The Sunday Oregonian., March 21, 1909, SECTION SIX, Page 2, Image 56

THE SUNDAY OREGONIAX. PORTLAND. MARCH 21,
1900.
old
AWLE
BY M. O. LOWNSDALU.
Horticultural Commissioner First District.
THE ORDOONUN'B suggestion that a
statement of the aims and methods
to be pursued in the campaign
against the "old apple orchards'" of the
"Willamette Valley meets with the Instant
and complete approval of the State Board
of Horticulture. This campaign Is being
vigorously pushed at the present time, but
professional mischief-makers have- made
so many misrepresentations that although
Inaugurated a year ago. the movement is
not even yet understood by the average
farmer. It is Important that owners of
these trees should 'understand that th
methods to be employed are simply vig
orous means of changing' conditions of
filth and disease to one of cleanliness and
health. These methods are absolutely
necessary if we would better horticultural
conditions or If we desire the apple-grow-Injc
industry to survive In our Valley.
As Horticultural Commissioner for the
Klnst District, I am glad to comply with
your request for a plain statement.
In brief, all tho "old" apple orchards of
the Valley are infected with a very dan
rous and contagious disease. This dis
ease Is caused by a minute fungus which
gains entrance to the Inner tissues of the
tree and burrows along under the bark,
appearing at certain spots on the face of
the bark for the purpose or spore-formation.
The fungua grows wholly under the
bark, hence its active principle cannot be
reached by any spray, and the only bene
fit that can possibly be derived from such
treatment (beside the natural tonic ef
fect of a Bordeaux mixture) would be the
roBSible prevention of spore-generation if
sprays are applied at exactly the right
moment. To be effective In thla direction,
applications must be made with the be
ginning of early rains 1n Autumn a time
when every fruit-grower la snowed under
with other work that will not be denied.
'
The fungus Is a perennial and. having
gained entrance to the Inner tissues of a
tree. It will follow along each succeeding
year's growth and produce Its debilitating
canker-spots as long as the tree lives.
This disease will be found rampant In ev
ery old orchard in the Willamette Valley
and Its disgusting sores are she principal
cause of the decadence of the apple In
dustry in this, the original "land; of the
big red apple." . Almost every old apple
-tree Is so badly affected with this filthy
, disease that all of Its energies are ex
hausted In an effort to repair the ravages
of this voracious parasite and little vital,
lty can be put Into the fruit. Thus are
apples from these debilitated orchards
robbed of their keeping Qualities and of
much of that exquisite flavor that for a
generation has distinguished the fruits of
vigorous trees In the same localities.
As the fungus oauslng this disease la at
all times hidden under the bark, the only
method of cur Is to cut orf affected
branches or to cut out Infected tissues.
In old apple orchards this means prac
tically tho removal of the whole top. In
these severe cases, half-way measures are
j worse than useless.
This treatment is simply a severe prun
ing, and in no sense is It a menace to
the life of tha tree. In fact, it Is the only
method by which thrifty trees can be
produced from tho decaying wrecks that
are everywhere blotching the face of the
i.vuuiraetw valley. These old cripples,
tlieso foul and cankered sources of con
tagion that are so piteously spoken of
(by -ho fellow who doesn't want to clean
up) as "old friends of a generation
around whom cluster so many tender
mnmji-les." etc., ad nauseum. If given
a tithe of tho ca.ro and attention that "old
friendship" would demand, would in
three or" four years be sturdy, vigorous
orchards oC immense economto value to
our state.
It will at once bo no tod that there Is
n.i destre to destroy a single tree. On
the contrary, an earnest attempt is being
uiado to make assets of great value of
wiiat are now worthless incumbrances
aye, even woise than worthless, for they
are distinct menaces to a great Industry,
and. ;tke other great nuisances, must be
abated.
When removing these treetops. a
thought should be given to the subse
quent tare of tho new growth. AU trees
should be headed back Jrw enough that
they may bo properly and economically
sprayed end otherwise' treated arid their
fruit picked easily and cheaply. Consid
eration should also 'be given to the vari
eties to too grown on the new growth. The
v.ast majority of Valley trees bear fruit
that is of little commercial value, and
should be so changed that we will soon
have a great commercial output of a
staple variety. The Yellow Newtown is
recommended as the best variety with
which to top-graft these old trees.
The Yellow .Newtown tree should never
(be planted In the Willamette Valley es a
nursling. It U is desired to establish a
Yellow Newtown orchard, some thrifty
grower as tno aung or Ben Davis should
be planted, and after five years be top
grafted. It is because the Yellow New
town needs a thrifty and powerful root
system to get it in motion In the Willam
ette Valley that tt has been deemed wise
to top-graft these old orchards with that
.variety. There are many other consid
erations that lead to the mm conclusion,
but they need not be cited here.
There are many methods of top-graft-lug
these trees that are equally success
ful, but It will be sufficient to point out
auehas will give trie best results to the
average farmer. WhlU all methods of
grafting require a certain . amount of
skill, yet a knowledge of practical re
"Itilreiments and close attention to detail
both during and after tha operation will
enablo any earnest student to graft suc
cessfully by all the methods described
herein. Any method, however, will fall
if hecdtea'Iy performed and if lareful at
tention be not given to the growing
r-ctons.
It Is not difficult to Insert scions
in the lop of a stump as In Figure
A. A perpendicular cut Is made
through tiie bark and enough of the
sap-wood to give a little stiffening to
the scion, caro being taken to cut
obliquely, no that the wood may be
lifteU a trifle to insert the scion. The
srlon should be quite thin and cut
more on tho side next the outside bark
than on its opposite toward the heart
of the tree, so that two cambium tis
sues may coincide when the cut Is
opened a trifle. Scions for this meth
od should be cut as In Figure C. The
top of the stump should be waxed as
well as tha wound about the scions
and of course tha top of the scion
fcs"1 afV I ilKIC PS A H-V UiMrSmiiai . , 1 .
5gcTO BEMOVE MMAsfc Am cmXrt moBT&iCz mw
;fHs MSt 'M Mfiw- iifflSiiiSi vAMff
Apple tree planted in 1854, r.rtv.0v 1 0iT$T3r . Mb w. ffllS&Ktik Old applelree top-grafted in 1893. Two scions
-&2&22&BZ ; hfMfc eWk SWST "
' ' fMi 'sSoiona nse.rie?oMifceeZy? Nfet Diameter t point of onion with stump 14 inches.
, Yt X'fetaaewmi Y. .-
mZ h - Sci0tt mt for ertion- Greatest - VZZpfev
Jj 1 cut next outsid Up of bark on stump. ' I sl&ry
W fi I VX''&1J . j I if- Opposite side of scion cut for. inser- 10 i WT"V1?I
PA I JM tlon, showing small cut next body of iW f f f WfWH
Rlmfflim Croon, showing form 01 l
l 3 frA W 1 of end be inserted. . If stump be out f W J J M
VMi ltn 4 A lMm4Wm I "c" these cuts on scionf should I M.
I I ' -k2 ; Byr i. - - sj:av 1
Scion cut for insertion under the bark with two outward-growing
buds.
must also be covered. In methods of
grafting Into large stumps, when
scions begin growtlr, care should be
taken to rewax about the scions if
the wax cracks In the least- Many
grafts are lost by neglect of this pre
caution. This operation should be per
formed in May or at the earliest dur
ing the. latter part of, April. There is
very little danger In cutting off the
entire top of trees at that time and
scions will 'start more quickly than if
the tops arc removed earlier in the
year. Scions should not start their
growth much before the 6th or 10th
of May, as our early May frosts are
very fatal to the. tender grafts. On
May 7, 1894, a belated frost robbed
me of about 90 per cent of growing
scions In 4000 top-grafted apple trees.
I have good cause for advising delay.
Figure D is a cross-section of the
CHOIR SINGER PAID $4000 A YEAR BY NEW YORK CHURCH
R'ww: .wwiwwfcj y 111 mum uj turn
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rOWNNE HIDES KELSET.
NKW YORK. March SO. (Special.) Corlnne Rider Kelrny gets a big salary
for choir ingins probably the bissest ever paid. She la to receive S4000 a
year from a New York church. Min Rider Keluy is always doing unusual
things, ehe went to London entirely without experience In operatic slng-lng.
was heard by one of the directors of Co Tent aardan Opera-Houu and induced to
ln for the opera season last year at a record-breaking salary for a beginner.
She la known In America chiefly as a concert singer.
same method shown In Figure A.. Care
must of course bo taken that scions
are so cut and placed that the cambium
tissues should coincide on each side
of tho graft. Some grafters try sim
ply for a "cross" In this method of
grafting that is to attempt only to
secure a crossing of the cambium tis
sues at some point attaining this end
by an oblique setting of the graft.
Often this method succeeds well, but
It Is much better to take more care
with the cut and unite all the cambium
tissues for a long distance. After mak-
intr the cut In the stamp, the wound
will be. opened a trifle by a turn of
the wrist before withdrawing the
knife. Care should be taken at that
moment that the wood is not split as
In Figure D.
Another detail of grafting at the
season I advise is that scions should
be kept moist in the fields before in
sertion and should be protected from
tho sun and from winds. They should
always bo whittled at the tree ' and
proieraDiy as each graft Iff set.
Perhaps the easiest method of top-
grafting these old trees is shown In
Figure G. Scions are cut as In Fig
ure E and cuts are made through tho
bark as if for budding. Grafts are
slipped under as In budding and an
elliptical opening is cut for the scion
by trmming the bark lips a trifle. The
bark Hps are then laid down again
behind the scion and tied with raffia
as at t, in' Figure G, or are held In
position by some other simple device.
The purpose of this tying Is to pre
vent the swelling of the bark Hps
when the graft begins to draw up
sap. Sometimes grafts are pushed out
If the bark is not tied. Tha opening
for the scion at g. in Figure G, should
be only large enough to permit the
bark to fit snugly around the scion.
Otherwise wax would flow In under
the scion and prevent a union.
Another and a very sturdy and satis
factory method is to Insert scions in an
oblique cut as shown at k. In Figure G.
Thia method requires a little practice In
order to be sure of setting the scion so
that the camblan tissues shall coincide.
Success In that endeavor will give a splen
did and. hardy branch. Of course In all
these methods, waxing all wounds and
the tips of scions Is Imperative. As soon
as scions begin to swell, the wax should
receive attention and in these large
stumps, the grafts will probably all de
mand re-waxing, perhaps several limes.
After grafts have grown about eight
Inches the terminals should all be pinched
off In order to escape tho winds of about
July S to 10. and to give sturdiness to the
new wood and the union. "When they
have grown another 10 inches they should
be pinched again twice In the first Sum
mer; the pruning of two years In one.
An example of the growth obtained by
the method shown In Figure A is shown In
Figure F. This Is a sketch of an apple
tree planted in 18S4 on biy place and
which I top-grafted in 1S93 after the man
ner sltown. The tree has been In bearing
for many years and Is as sturdy as any
In my orchard. ,
Figure O is a sketch of a tree grafted
the same year as Figure F. In this case.
only two scions were used and they have
completely covered the stump, which la
now 14 Inches. In diameter. These two
scions were tied together by weaving
limbs around each other and fastening
them for about two years. The ends were
then cut off with the result shown.
Old trees may be -cut back In May and
be allowed to throw out a new top which
Cross-section of old stump with grafts inserted., a a
.cambium tissue of grafts, coinciding with b b, cambium of
stump. Scions at c and a with largest cut on opposite sides.
(if it is desired to change the variety)
may be top-grafted the following Spring.
It la not necessary to describe this opera
tion, as It is tho simplest of all grafting
methods.
All old apple trees when cut back se
verely, whether top-grafted or not. should
be well cultivated during the first Sum
mer and no stock should be permitted In
such an orchard, enneclniiv Hfn-A Ti,tt
June of last year was a cold month and
many apple trees that had been cut back
struggled a long time before they could
biai i &iiu iu Bum seasons it is very essen
tlal that tha ground be kept warm by fre
quent cultivation.
I believe we are on the eve of a vast
ONE OF THE FAMOUS SHOW GIRLS OF NEW YORK CITY
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aEISS JEAJTETTE HOBTOS.
NEW YORE, March 20. (BpeelaDMUs Jeannette Horton ie one of the
meat famous of the show girts ea the stage. Her principal qualification for
hlstrtonio honors Is her beauty and her ability to dress welt. There Is a curi
ous contrast exciting comment at the present time, between the show girls ef
a certain English musical comedy en Vorty-seeond street, and one or two Amer
ican musical comedies en Broadway. The English show girls are aa beautiful
as their American cousins, but they are dressed aa dowdlly as the , average
Englishwoman usually ts. The American, girls are a smart as thoogh they
were members of the Newport set.
horticultural development In Oregon, es
pecially In the growing of apples. The
apple orchards of the Eastern. Middle and
Middle Western states are being ranidlv
deetroyed by San Jose scale. The pest Is
not understood nor Is It studied in those
states and spraying measures are Ineffec
tive, and for the most part ara careless! v
employed. Great acreages have already
been abandoned and many more will go
out of business each succeeding year. The
apples raised, for Instance, In the Virginia
section, the Albemarle pippin (our Yellow
Newtown) are what we would call sec
onds and growers look at you blankly
when you ask them about the effects of
scale and scab. They say. "Oli.'we have
some kind of blight on our fruit," but that
is all they seem to know. This slovenlv
conditlon prevails over large scopes of
country as far west as Missouri. Althouglr .
millions of barrels or inferior apples, and
at the same time many prime apples arc
still produced In these states, jet on this
Coast we are already beginning to fool
the effect of the !essened--output In those
decaying orchards. Demand for our fruit
ts Increasing with startling rapidity. For
instance, at the present moment it would
only be a question of hours to market lio
cars of Ben Davis apples. The market is
changing also, a great demand having
arisen for apples of the Ben Davis type,
every condition pointing to tho failure of
Eastern and Middle Western orchards.
thus putting upon us the burden of sup
plying the trade with the types of fruit
hitherto marketed from tljose debilitated
sections.
Within 10 years the supply of apples
for even the great fruitgrowing sections
aa far west aa Missouri will have to
coma from the Coast, which practically
means the Willamette, Valley. Hood Riv
er has her market established, and be
cause of her limited area will never be
able to supply the demand for her fruit.
Tho same Is true of Yakima, Wan&tchee,
Rogue River and other applegrowlng amo
tions. Because of these conditions, the
rich but undeveloped Willamette Valley
Is tbe natural source of supply for this
enormous demand that must com wrtliln
the next 10 year.
Farmers of the Willamette Valley, this
Is a psyoologlcal moment for your busi
ness a moment which you must appre
elate and from which, you must begin
preparations for greater things. If you
would profit by this enormous demand
for apples which Is curs to bo upon us in
a moment, es tt were, you must prepare
your orchards for the great production
that will be called for. You have every
thingthe soil, tho climate, adaptability,
tho science, tho trcoa vast and fertile,
acreages sufficient to supply the needsj
of a nation. Give the business the neces
sary attention and energy, and you will
go to an assured success. There is no
theory, no guesswork about this propo
sition. Tho statement that I could in
stantly sell 150 cars of Ben Davis apples
is far within the facts. I could go much
farther if I had the fruit. So could any
association In our Valley.
Every farmer in the Willametta Valley
who has an old orchard. If for no other
reason than to supply the, coming de
mand, chould put his trees into the prime
condition of extraordinary health and
vigor that is necessary to produce fruit
that may carry the seas over. -
After these trees are returned to their
former health and sturdiness, business
foresight would suggest that they be top-
grafted into soma of the staple varie
ties. This advice is given argumentatlve-
ly. for tho State Board of Horticulture
has neither desire nor authority to com
pel the top-grafting of trees. It is only
intended to point out a business oppor
tunity and suggest its development.
Young orchards should not be neglected
along this line of preparing for an enor
mous demand in the near future. Bven
they should be worked over Into varie
ties that may bo handled In a large way
and meet the calls of many markets. Ben
Davis. Yellow Newtowns. Rome Beauties
and Spltzenbergs should be In great de
mand. With a distinct preference on our
part for the two varieties first named.
Don't try to struggle along with the old
varietiss that are not wanted. Such a
course Is suicidal and sure to bring fail
ure. If the market calls for Ben Davis
apples, top-graft your trees and give
them to it. You can grow the finest Ben
Davis in the world In your Valley, and
it is) a mora profitable apple than the
Spitz on berg. With this variety, grow
what is also one of your possibilities, a
Yellow Newtown, whoso flavor cannot
be duplicated by any other section.
Farmers of Central Oregon, what a
magnificent success lies In the future of
your great Willamette Valley, If you but
bend your energies in the right direction
develop resources that are not to be
found elsewhere on the face of the earth
push out and take step In the march of
progress.
Tho Filipino Scout.
A qnadroom ballad by Alfred Damon Kqij
in LJpplncott'a
I knew him vp In North linaoa. when h
was mustered In
(Obaeed htm 'round the rloe-llalda tni my
nerves hsd gone to wreck).
Els Shirt-tall flappln' freely an' his panties
rather thin;
Meek an' lowly critter with his shoes hnnr
'round his neck.
But now he's me brother in arms,
" A-wearln' the same uniform;
But. ban-In the clothes an' barrin the gun.
He's the very same feller I kept on the run;
An" I wonder where he- would be at
Not doubtln' bis courage, at that;
He might be all right If tt came to a fight
Still. I wonder where he would be at!
I've seen him move to action 'gainst nle
people, d'ye mind
(Now. I'm -no roaetln' critic, an' snealc for
myself alone);
He fought 'em pretty handy with the white
men cloat behind
But I'm a bit suspicious o the guy who
fights tjis own!
An' now he's me brother in arms,
A-wearln' the same uniform;
But I figger he's lightin' his own fami:r:
Why wouldn't he turn an' g- peltln' at me,
Like he usetr do out In the sun.
When bis commonest gait was a run.
I'm curious to knw. If it c&ma to a show.
Which way he'd be eimln' hi gun!
I've known titm since he saw the states; his
chest expansion wkle
(His photos o the white girls wot he writes
to every boat
Your sister or your sweetheart wore agin his
greasy hlil.
His swagger an' his pidjrin talk, an col
lars 'round his throat.
I
Oh. yes. he's me brother in arms,
A-wearln' the same uniform;
But, ban-In" the clothes an', barrin' the gun.
He's the very same teller I kept on the run;
Who sniped me by day an' by night;
Who never stood once for a fight;
I'm curious to know If tt came to a show
Just where to expect him to light!