of the potent factors in the pres- oer qi vessels in wnicn ne oia enecttve ent war recan, the first great sea bat work against the Panes, and King John Ue ln which gunpowder played an im defeated a French fleet carrying an portant part in fleet operations. Near army of Invasion, but the battle of Lepanto. in 1571. a Christian coalition Sluya. 1340. is generally accepted as the under the dlrectlon of Pop41 p,u, v. beginning of British naval supremacy enKaKed ,n war against the Turks, who and the founding of the British navy as had bee fop year, .ntslavlng; c. ,uc, ' . r, r . , . tian men for their galleys and women Edward III, having challenged the for their harems. The hostile fleets title of Philip of Valois, King of France, were more than a year In preparatlo-i. the latter gathered a great fleet in the but at last they met in open sea. The 7500 men, the Turks from 20,000 to 30,000. The story of the Great Armada of Spain is familiar to all. It was ln 158S that a fleet of galleys, galleases and pinnaces attempted to land the was met by the Monitor, a vessel built by a Swede, John Ericsson. The Mont tor was an ironclad lying very low in the water, steered from a turret which appeared like a cbeesebox. Neither ves sel was able to Inflict any great dam- armies of Phillip It. of Spairi on the e on th other and the Merrimac re English coast. Under Lord Howard, of tired "P the James River after a battle Effingham, and sucn men as Drake, in which solid shot had bounded off the Frobisher. Seymour. Hawkins and Win- side of both craft. ter the smaller English vessels, shurt The battle had little effect on the out- trian ships, but suffered so from gun As the Bring commenced Tegethoff DUnches a ticket. There are numerous marriages, celebration or nuptials, pre- sisnalled from the Ferdinand Max. time fuse marks, so that any desired paring feasts and of cheering guests. "Ironclads will ram and sink the ene- distance Is obtained. The marks on 1 Aggressive Art. (Washington Star.) "I rather like the old-fashioned nov elist, who sometimes pauses to allude in a deferential way to the 'gentle reader.' " -Yes," replied Mr. Penwlggle: "but it's a dangerous practice. It's likely to make readers critical. What you want to do is to give the reader so much pep' and 'ginger and so many "punches' and 'knockouts' that be won't have enough courage or energy left to form an opinion." my. These simple orders were carried out to the best of the seamen's ability, but it was demonstrated that it was no easy matter to ram a steam vessel which could turn and maneuver with out respect to the wind. Tegethoff him self was able to ram the Re d'ltalia and steamed straight through the squadron, his gunners directing every shot at the gun ports of the enemy. The Af fondatore came very near ' to ramming the Kaiser, one of the Aus- the rim cause the mechanism auto matically to aim the gun. According to the claims of the French artillery officers, no enemy, once seen at a distance of from one to five miles, can possibly escape absolute destruc tion. The gunfire does not strike in the ranks of the enemy, but is aimed above them. The shell bursts from 40 to 50 feet from the ground and releases a shower of small bullets which plunge downward. No matter how fast the enemy may v A-