The Sunday Oregonian., November 08, 1908, Magazine Section, Page 8, Image 54

g THE SUNDAY OREGOXIAy. PORTLAXP. NOVEMBER 8, 1908.
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BT FRANK O. CARPENTER.
TAJUS your watch, hold It to your
ur and listen to the ticks. For
every one of them $4 worth of Tel
low sold la now coming out of the
rreat mines nnder my feet. That 1
the measure of the stream, and It geta
on aecond after second, minute after
minute, hour after hour, day and night,
all the year through. The ateady out
put of the gold mlnea of the Rand la
now $4 pff eecond. ) per minute, more
than $14.v0 per hour and over fM0.0i per
dav. In 1WT the product waa more than
ri.tt.00n. or more than Hl.u.000 of the
yellow metal eery month.
Tbe Tranavael'a Golden Flood.
In all history there ha been no such
grvlden flood as that which is now pour
ing forth from the Transvaal. The
mines of India, of Croesus and of Sol
omon were as nothing beside It. The
treasures of Mexico and Peru in the
times of Cortex and Ptzarro dwindle in
comparison, and Australia. Alaska and
California have had nothlngr like unto
this. The mines of the Rand are now
producing more than one-fourth of all
the new gold In the world. They were
discovered only a little more than 20
years ago. and they have already turned
out more than 11.000.000.000 worth of
bullion. This la equal to one-twelfth
of all the gold from all the mines' of
all the world alnce Columbna discov
ered America. In weight It la Just
ahout 2000 tons, or so much that If
you loaded It on two-horee wagons
at a ton to the waKon It would take
a line of teams 12 or 16 mile a long to
carry It all.
Mn; than this, these mines promise
to continue pouring out gold for gener
atlona to come. They could produce
twice as much today If they had the
labor, and they could treble that
amount and keep the mlnea going for
years. Tne gold reefs. In which the
precious metal lies, have been proved
for a length of more than 60 miles, and
experts say that they can be worked
to a depth of 8000 feet. If they were
worked to 4000. the amount so far
taken out would be Just about t per
cent of the whole, and at that rate
there are from J10.000.OOO.O0O to $16,000.
oeo.OOO of the precious bullion left.
The production haa been increasing
y leaps and bounds ever since gold
was dlecovered here. In 1884 the out
put was discovered here. In 1SS the
outpnt waa about SS0.000. and 10 yeara
later it had Jumped to J38.000.000 per
annum. It ateadlly increased to about
Iso.OOO.OOO, which was the annual out
pat at the beginning of the Boer wan,
It then fell to almost nothing for a
year or so. but in 10 it was again
H0.000.000. In 1S05 it reached $100,000.
ono, tn 10 it waa more than $120,000,
00, and in 1907 the vast sum of $13.
TSO.'ooo. These amounta are Inconceiv
able, but they are about what the mines
are producing today. The aggregate
civldende last year were $S5.000.000.
and the mines which paid them are cap
italised at over $120,000,000. I have
before me a newspaper which gives the
products of a dozen of the leading min
ing companies during the past month.
None of them has paid less than $7500
for every day of that month, and aome
have run as high as $16,000 per day for
the SO days. Talk about gold. Where
will yon find It elsewhere aa here?
Tha Golden IX) ugh of the Rand.
1 almost dexpalr of describing these
cove of Aladdin on the hlghlanda of
South Africa. Ther are not like any
mineral region of North or South Amer
ica, and I doubt if they have their coun
terpart on the face of the globe. The
country Is half desert and there are no
indications of minerals. The gold Is
lound In several great reefs of rock
which run through a rarure of low hills
for a distance of about 1-0 miles. The
land is a mile or more above the sea.
and these hills run from 100 to 300 feet
higher. The reefs begin at the surface
and extend down at a regular alope for
no one knows how deep into the earth.
They are great sandwiches of gold-bearing
ro-k. streaked here and there 1 with
a conglomerate or pudding containing
quarts pebbles. The pebbles may be
called the raisins in the pudd!ng. They
range tn stre from the ecg of a swallow
up to that of a goose, but they contain
no gold. The gold Is in the dough of
the pudding, or the cement, which holds
these quartz and other rocks together.
Money Is often called dough In our Mann,
but the dough of the Transvaal Is the
Flmon-pure thing and is really aprinkled
with gold.
On the Great Reef.
I can describe this better by taking
you with me on a trip ox-er the reef and
going down Into one of the mines. We
might start at Johannesburg, and go
east and west for 0-odd miles ard see
nothing but mines all the way. We get
the train at Park Station and are soon
flying by the great works with their
mountains of tailings. We can aee the
black smokestacks cutting the sky at the
front and behind us. and we could throw
a stone into the great hills of dazzling
white sand which have been left near
the mine sfter extracting the gold. On
each of those hilla cars are crawling up
ard down. Some of them are attached
to steel cables, which bring the refuse
for several miles and automatically dump
It on the top of the hill, crawling on
without atopplng until they are back at
the worka ready to be loaded again. The
cars look like enormous ants or bugs.
They are going on the dead run over
the white sand, which shines out under
the raya of the African sun.
As we go the train stops every few
moments, and at every stop is a mine.
Think of a range of sandhills, the ma
terial of which la as fine as that yon use
for scouring your floors. Let it rise right
exit of the green hilla and extend on for
0-odd T""i. and you have aome Idea
of these enormous piles of refuse which
have come from the reef. Remember,
aa you look at it. that every grain of
that sand was once part of a rock con
taining gold, and that hundreds of mil
lions of dollars' worth of gold has come
from it. If you continue your ride you
will fine a fence of Iron smokestacks
along the whole 40 miles, and you will
never be outside the din of the stamps
which are crushing the rocks to get out
the gold.
In 'Big South African Mine.
It la only one of these mines that we
shall visit today. It la the "Simmer and
Jack," within a half hour's ride by train
from Johannesburg, covering an enor
mous territory epnlnkled witfl gold.
Thle mine has produced more than $5,
000.000 worth of gold during the past
year, and It yielded about $500,000
worth of gold last month. It is a great
gold factory, devoted to taking the rock
out of the earth and reducing It to bul
lion. The -ore contains only about $7 60
worth of gold to the ton, and the profit
la not more than 87 centa on every ton
handled. It has the best of mining
machinery and It works between 6000
and 6000 men day and night, Sunday
and week day, all the year through. It
has more than 4000 Chinese, 1000 black
natives and the hundreds of whites who
act as skilled laborers and aa overseers
and managers.
A Gold Sandwich.
The Simmer and Jack begins at the
surface and its gold-bearing rock runs
down at an angle of 43 d agree a to no
one knows how deep. The gold la In a
great aandwlch of rock more than a
mile wide and on the slant four-nftha
of a mile long. Already tens of thou
sands of ton of the gold-bearing con
glomerate have been taken out, and
60,000 tons are now being raised every
month. The sandwich starts In a great
plain It leans, as I have said, at a
broad angle, and one can look down be
tween the walla out of which it has
been cut. and by hanging onto ropes can
elide down inside them for hundreds of
feet.
The manager of the underground
workings in the Simmer and Jack is an
American. He Is a California engineer
named Seagravea, who has been in Af
rica for some years. Upon my telling
him that I wanted to go Into the mine
he aaid there were 60 mllea of tunnels
and underground passages, sad I there
fore asked him to show me aa much aa
he could In one day. Before descend
ing, we put on miners' clothing. We
then entered a great skip or bucket
which had Just brought up two tons of
ore. Then a signal from the engineer!
dropped us down into the darkness and
another signal stopped us at a tunnel
900 feet from the surface. Here we left
the skip and walked through tunnel
after tunnel cut out of the sandwich,
now and then atopplng to look down
the incline.
Imagine a mlf.-hty cave Just high
enough for a man to stand upright
within it and running down at an angle
of 40 degreea for hundreds of feet,
making a flat, slanting hall covering
acres. There are rockiwalls above and
rock floors below, and away down the
slant hundreds of feet distant are
scores of yellow Chinese pounding the
drills to make holes for the blasting.
The Chinese are bare to the waist and
they sing as they work. Bach has a
candle, and the light from this gives
him a weird appearance as he slaves,
away down there in the darkness. The
Chinese are paid at the rate of 1 cent
for each inch of hole drilled, and an or
dinary man drills 50 inches or more in
a day. They are gouging out the holes
for the dynamite candles. At certain
hours the charges are put In and sev
eral scores of blasts are set off at once.
After this the ore, which has been
blown out, is shoveled down into the
cars In the tunnels below. It is then
carried to the shaft, up which it files
in great iron skips and onto the atampa
which crush the gold out
A Look at the Ore.
Aa I went through the mine Mr. Sea
graves showed me the gold-bearing pud
ding. It lies here and there in streaks
or airoaraa in the rock, now widening
and now narrowing. It ta a blue con
glomerate filled with pebbles of white
quartz embedded in a cement which is
Impregnated with Iron i and gold. The
gold Is in crystals and flakes so small
as to be invisible to the eye. I could
see no yellow metal whatever, and the
rock looked more like limestone than any
thing else. The miners disregard the
pebbles, for they have been crushed again
and again and found to contain no gold
whatsoever.
The gold-bearing strata lies upon gran
ite. It is supposed to have been depos
ited by means of water In sand and
clay, which In time has turned to cement,
and which by volcanic force has been
forced up Into the slanting ridge which
now forms the southern watershed of this
continent Indeed, It may be that tbe
gold was once in the water Just as gold
is now said to be in the waters of the
ocean. Some eclnetlsts assert that there
is about $40,000,000 worth of gold In every
cubic mile of sea water, and If this is so
it would only take three cubic miles of
the ocean to equal the present mighty
yearly output of the Rand.
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"TSZAJyTTOB OTEarjXJEGKOCTSD, MACJAT BI6HT
I have been in many gold mines, but in
none where the dangers are greater tln
in these great slanting caves of South
Africa. The walls so dip that you have
to take a rope or chain to hold on to, as
you move through the stopes, and a slip
would eend you rolling down over the
rocks for hundreds of feet The acci
dents are eo many that visitors are re
quired to give a pledge before they enter
the mine that no action will be taken
against the company in case they are
injured during the Journey. The mines
are not timbered, as the rock is solid,
but nevertheless the blasting frequently
cracks the walls and masses fall down
into the tunnels upon those who pass
through. There are also cars whizzing
along, the ore rolls down the planes and
rocks weighing tona fly this way and
that ,
Big Mills of the Transvaal.
But let us go to the surface and walk
through thla mighty gold factory. The
mines of the Transvaal have machinery
equal to the finest used in America, and
the Simmer and Jack has 320 stamps,
which work day and night, crushing
the ore for the mercury plates and cyan
ide vats.
As the rock comes to the surface It is
in lumps of all sizes from that of my fist
to a half bushel measure or larger. It Is
of a bluish color, and It looks much like
the limestone we uee for fixing the turn
pikes. There is not a glint of gold to be
seen anywhere, and when crushed the
rock looks just like the dust on the roads.
The rock Is first sorted by machinery,
that the larger pieces may be broken
before they go into the crushers. They
are then ground up after the same fash
Ion that our grandmothers ground coffee,
save that these crushing mills will chew
to pieces rocks the size of a peck meas
ure. When the ore is comparatively fine it
is dropped down into the stamps and
pounded by them to dust. These stamps
are great bars of steel, which are always
dropping upon the gold-bearing rock.
There are 320 of them, and as they
fall they make a noise like that of Vic
toria Falls or the rushing of Niagara.
The din is so great that the workmen
have to stop their ears with cotton to
keep from losing their hearing. Indeed.
I found myself putting my hands to the
sides of my head to shut out the sound.
When the rock comes from the stamps
It is a fine flour of gold ore. It must be
fine enough to go through a wire mesh
with holes- not much larger than the
point of a needle. It is now carried by
water over tables covered with mer
cury, which catches the gold and allows
the sand to go on. After this the refuse
is treated to a bath of cyanide of potas
sium and water, which takes up such
gold as Is left The processes are about
the same as those used in our great
mines of the West, and as a result prac
tically all of the gold Is saved.
TPith the Assayers.
I was. much Interested in going
through the assay offices of this great
mine. The ore has to be tested again
and again to know Just how the mine
is working and to be Bure that noth
ing is lost Something like a thousand
assays are made every day. A very
little bit of ore is taken each time, but
the gold and silver Is all gotten out
of It, and then, by measuring and mul
tiplying, one can tell Just how much,
gold there Is to the ton. In this as
say office lead is added to the ore, and
from each sample comes a button of
lead about as big as the end of your
thumb. In this lead Is the gold. The
button is roasted in bone ash, during
which prooess the lead disappears and
the gold only Is seen. The soeck of
gold is often not bigger than the point
of a fine needle, but the weighing ma
chines are so flne that the assayera
can easily tell Just how much the stuff
runs to the ton.
The Real Thine.
Before leaving I mentioned to the
assayer that I had spent a whole day
in the Simmer and Jack, and had been
told again and again of the million
of dollars' worth of gold it was pro
ducing. I said that I had seen thous
ands of tons bf ore alleged to be load
ed with gold, but had yet to observe
the first glint of yellow or any sign
of the pure golden thing.
"If you have any doubts as to the
reality of the gold here," said the
scientist, "I can dispel them by show
ing you some bricks made here within
the last few weeks, which we are
about to ship to London."
With that he took me into the back
room of the tin-roofed assay office,
and by the twist of his wrist unlocked
a vault in the wall. He then touched
an electric button, swung a combina
tion lock five times, and threw open
a safe, out of which he pulled a great
brick of pure gold. He dropped It on
the counter and asked me to lift It. I
tried to do so, but failed, although I
might have succeeded had the brick
been lying on the floor Instead of at
the. height of my waist It was a solid
lump of bright yellow metal shaped
like a paving-brick and perhaps two
inches thicker. He put it on the scales
and showed me that it weighed over
70 pounds. He said that its value was
$180,000. In the same vault I was
shown other bricks which run up to
more than $1,000,000.
During my conversation with the
assayer I asked him how the gold waa
sent to London. He replied:
"It all goes on the cars from here to
Cape Town and thsViee by the mall
steamers to Southampton. The ship
ments are made every Monday in or
der that the trains may reach the
Cape for the ship sailing Wednesday.
Each ..brick is put up in a separate
wooden box, which la bound around
with scrap-Iron and sealed. The banks
do the shipping, and the railways are
responsible for the gold from here to
Cape Town. On certain Mondays of
the month the shipments amount to
$4,000,000, Including about 25 of these
big golden bricks.
Johannesburg, South Africa.
AUCTION BRIDGE WILL BE RULING GAME THIS WINTER
IT PROMISES TO SUPPLANT THE PRESENT POPULAR GAM--POrXTS YOTJ SHOULD REMEMBER.
THB card players returning from
Europe all bring the same story:
then auction bridge Is the game for
thla Winter. The leading card clubs In
London appointed a committee which haa
drawn up a code of lawa for the new
game, and publishers on both sides of
the Atlantio are rushing into print with
text-booka for It. eaya the New York Sun.
It looks as if the day of the despotlo
dealer was done. No longer shall the
autocrat of the bridge table Issue his
mandate that such and such a suit shall
be trumps, no matter what the other
players held or how they feel about it
The bridge table is henceforth to be so
cialistic, with equal opportunities, for all,
and no monopoly by any privileged class
la to be tolerated.
As bridge is now played more than half
a player a strength Is wasted, because it
cannot be applied to the place where it
would do the most good. You may hold
splendid cards, but unless you hold them
at the right time, when It Is your declara
tion or when the make fits your hand,
your cards are good for little or nothing.
Of what use are five honors In hearts
against a diamond make with a solid
club suit behind it? It is about the same
thing aa holding four aces at poter when
it is your age and no one comes in.
Even with the advantage of the deal
and the declaration things do not always
go right and this Is chiefly because the
dealer is in complete Ignorance of his
partner's hand. Dummy is supposed to
be a little better off In the matter of in
formation when the dealer passes It; but
experience proves that the Information is
too Indefinite to be of any practical value
and the majority of the losing declara
tions have been found to be dummy's.
At least half the declarations made at
the bridge table could be Improved upon
if one had any hint of the strength of
a single suit in the partner's hand.
The same want of information has
Its deteriorating effect on the play of
the dealer's adversaries. So generally is
it acknowledged that they do not know
what they are doing when they play
the first card that it la universally
known aa a blind lead. How many
games could be saved, how many rub
bers won. if one adversary only knew
which auit to lead to the other.
Defects Remedied.
Auction bridge remedies all these
defects. The suits named by the play
ers in bidding are not named with any
certainty that they will be trumps, but
they are named with the positive aa
aurance thai th partner will be in
formed as to where the strength In
that auit Ilea ao that he can bid or
lead accordingly.
Recent developments of the game
have shown that certain legitimate in
ferences from the bidding give the play
ers aufflclent Information to enable
them to ret out of their cards pretty
nearly all they are worth. The first
declaration by the dealer Is forced; but
after that all further declaratlona are
voluntary and are baaed on Informa
tion, more or less accurate, as to the
chief element in the partner's hand,
and the adversaries of the declaration
know something about where the
strength In certain suits lies, so that
they are able to combine their forces
to the best advantage.
This makes the game more of an
Intelligible partnership than bridge,
and at the same time it opens a wider
range for the exercise of personal
judgment as opposed to dumb luck.
Above all, auction bridge holds out its
reward to the possessors of that great
qualification for success in any game
courage. The rules of the game as laid down
In the latest code of laws have been
considerably changed from tie rules
which were in force only two months
ago. The result of these changes, it
is generally conceded, will be to make
auction bridge a much more popular
game.
There is no change in the prelimi
naries. PartneTs and deal are cut for
and 1$ cards are given to each player.
The dealer must start tha ball rolling
by making a declaration of some kind,
and this declaration must be to make
at least the odd trick with some named
suit for trumps, or with no trumpa.
A dealer finding himself with two
ace suits and some strength in a third
suit would at once announoe, "One in
no trumps." If he had five hearts to
three honors and two outside tricks he
would say, "One in hearts." It is then
up to the others to let blm play It or
to outbid him.
With a hand which is not good
enough for a no trumper or a red suit
make at the ordinary game of bridge
the dealer declares. "One In spades."
This is not to be assumed as showing
great weakness, so it Is called a forced
declaration, because the dealer must
say something.
Subsequent bidding will show wheth
er he la abaolutely weak or la Just
waiting to hear from the others, es
pecially his partner. If his partner la
very weak. It Is conventional for him
to bid two in spades If the second
bidder passes. This warns the dealer
not tft take any chances.
If the dealer Is strong in spades, so
strong that he would be willing to
have that suit for the trump if It were
with anything on the score, he bids
two in spades. This bid la not made
with any intention of getting the play
on a apade make, but it Is to distin
guish a weak or forced declaration,
with nothing much in the hand, from a
hand which is very strong in one suit
spades. The Idea of the original "two
in spades bid is to show a suit
The dealer does not declare even the
odd In clubs unless ha la pretty strong
in that suit auch as six cards to the
ace, king, queen, or somethhing of that
kind, because a bid of even one in
clubs Is Intended td show strength in
the suit and it Is. more than anything
else a hint to the partner that if he
wants to try a no trumper there is a
great club suit In the dealer's hand to
help him out
Diamonds are declared much more
freely than at bridge, not so much with
the idea of playing them as with the
intention of Indicating the suit .and the
character of the hand to the partner.
It is very useful sometimes for the
dealer's partner to know that the deal
er has a hand which is not strong
enough for no trumps nor weak enough
for a spade, but has aome good diamonds
In it.
The dealer having declared, each
player in turn to the left has a chance
to declare something better, or to p'ass,
or to double. A player can outbid his
partner, but he cannot double him. al
though he can redouble an opponent
who has doubled.
Overbidding for Safety.
To overbid another a player must
either name the same number of tricks
In a better stilt or a greater number of
tricks In a lower auit It sometimes
happens that the point value of two
bids is equal, in which case the player
offering to make the greater number
of tricks to reach those points is con
sidered the higher bidder.
Suppose the dealer starts things by
declaring one in diamonds and that
the next player says two In clubs.
These two club tricks, being worth
eight, are better than the odd In dia
monds, worth six only. Let us now
suppose the dealer's partner to over
bid both these by declaring one In no
trumps, worth twelve.
The fourth bidder, guided by his
partner, raises the bid to three In clubs
While thla is worth no more than the
odd in no trumps, twelve points. It is
a better bid. because it will take more
tricks to make It good. It will now be
the dealer's turn ta overbid, double,
or pass, and so on round tbe table until
no one will go higher.
The new laws have made several Im
portant changes with regard to doub
ling. One redouble is now allowed.
Suppose the dealer offers one in no
trumps and the second bidder doubles
it The dealer's partner can redouble,
although he could not have doubled tha
dealer. If the dealer's partner and the
fourth bidder both pass, tha dealer him
self can redouble.
Doubling, under the new laws, is
overbidding only in the sense that It
opens the way for further bidding. The
doubling does not -affect the rank of
the bids in any way, two in hearts
doubled being no higher, as a bid, than
two in hearts not doubled. All the
doubling will affect is the scoring at
the end of the hand, If the double
stands.
After a double or redouble any one
can make a bid which is higher than
the one which has been doubled, the
doubling Itself being ignored. Suppose
the dealer starts with one in clubs, and
the Becond man says one in diamonds,
which the dealer's, partner doubles.
If the next man offers one in hearts,
it outbids the double and prevents a re
double, because for the purpose of bid
ding the doubled diamond is still worth
six points only. It is not until it comes
to the scoring that it would be worth
12.
Passing after the dealer has declared
may mean that the player is satisfied
with the trump named, or that he can
do nothing better, or that he is waiting
to see what the others have to say.
Passing once does not prevent the
player 'from coming into the bidding
again, provided someone makes a bid in
the meantime.
Doubling Has Another Meaning.
Doubling; means that the doubler does
not believe the. declaring hand can
make the number of tricks bid. It does
not mean that the doubler, and not the
declarer, will make the odd, but that
if the bid Is to make, let us say, four
by cards in hearts, the doubler thinks
the bidder may make the odd, or two
by cards, or even three odd, but not
four.
Beginners are apt to make the mis
take of doubling too soon. Good play
ers reserve the double until they think
the declarer has undertaken more than
he can accomplish, usually through be
ing bid up to it If the dealer offers
ne in no trumps and the eldest hand
has eight sure tricks in" clubs, he would
be foolish to double, because the deal
er's partner would at once pull the
dealer out of the hole by changing the
bid to something else.
When a declaration, no matter by
whom made, is not overbid by a bet
ter one or the number of tricks is not
increased by the partner, the declara
tion must stand, because no player can
increase his own bid unless he Is over
bid or doubled in the meantime. This
Is why the dealer's partner bids two In
spades wnen the dealer starts with one
only.
If the score Is such that the adver
saries can safely let It go at spades,
which must always be played, the
dealer Is helpless. But if his partner
raises the bid to two in spades it opens
the door for the dealer to reconsider
the situation and to make a better bid
if he can. There is no limit to the
number of times that a player may bid
as long as he Is overbid or as long
as it comes around to his turn, even
after he has passed.
Great Difference in Scoring.
In auction bridge only the declaring side
can score trick points below the line.
Nothing scored by the other side counts
toward the winning game. If the dec
laration fails, whether it is doubled or
not neither side can score anything to
ward game below the line. Everything
must be put in the honor column above
the line.
If the declaration succeeds the part
ners score tricks and honors as in ordi
nary bridge. If they fail they score noth
ing but the honors that they may hold.
It does not matter If they get three by
cards when they have bid four, they get
nothing for those three tricks.
When the declaration fall?, the adver
saries score SO points penalty, in the
honor column, for each trick by which it
fails, and this penalty of 60 points a
trick is invariable, whether the declara
tion that falls is a no trumper or a
spade; for one trick or for seven. De
feating the declaration does not advance
the score a single point toward game,
but It may materially add to the value
of the rubber. .
If the declaration that Is defeated was
doubled, the adversaries score double
penalty, or 100 points a trick: but they
still score nothing below the line. If the
declaration succeeds after being doubled
the declaring side scores 50 points in the
honor column, in addition to the regular
doubled value of the tricks below the
line.
Suppose the declaration is two in
hearts, doubled, and two in hearts is
made. The declarers score 32 below the
line and 50 above, for bonus, besides
honors. If the declarer or his partner
has redoubled the bonus is 100 points.
If' the declaring side gets more than it
undertook to make, it scores for each
trick, below the line. Just as in ordinary
bridge. If it gets more than it undertook
to make after being doubled it scores 50
points additional for each trick.
Suppose the declaration was two in
hearts, doubled, and the declarer made
four by cards, he would score 64 points
below the-line and 150 penalty, above,
besides honors. Of this bonus 50 would
be for making good after being doubled
and twice 50 for the two extra tricks.
Even if the adversaries of the declar
ing aide make the odd trick, or two or
three by cards, they score nothing but
the honors they hold and the penalties
they get for defeating the declaration,
all above the line. Suppose a player bids
two at no trumps and wins five tricks
only leaving his adversaries two by
cards. They do not score for these two
by cards, but for the three tricks by
which the declaring side failed to reach
its bid, that Is, 150 points.
When no one will bid any higher the
player to the left .of the one who first
named the suit which is to be the trump
leads any card he pleases, and the
player on his left again lays down his
oards and becomes the dummy for that
deal. His partner plays the combined
hands and Is technically known as the
declarer.
One Confusing Point.
This point is rather confusing to some
persons, because it is not necessarily the
highest bidder that becomes the declarer
who Is to play the combined hands. Sup
pose that Z, the dealer, starts with one
In hearts, the next player. A, bids two
in diamonds.
The dealer's partner, T, goes two in
hearts, and A's partner, B, says two in
no trumps.. Z passes, A passes, and T
bids three In hearts, so as to overbid the
two in no trumps. B now goes back to
his partner's suit, because he infers that
his partner could support a no trumper,
and bids four in diamonds, which 'Z
doubles, and all the others pass.
The player who originally named the
suit, diamonds, was A. He has been
outbid four times, by hearts, by no
trumps, by more tricks and by doubling:
but he Is still the declarer and is the one
to play the combined hands. Just as the
dealer would play his own and dummy's
in straight bridge.
There are one or two points about
which those who wish to try the new
game should be warned. In the first
place, tbe points should be cut In half,
if not in four! because the rubbers are
much more valuable than In straight
bridge.
The bonus for winning the rubber is
250 points, instead of 100: otherwise the
scores for tricks, honors, chicane and
slams are the same as those to which
all bridge players are accustomed. A
rubber at auction bridge Is often worth
1000 points, on account of the bids that
are made to save the game, and which
have to pay heavy penalties. The same
thing prolongs the rubber and Is about
the only real objection to the game.
In this playing to keep the game In by
overbidding. It must be remembered that
the penalty is the same for any declara
tion, so far as suits go, so that It is bet
ter to overbid with fewer tricks at a
high value than to risk a number of
tricks in a lower suit. This is where the
Judgment comes In.
The player must decide as to which he
risks the most .In. He may be willing
to risk 200 points penalty in order to
keep the game In until the next deal; but
it is better to overbid with two in no
trumps than with four in diamonds if
the bidder figures that he will Just lose
the odd trick either way.
If the dealer's original bid of the odd
in spades is not overbid, his loss la Itm
doubled or not; but such a thing seldom
or never happens.
More than 2.1.000 employes of the Penn
sylvania Railroad have been Instructed at
the companj l expensa la nrt aid t tb
Injured.