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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (April 21, 1912)
THE SUNDAY OREGOXIAN, PORTLAND, APRIL 21, 1913. OREGON'S CENTRAL STATE HATCHERY LALGEST FISH PLANT IN THE WORLD Huo Institution t Bonneville Will Car for 15,000.000 Salmon and Trout Eggs Each Tear Ultimate Capacity Will Be More Than Double That Raising Young Fish la Interesting Operation. I I MI'ROVEMKNTS n4 addUiona re cently completed make. Oreron'a Central Stat Hatchery at Bonneville the lara-eet In the world. A total of 15.000,000 lalraon and trout eggs were taken car of at the hatchery In 1911. Twenty million eggs will be hatched and reared during 1912. and the final total capacity of the plant, when nurs ery ponds now projected are completed, will be 41.000.000. The former capacity of the hatchery was but 1. 000.00 eggs. Acting under Instructions from the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners, Master Ftsh Warden Clanton had constructed a flume which has a capacity of 23,000 gallons per minute, or the minimum flow of Tanner Creek during the Bum mer months. This Is the stream which supollea the hatchery with water from quarter of a mile op the creek t near the hatchery buildings, where It Is liberated Into a series of ponds, flow ing from one to the other and form ing a series of cascades. In these ponds the young fish are to be nursed and fed from the time they are old enough to be removed from the hatching troughs until they are liberated. Hatekery Jaerw Tkaa Test Tears Old. Th Bonneville hatchery waa estab lished In September. 1S09. with H. C McAllister as master fish warden and J. W. Berrian aa auperlntendent. B. C. Greenman, the present superintend ent, who was then Inspector of hatch ertea. personally delivered the first lot of eggs at the hatchery. They were taken ten dajra before th plant waa ready for operation, and It waa there for necessary to hold them In cold storage at the Union Depot In Portland for that lergth of time. They had been brought from the Salmon river racks. Though th Bonneville hatchery la the principal one at present. It waa not the first on established In th state. Th first one waa built In th early 10 s near the mouth of the Clackamas Klver, and waa operated Jointly for a few year by the state and Government. It waa finally abandoned and the lower river cannerymen erected a hatchery on the headwaters of the name stream. The main building of the central hatchery la 240 feet In length by it In width. In addition to th office and exhibit rooms. It contalna 240 lt-foot troughs with a capacity of 1S0.000 egs each, or a total of 41.000.000. This building and the hatching trough ar supplied with a pipeline flowing 1000 gallona per minute. Ell Beeelved Kress CTrirtt. No eggs are taken at this hatchery. They are secured from th Govern ment and from some of the collecting stations in different parts of the stats. At these stations the atreama are racked and the fish held until "ripe." The salmon are then taken from th water and killed. Their tails ar cut off and the nsh allowed to bleed for five or ten minutes, when their bellies are split open with a sharp knife and the eggs are allowed to drop Into spawning pans. They are then fer tilized by the male fish which are kept In pia handy. The milt la washed oft and the eggs taken to the hatchery, where they are sorted with nippers, until th third day. after which they are allowed to rest for ten daya or two VHln. The eggs are then sorted dally and all the dead ones removed to pre vent the starting of a fungus growth on th llv eggs, which U on of th L t . . i : ?V- '-'V S-- -1 7 ' m, m A'v .-.: -ci.i;..:iU hardest things with which the hatch erman has to contend. After the eggs are batched, the troughs are spaced off and from 1000 to 400 of the fry are kept In a space two feet long by 14 Inchea wide. Every day the young fish are carefully sorted, all dead or Ill-shaped ones being re moved. Great care la taken -to keep th troughs erfectly clean. Indeed, the entire hatchery Is kept as "splc and span" aa a Government lighthouse or a "man-'o-war " Six weeks after they are hatched, or when the young fish are about one Inch in length, they begin to swim up to the surface of the water for food. They are then placed In ponds and th feeding process begins. With the ex ception of trout and ateelheada, no food la given until the yolk sack la absorbed In th case of these var ieties, food Is given when th yolk sack Is but half absorbed. FUkllaga Fed Oft em. At first th fish ar fed five or six times dally, as the youngsters will not take any food that la not floating. Later, after the yolk sack Is entirely absorbed and th young flih are ac customed to feeding, they will take food from the bottom of the ponds, when U Is not necessary to feed more than four times a day. One of the most necessary points In connection with the artificial propaga tion of fish Is to keep th troughs and ponds absolutely unitary to prevent the breeding of fish diseases, chief of which are fungus growth and gill trouble. Aa the glUa ar to the fish what the lungs are to the human be ing, anything which Lnjurea th gills Injures th entire fish. The fungus Is a gelatinous growth which forma on the backs and sides of the young fish. To treat either of these troubles is 'a moat delicate and difficult task. The diseased fish are first separated and are then given salt baths every three days, with mud and clay hatha in be tween. Though ground liver la considered the standard food for young fish the world over. It Is supplemented In Ore gon by smelt, eels and canned salmon heads, tails and entrails. The eels are secured by the million at the falls of th Willamette at Oregon City, the smelt are taken from the lower Co lumbia tributaries and the canned sal- spawned. Making no effort to return to the sea or to take food they grad ually die of starvation or wear them selves out on the shallows of the stream headwaters. The steelhead re turns to the sea, however, whenever he Is able and comes back to spawn In succeeding years. So far as is known, the oldest steelhead ever taken was 1 years old. This Is determined by counting the rays or lines on the fins, by aid of a microscope, but as this was but recently discovered, the extent of th observations la very limited and the theory has not even been perfected. According to Superintendent Green man, the old system of liberating the fry when they were only about one Inch long, resulted In a return of from 2 or I per cent, according to the best estimates obtainable. Under the plan now being tried by the state of keep ing the young fish until they attain the "flngerllng" stage, which is reached at about one year of age. It Is hoped to Increase the percentage of return to fully 10 per cent. It Is be lieved that by keeping the fry until they are four or five Inches In length they will be better able to get out of the way of their innumerable natural enemies and also able to secure a bet ter food supply. Fish Are Carefully Studied. Very close observations are being made by Master Fish Warden Clanton and the hatcherymen under him. The young fish are being carefully weighed and measured; different foods are be ing tried and climatic conditions studied In an effort to find on what kind of food the baby fish thrive best and to determine why and when the fry start for the ocean. The latter In formation Is particularly desired as It is feared it may be possible to keep young fish too long for best results. Huperlntendent Greenman scouts the theory that It Is possible to domesti cate and render valueless the young fish by keeping them until they are a year old. He says, according to hl personal observaUon, It makes no dif ference how tame the nsh may bcome In the nursery ponds, they get as wild the wildest as soon as j'b"nft T-n million salmon uu Ten million . . . . trout eggs have recently been hatched at-larg at Bonneville. Of this number 8,900, 000 were Chinook and were secured from the Government station at Little White Salmon. Two million are Alas ka bluebacks and were also furnished by the Government. The 1,000,000 trout eggs are of the Eastern brook variety and were purchased by State Game Warden Flnley while In Rhode Island on the occasion of his recent tour of the Eastern States to study the methods of game and fish protection and propagation in use there. Chinook Beet duality. The blueback or sockeye salmon Is regarded as next to the chinook In point of quality. The silverslde comes next, then the 'steelhead and lastly comes the dog salmon, which finds very little favor in the eye of either can neryman or consumer. Aside from the central hatchery at Bonneville the state has branch hatch ery stations on the Wallowa Klver, near Rondo; on the McKensie. above Eugene; on the Santlam, on the Middle Fork of the Willamette, on the Sandy River, on the Trask River, near Tilla mook; on South Cooa River, near MarshBeld; on the Sluslaw, on the . Ya qulna, near Elk City; on the Alsea River, on the Umpqua and on the Co qullle. ' Superintendent Greenman, in ccarge of the Bonneville hatchery, is regard ed as one of the best salmon hatchery men in the country. He took up the work In 189 and has been engagjed In some branch of it continuously since that time. He was first employed by the Government, but after three years entered the service of the state aerv lng successfully under Fish Commis sioner F. C. Reed and- Master Fish Warden, Van Dusen. He then went back to the Government for a. time, bul was finally persuaded by Mr Jan Dueen to give his services to Oregon and ha. been with th state ever nc I. H. Wilson, trout expert, who. has charge of the trout work in the state la also regarded as an exceptionally good man Rln his line. He. too yw formerly with the Government and lor Tim, was employ,d .r-jg American repumi"- -- - . under the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners is na mon are supplied by the cannerymen, the state furnishing the cans while th cannerymen do the rest. Mush is also fed the young fish occasionally. All of the food Is ground exceedingly fin and mixed with water until It forms a thick soup when it is thrown onto thel surface of the ponds by means or wooden paddles. Liberated Wan Year Old. . During the early stages, the flab ar confined In great numbers In very small spaces, but as they grow they ar thinned out and th longer they are kept the greater space Is required to handle them. It Is the plan of the present administration to hold them until they are about a year old. when they are marked and liberated. The present system oi marking Is to clip a V-shaped piece from the gill cover. At first glance It will probably seem like an Impossible task to under take the marking of a few million fish of the flngerllng stage. According to Superintendent Greenman. however, one man can. with the use of an In strument Invented by Master Fish Warden Clanton. mark about 2000 nsh In a day. The purpose of the marking Is to determine more or less accurate ly the percentage of fish which are per mitted to come to maturity and return to the stream In which they have been liberated. With the exception of Ja pan, Oregon Is the only place In th world where gill marking Is employed. The Government Inserts a silver wir In on of the fins whereas formerly it was the custom to cut off the adipose fin. It was found, however, that this fin often grows out and In cutting it off ther Is also danger of killing th fish. About 70,000 salmon fry thus marked were liberated from the Bonneville hatchery In September. Six weeks later Master Fish Warden Clanton made a cruise down the Columbia River and had no trouble In finding I the marked fish in praoticaily every eddy along the stream, down aa far aa the mouth of the Willamette. Moat SalBsoai Die After Spawning. The salmon are supposed to attain maturity at the age of 4 years when they return to the rivers to spawn. With th exception of the steelhead, which is renerally conceded to be a I trout, the salmon die after they hav SLAPPING MATCHES ARE SUBSTITUTE FOR PAINT aiAIbo Should Run to Make Themselves Lithe and Stylish, and Whistle to Make Their Voices Soft and Refined Says Doctor. . rQ avOELES. CaU April 20. (Spe- LcIaL) The American woman's complexion needs more life, her lungs more capacity, her ankles are too spindling and her feet too "podgy. These observations hav been made by Dr. Ludwlg von Ferro, formerly of the University of Copenhagen, and soon i a nhvstoloKV department of .h- i?r,iv.rsltv of Paris. Dr. von FertJ is in Los Angeles, and has discussed the flaws In American femininity from the standpoint of the. expert physiolo gist. Moreover, he has told what to do about them. For the completion, he would indulge In slapping exercises; for the constricted lung capacity, whis tle and sing; for the spindling ankles and "podgy" feet. run. "The Improvements which the Ameri can women roost need are In the com pletion, the lungs and the feet and ankles," said the scientist. "Their com plexions need more' life, their lungs more capacity for thus the voices be come more beautiful and the feet and ankles need strengthening. Of course these are only some of the necessary points which will' lead to perfection, but they are the most Important ones. Slap Good for Complexion. m-orx. t also for the complexion I mean It. literally. It """ or a woman to sit In her boudoir for hours every day. slapping away at her solf. It Is too mechanical. Women should have slapping matches. Just as v..r,r matches. A few good men n.w ww slaps In the face and a woman s whole system will tingle. The eireci upon ..ci i. ni .nnn become permanent. In a slapping contest women will be called upon to utilise almoBt every muse j their bodies. ! "Another Important thing Is running. ..!.. n- it riAver occurred to Amer ican women, but after they reach the age of say IS Viey seldom, u ever, i ...n-inff' TTave vnu ever no- tlced a dog which has been confined so that it has naa no oopoiiw"- - . nlngT It stalks along with the most ungainly walk you ever saw. And so It Is with women. In that a certain combination of muscles Is never v. v, it nlav. They stalk Instead of walking gracefully. I "Then, the American woman" an kles are altogether too weak and spin dling, with a foot that Is often podgy. The ankle supports the whole body, and -i i . .tr.mrthnnpd At every CD - portunlty. Notice an athletic girl how well she deports nersen - ease she walks along. Every muscle . . ...innAri ho that she I nas own u..-w--, - , can used one naturally at a moment s notice. WhUtltag Develops Lnags. f.r u whlstllna- is concerned, it nt course been advocated for many years as a good method of developing the lungs. It is not as gooa as singing. UUL tllDIV 1 J ' J - " a who have comparatively few opportunl- ... . . nm n T. wh4,tlA LI C VO 0.0 wvm. ' " many times during a day's work. The more she develops her lungs the great er control she has of her voice, and thus she can more easily speak softly. All , K . nnar.rlr vnrfillsta hftVfl lOW. sweet voices, and assuredly their lungs are gooa. tain conditions, and these exercises are most aanuraoiy Kaspiva w can woman In almost every sphere." Sleep-Walker Arouses Hotel. Thtmna fl'TtrlfiS nf Vinmnviir R. C has one nnfortuante habit. He walks In his sleep. Mrs. Thomas O'Brian. also of Vancouver, B. C, has an equally fortunate habit. She sleeps lightly. Sometimes, however, she does not Bleep lightly enough to hear her husband start on his somnambulistic promen ades, and this was the case at a local hotel this week. up suddenly into wakefulness and found her nusoana gone. "Horrors! He's walking In his sleep," she walled. Slipping Into a Kimono sne rusneo to the telephone and called for the night clerk. "Quick, quick, come up at onoe. My husband's gone." a pair of tired eyes. It waa about S A. M. "Yea; he's somewhere about the ho tel, walking in his sleep." "Are you sure tie b uusep . . . - - - Ifm Kuan - lifthlt Af Tl!a for years. Please send somebody up to look for him." Cp flew a couple of boys and the elevator man. Mrs. O'Brian Joined them at the fourth floor and the hunt was on. Around comers like the wind, peering down air-shafts, under and over everything, after the sleep-walker they went. Not a soul on the fourth floor, and they hurried down to th third. There, standing. In the most careless negligee before the elevator was O'Brian. gazing with glassy eiyes at the bell. ... w .,,,, "Deen, Deen. Dean. Allah. Allifch. he was muttering, when the wife cried, "Thomasi" Just like that. Thomas awoke with a kind of Mv erlng start and blinked his eye. "Well what d'ye know about thatT" he s:ild as they escorted hlra back to a sttlll half-warm bed. Faaadeaa Refuses Annexation. ' , Giving five reasons why Pasadena, is unalterably opposed to becoming I a part of Los Angeles, the Pasadetna board of water commissioners has eemt a communication to the public servsce commission of Los Angeles asking up on what other terms than annexation Pasadena can buy Owens River water when the aqueduct Is completed. As the first reason against annexa tion it is stated that Pasadena deslaes to retain control of Its temperance laws, and it Is added that this Is In Itself sufficient without the other four. The other reasons enumerated are: . "The people of Pasadena aa a rule . v, - tn know the UOili- caiiiLUL wo i"--. - - - tlcal conditions and prospects of Ios Angeles. A study of these conditions, in order to weigh "he possible advan tages and disadvantages of annexation, would require much time. Although the official family of Los Angeles is an exceptionally good one, the city ' Is growing so fast that the best kind of legislative and administrative work cannot be expected. Therefore, adding to the size of the city might not only Injure the territory annexed, but ; it might also delay the political develop ment of Los Angeles, and that would probably mean a delay in all otrter municipal development. Our lo oal street department, it is believed, tsm meet our local needs In highways b sit ter than could that of Los Angeles. "Pasadena has her electric light flgjht that should, for the good of the pub'tlc, be won; and nothing avoidable should be undertaken that might place IJhe cause of the lighting plant In Jeopar By. This plant has thus far been a succe s ful protest against that type of corpo ration dishonesty and arrogance now in a measure disappearing. In passltng It mlgHt be said that Los Angeles should assist us by selling current, .at the lowest reasonable price, thus plot ting the plant on a more nearly evsen footing with that of its enemy, wh!ch produces current from water power.- "A political body of moderate size can Institute certain advanced politl sal steps that could only be undertaken by a city the size of Los Angeles w tn much greater difficulty: at least, ur.4t.il the feasibility and method thereof tsid been demonstrated in a smaller city. Some of the people of Pasadena belUae she will take several steps within tjtie next few years." Twenty stock cars of bees are so an I - in - ' IB II .a ft Built on Honor Every element of style, comfort and wear are secured in Mayer Honorbilt Shoes thoy possess distinctive style and are made of the kind of material that insures increased wearing service over average shoes sell ing at the same price. Put them to the test discov er for yourself why Mayer Konorbilt Shoes have ac quired so large a sale and give such universal sat isfaction. They sat isfy because they are "built on honor." 1 -D- -a yfy-; -Wleokfor lI II To vAttr ripvt niirrfiase lie n rafr j of Mayer Honorbilt Shoes. You coin snon learn wherein thev ex cel average shoes in style and wearing qualities made for Men, Women ana cniiaren all styles and sizes. To be sore you are tret- ting the genuine, look for the Mayer Trade Mark m f ho cn!p sold hv lead ing dealers everywhere if your dealer will not supply you, write to us. MAYER HONORBILT SHOES FOR MEN MAYER HONORBILT SHOES FOR WOMEN tLeading Lady Brand) MAYER HONORBILT SHOES FOR CHILDREN Special Merit Brand) W matei Maver Martha Washington Comfort A(a-S3 Shoes and Mayer "Yerma" Cushion Shoe. tfyi V M AVTTI RflfiT Xr SHnR TO Milwaukee. Wis. rTtfy & . UUkl aA w wy Western Branch: 'Washington Shoe Mfg. O o. Seattle. Wash. to be loaded and shipped from Southern California to Utah. The experiment of bringing bees from Utah to this state to Winter was inaugurated four years ago, and the experiment proved so suc cessful that now a good number of Utah apiarists bring their bees here for the Winter months. They keep on stor ing up honey froip orange blossoms and sagebrush blossoms during the Winter season and when Spring arrives they are taken back to Utah to commence a. like harvest on white sage and alfalfa. Jt is claimed that the swarming of the bees in the Winter season results in the hives multiplying rapidly here. When left to Winter in Utah, on the contrary, the bees come out in the Spring in a stupefied condition, from which it takes several weeKS ior uuiu to fully recover. The hives are closed Hirhtl'v fn tViA Htnnlr rftrs &T& not One is allowed to escape on the trip going and coming. Contest Baaed on Mistake. Because she made a mistake and lm- nroved the wrong piece of land, sup posing it was her own, Katherlne E. Baker, of El Centro, Is fighting a con test preferred by B. H. Lien, of Imperial Valley, before the local land office. Mrs. Baker filed a desert entry in auruov. 1910, and during the first year she spent ..aa -iAnPfno ttiA nelchhor's land and running the borders and levels for t nn ill thla time she thousht she was on her own land. Now she finds that she was confused in me locanun -.-i..- nrhfi .ha Vina filed nroDerly. all her money and effort went on the quarter section next to her own. This land did not belong to Lien, but he dis covered that Mrs. Baker had not im proved her own land and saw an open ing for a contest. Trade In Wooden Shoes. Consular and Trade Reports. Last year was unfavorable to the wooden shoe manufacturers In Holland owing to the keen competition of the Belgians and a decided overproduction here. This year's prospectB are some what brighter. The scarcity of willow wood, from which those shoes were formerly made, has caused the market to steady up a little. Poplar and some Russian woods are also being used more extensively than heretofore. The cost of the wood from which the shoes are made is about 6 per cublo meter, out of which 100 pairs of ordi nary size can be made. The wholesale price of these shoes Is 12 cents. One workman Is able to make 12 to 15 pairs In a day, from which It can be inferred how narrow Is the margin of profit in the Industry. Relatively few wooden shoes are pro duced by machinery for export, but with this exception all the wooden shoes- are made by hand In Holland. About 20 different tools are required in the operation. Several years ago several German capitalists started fac tories in this country to make wooden shoes by machinery, but failed. Machine-made shoes. It Is said, are not well finished, and. some handwork is always necessary to make them satisfactory. 1 f&. s i 1 M9k r Hi. fJuARANTTX QUUAKTEES The kind that don't wear out at the finger ends, and every pair contains A Guarantee that Guarantees "a new pair free" if the "tips" wear out before the gloves. There's a way to tell the genuine. "Look in the hem" for the ' name "Kayser." It is there for your protection. "Kayser" gloves cost no more than the "ordinary kind," and are worth double in quality, fit and value. Don't accept the "just as good" kind "look in the hem" for the name "Kayser" the kind that "don't wear our' at the finger "tips. Short Silk Glov)S) 60c, 75c, $1.00, $1:25, $1.SO AW Long Silk Gloves 76c, $1.00, $1.25, $1.60. $2.00 alias Kayser & Co., Makers Ne York A-2
