THE SUNDAY OREGOXIAN, PORTLAND, APRIL 21, 1913.
OREGON'S CENTRAL STATE HATCHERY
LALGEST FISH PLANT IN THE WORLD
Huo Institution t Bonneville Will Car for 15,000.000 Salmon and Trout Eggs Each Tear Ultimate Capacity
Will Be More Than Double That Raising Young Fish la Interesting Operation.
I
I MI'ROVEMKNTS n4 addUiona re
cently completed make. Oreron'a
Central Stat Hatchery at Bonneville
the lara-eet In the world. A total of
15.000,000 lalraon and trout eggs were
taken car of at the hatchery In 1911.
Twenty million eggs will be hatched
and reared during 1912. and the final
total capacity of the plant, when nurs
ery ponds now projected are completed,
will be 41.000.000.
The former capacity of the hatchery
was but 1. 000.00 eggs. Acting under
Instructions from the State Board of
Fish and Game Commissioners, Master
Ftsh Warden Clanton had constructed
a flume which has a capacity of 23,000
gallons per minute, or the minimum
flow of Tanner Creek during the Bum
mer months. This Is the stream which
supollea the hatchery with water from
quarter of a mile op the creek t
near the hatchery buildings, where It
Is liberated Into a series of ponds, flow
ing from one to the other and form
ing a series of cascades. In these ponds
the young fish are to be nursed and fed
from the time they are old enough to
be removed from the hatching troughs
until they are liberated.
Hatekery Jaerw Tkaa Test Tears Old.
Th Bonneville hatchery waa estab
lished In September. 1S09. with H. C
McAllister as master fish warden and
J. W. Berrian aa auperlntendent. B.
C. Greenman, the present superintend
ent, who was then Inspector of hatch
ertea. personally delivered the first lot
of eggs at the hatchery. They were
taken ten dajra before th plant waa
ready for operation, and It waa there
for necessary to hold them In cold
storage at the Union Depot In Portland
for that lergth of time. They had been
brought from the Salmon river racks.
Though th Bonneville hatchery la
the principal one at present. It waa not
the first on established In th state.
Th first one waa built In th early 10 s
near the mouth of the Clackamas Klver,
and waa operated Jointly for a few
year by the state and Government. It
waa finally abandoned and the lower
river cannerymen erected a hatchery
on the headwaters of the name stream.
The main building of the central
hatchery la 240 feet In length by it In
width. In addition to th office and
exhibit rooms. It contalna 240 lt-foot
troughs with a capacity of 1S0.000 egs
each, or a total of 41.000.000. This
building and the hatching trough ar
supplied with a pipeline flowing 1000
gallona per minute.
Ell Beeelved Kress CTrirtt.
No eggs are taken at this hatchery.
They are secured from th Govern
ment and from some of the collecting
stations in different parts of the stats.
At these stations the atreama are
racked and the fish held until "ripe."
The salmon are then taken from th
water and killed. Their tails ar cut
off and the nsh allowed to bleed for
five or ten minutes, when their bellies
are split open with a sharp knife and
the eggs are allowed to drop Into
spawning pans. They are then fer
tilized by the male fish which are kept
In pia handy. The milt la washed oft
and the eggs taken to the hatchery,
where they are sorted with nippers,
until th third day. after which they
are allowed to rest for ten daya or two
VHln. The eggs are then sorted dally
and all the dead ones removed to pre
vent the starting of a fungus growth
on th llv eggs, which U on of th
L
t . . i : ?V- '-'V
S-- -1 7 '
m, m A'v .-.: -ci.i;..:iU
hardest things with which the hatch
erman has to contend.
After the eggs are batched, the
troughs are spaced off and from 1000
to 400 of the fry are kept In a space
two feet long by 14 Inchea wide. Every
day the young fish are carefully sorted,
all dead or Ill-shaped ones being re
moved. Great care la taken -to keep
th troughs erfectly clean. Indeed,
the entire hatchery Is kept as "splc and
span" aa a Government lighthouse or
a "man-'o-war "
Six weeks after they are hatched, or
when the young fish are about one
Inch in length, they begin to swim
up to the surface of the water for food.
They are then placed In ponds and th
feeding process begins. With the ex
ception of trout and ateelheada, no
food la given until the yolk sack la
absorbed In th case of these var
ieties, food Is given when th yolk
sack Is but half absorbed.
FUkllaga Fed Oft em.
At first th fish ar fed five or six
times dally, as the youngsters will not
take any food that la not floating.
Later, after the yolk sack Is entirely
absorbed and th young flih are ac
customed to feeding, they will take
food from the bottom of the ponds,
when U Is not necessary to feed more
than four times a day.
One of the most necessary points In
connection with the artificial propaga
tion of fish Is to keep th troughs and
ponds absolutely unitary to prevent
the breeding of fish diseases, chief
of which are fungus growth and gill
trouble. Aa the glUa ar to the fish
what the lungs are to the human be
ing, anything which Lnjurea th gills
Injures th entire fish. The fungus Is
a gelatinous growth which forma on
the backs and sides of the young fish.
To treat either of these troubles is
'a moat delicate and difficult task. The
diseased fish are first separated and
are then given salt baths every three
days, with mud and clay hatha in be
tween. Though ground liver la considered
the standard food for young fish the
world over. It Is supplemented In Ore
gon by smelt, eels and canned salmon
heads, tails and entrails. The eels are
secured by the million at the falls of
th Willamette at Oregon City, the
smelt are taken from the lower Co
lumbia tributaries and the canned sal-
spawned. Making no effort to return
to the sea or to take food they grad
ually die of starvation or wear them
selves out on the shallows of the
stream headwaters. The steelhead re
turns to the sea, however, whenever he
Is able and comes back to spawn In
succeeding years. So far as is known,
the oldest steelhead ever taken was
1 years old. This Is determined by
counting the rays or lines on the fins,
by aid of a microscope, but as this
was but recently discovered, the extent
of th observations la very limited and
the theory has not even been perfected.
According to Superintendent Green
man, the old system of liberating the
fry when they were only about one
Inch long, resulted In a return of from
2 or I per cent, according to the best
estimates obtainable. Under the plan
now being tried by the state of keep
ing the young fish until they attain
the "flngerllng" stage, which is
reached at about one year of age. It Is
hoped to Increase the percentage of
return to fully 10 per cent. It Is be
lieved that by keeping the fry until
they are four or five Inches In length
they will be better able to get out of
the way of their innumerable natural
enemies and also able to secure a bet
ter food supply.
Fish Are Carefully Studied.
Very close observations are being
made by Master Fish Warden Clanton
and the hatcherymen under him. The
young fish are being carefully weighed
and measured; different foods are be
ing tried and climatic conditions
studied In an effort to find on what
kind of food the baby fish thrive best
and to determine why and when the
fry start for the ocean. The latter In
formation Is particularly desired as
It is feared it may be possible to keep
young fish too long for best results.
Huperlntendent Greenman scouts the
theory that It Is possible to domesti
cate and render valueless the young
fish by keeping them until they are a
year old. He says, according to hl
personal observaUon, It makes no dif
ference how tame the nsh may bcome
In the nursery ponds, they get as wild
the wildest as soon as j'b"nft
T-n million salmon uu
Ten million . . . .
trout eggs have recently been hatched at-larg
at Bonneville. Of this number 8,900,
000 were Chinook and were secured
from the Government station at Little
White Salmon. Two million are Alas
ka bluebacks and were also furnished
by the Government. The 1,000,000
trout eggs are of the Eastern brook
variety and were purchased by State
Game Warden Flnley while In Rhode
Island on the occasion of his recent
tour of the Eastern States to study the
methods of game and fish protection
and propagation in use there.
Chinook Beet duality.
The blueback or sockeye salmon Is
regarded as next to the chinook In
point of quality. The silverslde comes
next, then the 'steelhead and lastly
comes the dog salmon, which finds very
little favor in the eye of either can
neryman or consumer.
Aside from the central hatchery at
Bonneville the state has branch hatch
ery stations on the Wallowa Klver,
near Rondo; on the McKensie. above
Eugene; on the Santlam, on the Middle
Fork of the Willamette, on the Sandy
River, on the Trask River, near Tilla
mook; on South Cooa River, near
MarshBeld; on the Sluslaw, on the . Ya
qulna, near Elk City; on the Alsea
River, on the Umpqua and on the Co
qullle. '
Superintendent Greenman, in ccarge
of the Bonneville hatchery, is regard
ed as one of the best salmon hatchery
men in the country. He took up the
work In 189 and has been engagjed In
some branch of it continuously since
that time. He was first employed by
the Government, but after three years
entered the service of the state aerv
lng successfully under Fish Commis
sioner F. C. Reed and- Master Fish
Warden, Van Dusen. He then went
back to the Government for a. time,
bul was finally persuaded by Mr Jan
Dueen to give his services to Oregon
and ha. been with th state ever nc
I. H. Wilson, trout expert, who. has
charge of the trout work in the state
la also regarded as an exceptionally
good man Rln his line. He. too yw
formerly with the Government and lor
Tim, was employ,d .r-jg
American repumi"- -- - .
under the State Board of Fish and
Game Commissioners is na
mon are supplied by the cannerymen,
the state furnishing the cans while th
cannerymen do the rest. Mush is also
fed the young fish occasionally. All
of the food Is ground exceedingly fin
and mixed with water until It forms a
thick soup when it is thrown onto thel
surface of the ponds by means or
wooden paddles.
Liberated Wan Year Old. .
During the early stages, the flab ar
confined In great numbers In very
small spaces, but as they grow they
ar thinned out and th longer they
are kept the greater space Is required
to handle them. It Is the plan of the
present administration to hold them
until they are about a year old. when
they are marked and liberated.
The present system oi marking Is to
clip a V-shaped piece from the gill
cover. At first glance It will probably
seem like an Impossible task to under
take the marking of a few million fish
of the flngerllng stage. According to
Superintendent Greenman. however,
one man can. with the use of an In
strument Invented by Master Fish
Warden Clanton. mark about 2000 nsh
In a day. The purpose of the marking
Is to determine more or less accurate
ly the percentage of fish which are per
mitted to come to maturity and return
to the stream In which they have been
liberated. With the exception of Ja
pan, Oregon Is the only place In th
world where gill marking Is employed.
The Government Inserts a silver wir
In on of the fins whereas formerly it
was the custom to cut off the adipose
fin. It was found, however, that this
fin often grows out and In cutting it
off ther Is also danger of killing th
fish.
About 70,000 salmon fry thus marked
were liberated from the Bonneville
hatchery In September. Six weeks
later Master Fish Warden Clanton
made a cruise down the Columbia
River and had no trouble In finding I
the marked fish in praoticaily every
eddy along the stream, down aa far
aa the mouth of the Willamette.
Moat SalBsoai Die After Spawning.
The salmon are supposed to attain
maturity at the age of 4 years when
they return to the rivers to spawn.
With th exception of the steelhead,
which is renerally conceded to be a
I trout, the salmon die after they hav
SLAPPING MATCHES ARE
SUBSTITUTE FOR PAINT
aiAIbo Should Run to Make Themselves Lithe and Stylish, and
Whistle to Make Their Voices Soft and Refined Says Doctor. .
rQ avOELES. CaU April 20. (Spe-
LcIaL) The American woman's
complexion needs more life, her
lungs more capacity, her ankles are
too spindling and her feet too "podgy.
These observations hav been made
by Dr. Ludwlg von Ferro, formerly of
the University of Copenhagen, and soon
i a nhvstoloKV department of
.h- i?r,iv.rsltv of Paris. Dr. von FertJ
is in Los Angeles, and has discussed
the flaws In American femininity from
the standpoint of the. expert physiolo
gist. Moreover, he has told what to do
about them. For the completion, he
would indulge In slapping exercises;
for the constricted lung capacity, whis
tle and sing; for the spindling ankles
and "podgy" feet. run.
"The Improvements which the Ameri
can women roost need are In the com
pletion, the lungs and the feet and
ankles," said the scientist. "Their com
plexions need more' life, their lungs
more capacity for thus the voices be
come more beautiful and the feet and
ankles need strengthening. Of course
these are only some of the necessary
points which will' lead to perfection,
but they are the most Important ones.
Slap Good for Complexion.
m-orx. t also for the complexion
I mean It. literally. It """ or
a woman to sit In her boudoir for
hours every day. slapping away at her
solf. It Is too mechanical. Women
should have slapping matches. Just as
v..r,r matches. A few good
men n.w ww
slaps In the face and a woman s whole
system will tingle. The eireci upon ..ci
i. ni .nnn become permanent. In
a slapping contest women will be called
upon to utilise almoBt every muse j
their bodies. !
"Another Important thing Is running.
..!.. n- it riAver occurred to Amer
ican women, but after they reach the
age of say IS Viey seldom, u ever,
i ...n-inff' TTave vnu ever no-
tlced a dog which has been confined so
that it has naa no oopoiiw"- - .
nlngT It stalks along with the most
ungainly walk you ever saw. And so
It Is with women. In that a certain
combination of muscles Is never
v. v, it nlav. They stalk Instead
of walking gracefully. I
"Then, the American woman" an
kles are altogether too weak and spin
dling, with a foot that Is often podgy.
The ankle supports the whole body, and
-i i . .tr.mrthnnpd At every CD -
portunlty. Notice an athletic girl how
well she deports nersen -
ease she walks along. Every muscle
. . ...innAri ho that she I
nas own u..-w--, - ,
can used one naturally at a moment s
notice.
WhUtltag Develops Lnags.
f.r u whlstllna- is concerned, it
nt course been advocated for many
years as a good method of developing
the lungs. It is not as gooa as singing.
UUL tllDIV 1 J ' J - " a
who have comparatively few opportunl-
... . . nm n T. wh4,tlA
LI C VO 0.0 wvm. ' "
many times during a day's work. The
more she develops her lungs the great
er control she has of her voice, and
thus she can more easily speak softly.
All , K . nnar.rlr vnrfillsta hftVfl lOW.
sweet voices, and assuredly their lungs
are gooa.
tain conditions, and these exercises are
most aanuraoiy Kaspiva w
can woman In almost every sphere."
Sleep-Walker Arouses Hotel.
Thtmna fl'TtrlfiS nf Vinmnviir R. C
has one nnfortuante habit. He walks
In his sleep. Mrs. Thomas O'Brian.
also of Vancouver, B. C, has an equally
fortunate habit. She sleeps lightly.
Sometimes, however, she does not Bleep
lightly enough to hear her husband
start on his somnambulistic promen
ades, and this was the case at a local
hotel this week.
up suddenly into wakefulness and
found her nusoana gone.
"Horrors! He's walking In his
sleep," she walled.
Slipping Into a Kimono sne rusneo
to the telephone and called for the
night clerk.
"Quick, quick, come up at onoe. My
husband's gone."
a pair of tired eyes. It waa about S
A. M.
"Yea; he's somewhere about the ho
tel, walking in his sleep."
"Are you sure tie b uusep .
. . - - - Ifm Kuan - lifthlt Af Tl!a
for years. Please send somebody up
to look for him."
Cp flew a couple of boys and the
elevator man. Mrs. O'Brian Joined
them at the fourth floor and the hunt
was on. Around comers like the wind,
peering down air-shafts, under and
over everything, after the sleep-walker
they went. Not a soul on the fourth
floor, and they hurried down to th
third. There, standing. In the most
careless negligee before the elevator
was O'Brian. gazing with glassy eiyes
at the bell. ... w .,,,,
"Deen, Deen. Dean. Allah. Allifch.
he was muttering, when the wife
cried, "Thomasi" Just like that.
Thomas awoke with a kind of Mv
erlng start and blinked his eye. "Well
what d'ye know about thatT" he s:ild
as they escorted hlra back to a sttlll
half-warm bed.
Faaadeaa Refuses Annexation. '
, Giving five reasons why Pasadena, is
unalterably opposed to becoming I a
part of Los Angeles, the Pasadetna
board of water commissioners has eemt
a communication to the public servsce
commission of Los Angeles asking up
on what other terms than annexation
Pasadena can buy Owens River water
when the aqueduct Is completed.
As the first reason against annexa
tion it is stated that Pasadena deslaes
to retain control of Its temperance
laws, and it Is added that this Is In
Itself sufficient without the other four.
The other reasons enumerated are: .
"The people of Pasadena aa a rule
. v, - tn know the UOili-
caiiiLUL wo i"--. - - -
tlcal conditions and prospects of Ios
Angeles. A study of these conditions,
in order to weigh "he possible advan
tages and disadvantages of annexation,
would require much time. Although
the official family of Los Angeles is
an exceptionally good one, the city ' Is
growing so fast that the best kind of
legislative and administrative work
cannot be expected. Therefore, adding
to the size of the city might not only
Injure the territory annexed, but ; it
might also delay the political develop
ment of Los Angeles, and that would
probably mean a delay in all otrter
municipal development. Our lo oal
street department, it is believed, tsm
meet our local needs In highways b sit
ter than could that of Los Angeles.
"Pasadena has her electric light flgjht
that should, for the good of the pub'tlc,
be won; and nothing avoidable should
be undertaken that might place IJhe
cause of the lighting plant In Jeopar By.
This plant has thus far been a succe s
ful protest against that type of corpo
ration dishonesty and arrogance now
in a measure disappearing. In passltng
It mlgHt be said that Los Angeles
should assist us by selling current, .at
the lowest reasonable price, thus plot
ting the plant on a more nearly evsen
footing with that of its enemy, wh!ch
produces current from water power.-
"A political body of moderate size
can Institute certain advanced politl sal
steps that could only be undertaken by
a city the size of Los Angeles w tn
much greater difficulty: at least, ur.4t.il
the feasibility and method thereof tsid
been demonstrated in a smaller city.
Some of the people of Pasadena belUae
she will take several steps within tjtie
next few years."
Twenty stock cars of bees are so an I
- in - '
IB II
.a
ft
Built on Honor
Every element of style, comfort and wear
are secured in Mayer Honorbilt Shoes
thoy possess distinctive style and are
made of the kind of material
that insures increased wearing
service over average shoes sell
ing at the same price.
Put them to the test discov
er for yourself why Mayer
Konorbilt Shoes have ac
quired so large a sale and
give such universal sat
isfaction. They sat
isfy because they are
"built on honor."
1
-D- -a
yfy-; -Wleokfor lI
II
To vAttr ripvt niirrfiase lie n rafr
j of Mayer Honorbilt Shoes. You
coin snon learn wherein thev ex
cel average shoes in style and
wearing qualities made for
Men, Women ana cniiaren
all styles and sizes.
To be sore you are tret-
ting the genuine, look for
the Mayer Trade Mark
m f ho cn!p sold hv lead
ing dealers everywhere if your dealer will not
supply you, write to us.
MAYER HONORBILT SHOES FOR MEN
MAYER HONORBILT SHOES FOR WOMEN
tLeading Lady Brand)
MAYER HONORBILT SHOES FOR CHILDREN
Special Merit Brand)
W matei Maver Martha Washington Comfort A(a-S3
Shoes and Mayer "Yerma" Cushion Shoe. tfyi
V M AVTTI RflfiT Xr SHnR TO Milwaukee. Wis. rTtfy
& . UUkl aA w wy
Western Branch: 'Washington Shoe Mfg. O o. Seattle. Wash.
to be loaded and shipped from Southern
California to Utah. The experiment of
bringing bees from Utah to this state
to Winter was inaugurated four years
ago, and the experiment proved so suc
cessful that now a good number of
Utah apiarists bring their bees here for
the Winter months. They keep on stor
ing up honey froip orange blossoms and
sagebrush blossoms during the Winter
season and when Spring arrives they
are taken back to Utah to commence a.
like harvest on white sage and alfalfa.
Jt is claimed that the swarming of
the bees in the Winter season results
in the hives multiplying rapidly here.
When left to Winter in Utah, on the
contrary, the bees come out in the
Spring in a stupefied condition, from
which it takes several weeKS ior uuiu
to fully recover. The hives are closed
Hirhtl'v fn tViA Htnnlr rftrs &T& not One
is allowed to escape on the trip going
and coming.
Contest Baaed on Mistake.
Because she made a mistake and lm-
nroved the wrong piece of land, sup
posing it was her own, Katherlne E.
Baker, of El Centro, Is fighting a con
test preferred by B. H. Lien, of Imperial
Valley, before the local land office. Mrs.
Baker filed a desert entry in auruov.
1910, and during the first year she spent
..aa -iAnPfno ttiA nelchhor's land
and running the borders and levels for
t nn ill thla time she thousht
she was on her own land. Now she finds
that she was confused in me locanun
-.-i..- nrhfi .ha Vina filed nroDerly.
all her money and effort went on the
quarter section next to her own. This
land did not belong to Lien, but he dis
covered that Mrs. Baker had not im
proved her own land and saw an open
ing for a contest.
Trade In Wooden Shoes.
Consular and Trade Reports.
Last year was unfavorable to the
wooden shoe manufacturers In Holland
owing to the keen competition of the
Belgians and a decided overproduction
here. This year's prospectB are some
what brighter.
The scarcity of willow wood, from
which those shoes were formerly made,
has caused the market to steady up a
little. Poplar and some Russian woods
are also being used more extensively
than heretofore.
The cost of the wood from which the
shoes are made is about 6 per cublo
meter, out of which 100 pairs of ordi
nary size can be made. The wholesale
price of these shoes Is 12 cents. One
workman Is able to make 12 to 15 pairs
In a day, from which It can be inferred
how narrow Is the margin of profit in
the Industry.
Relatively few wooden shoes are pro
duced by machinery for export, but
with this exception all the wooden
shoes- are made by hand In Holland.
About 20 different tools are required
in the operation. Several years ago
several German capitalists started fac
tories in this country to make wooden
shoes by machinery, but failed. Machine-made
shoes. It Is said, are not
well finished, and. some handwork is
always necessary to make them satisfactory.
1 f&.
s i
1
M9k
r
Hi.
fJuARANTTX
QUUAKTEES
The kind that
don't wear out
at the finger ends, and every pair
contains
A Guarantee that Guarantees
"a new pair free" if the "tips"
wear out before the gloves.
There's a way to tell the
genuine.
"Look in the hem" for the
' name "Kayser." It is there for
your protection.
"Kayser" gloves cost no more
than the "ordinary kind," and are
worth double in quality, fit and
value.
Don't accept the "just as good" kind
"look in the hem" for the name
"Kayser" the kind that "don't
wear our' at the finger "tips.
Short Silk Glov)S)
60c, 75c, $1.00, $1:25, $1.SO AW
Long Silk Gloves
76c, $1.00, $1.25, $1.60. $2.00
alias Kayser & Co., Makers
Ne York
A-2