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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (Aug. 13, 1905)
18 THE SUNDAY OREGONIAN, PORTLAND, AUGUST 13, 1905. Most Destructive Explosives in the World Dunnite, a Jew Secret Preparation Owned by the Government, Can Destroy Battleships as if They Were Made of Pasteboard Most destructive of all explosives uaed In warfare Is dunnite. a new secret preparation owned by the United 8tates. So eensatlonal have been Us performances that foreign governments, in alarm, are endeavoring Jn every way to learn the composition of the new explosive. It has been demonstrated in recent tests at the Sandy Hoek pravlng ground that a 12-inch shell, loaded with only a small charge ef dunnite, will crumple the side of the heaviest battleship like paper, even though the shot fall 20 feot away. Dunnite possesses the merit of tractablllty. It does not explode upon impact, but by means of a fuse after entering the side of a ship. In this way the greatest damage may be done to the vessel's vitals and personnel. Army and Navy officials regard it as the most destructive explosive yefdls covcred, and the best possessed' by any government In the world. TO Major Beverly W. Dunn, of the United States Army, now stationed at the Sandy Hook proving grounds, belongs the credit of having discovered this new high explosive. From him It takes Its name. It Is far superior to any of the other high explosives of war maxlmlte, lyddite, thorite or shlmose. Lyddite attracted general attention through Its use by the British during the Boer War, but It seems never to have measured up to all the extravagant claims made for It. ShlmoBQ powder has been extensively used by the Japanese during the present conflict in the East, and much of their success has been attributed to It. Major Dunn, when questioned recently about shlmose by a reporter of the Phila delphia North American, stated that so far as he knew It was simply picric acid, a high explosive, the properties of which are well known. A shell, however, cannot be loaded with picric acid, and fired through an armor plate without explosion Spon impact. "Even a layman can readily understand the advantages of an armor-piercing shell over the ordinary bursting shell," the of ficer said. "In order to inflict the most damage upon an enemy, we desire to have our shells enter his ship, and then, bursting Into large fragments, carry destruction to its machinery and -vital parts. "A shell bursting Into small fragments would not do that Tests have shown that dunnite will do all the things that arc most desired In actual warfare." Dunnite, in comparatively small charges, is placed in large shells with thick walls. When the shell Is broken by explosion, the fragments are large and heavy enough and are thrown In all di rections with sufficient force to do Im mense damage. Exrpodcs Inside tlio Ship. "The composition that bears my name," Major Dunne explained, "is not the high est explosive known, but It is the highest explosive no far invented that, contained within the chamber of an armor-piercing shell, will contain itself until after the shell has passed through the armor at which It Is aimed. "Then its destructive work, actuated by a primer, takes place. That Is the time when the destructive force Is wanted after the shell has reached the interior of the opposing ship." Known only to the Inventor and to -a few officials of the United States Ord nance Department are the Ingredients that enter into the composition of dun nite. It is understood, however, that they are abundantly produced In Europe, and manufacture of the explosive offers no special difficulty. This manufacture has been going on nuietlv for some time. The arsenals of the United States are now filled -with dunnite shells, and almost all the ships of the Navy and the. seacoast fortifications have a battle supply on band and ready for any emergency. Dunnite is in the form of a powder, and is loaded by compression. Compression can be given without danger, and has been carried as high as about 10,000 pounds per square inch. It ia estimated that, with a suitable press, a 12-inch shell containing 5S pounds can bo loaded. In 15 minutes. Dunnite may also be loaded by hand and without a press, but not so compactly, and, there fore, not bo efficiently. In order to make his explosive more ef fectivethat is, to do its work at the proper time Major Dunn invented a de tonating fuse, with which to liberate its destructive forces. This was necessary, because dunnite was found to be pecu liarly lacking in sensitiveness to severe shocks, and, for that reason, not liable to explode upon impact. Use of the fuse delays the explosion un til the armor-plerclng projectile has got well into the vitals of the object of at tack. The material may be fired from high power guns with full charges. It is par ticularly adapted to use in the monste 12-inch rifles of battleships and shore for tifications, as these great guns are relied upon to penetrate the thick steel sheath ing of modern warships or the resisting walls of forts. Safe to Manufacture and Handle. Not alono because of Its destructive qualities is dunnite valuable. It may be manufactured and handled with safety, which cannot be said of some other hlgh explosives. Tests have shown that it is capable of withstanding the maximum shock of dis charge from a big gun. It has been fired under a pressure of 37,700 pounds per square inch. Its strength is such that a charge will explode the largest, thickest-walled shell. hurling the fragments about with terrific force. Easily kept, too, Is dunnite, holding its properties under almost any conditions of atmosphere or storage. The material used in the recent tests at Sandy Hook had been stored there for some time In unsealed boxes, without any precaution for protection from air and moisture. It is practically proof against moisture. A dried sample exposed to a saturated atmosphere for 18 days absorbed 0.15 of 1 per cent of moisture, and another for 20 days absorbed 0.11 of 1 per cent. Similar samples of maxlmlte. probably the next most remarkable explosive, absorbed 0.213 and 0.27E of 1 per cent In 21 days. Taken as a -whole, therefore, dunnite Is considered by experts to be the safest and most reliable of explosives for armor plerclng shells, as well as giving the re sults most desired. Experience has demonstrated that the selection of a high explosive shell, which shall be thoroughly efficient and yet safe beyond any reasonable doubt to store, handle and fire under all conditions of service, presented a most difficult prob lem, and could be considered solved only when these requirements were satisfactor ily established by exhaustive tests In the 12-inch army, or fortifications, rifle. Some time ago Congress appropriated $50,550 for a comparative rest of destruc tive energy, as shown by dunnite, fired from a 12-lnch army rifle and exploded by Major Dunne's detonating fuse, and an other system of attack which used gun cotton as its basis. These two agencies were intended to accomplish the same result destruction of the enemy but In a, different way. By one system it was proposed to ex plode a large quantity of gun cotton against the side of an armored vessel -without any attempt at penetrating the armor. It was claimed by the promoters of the system that the volume of gas produced by the zel08loa could, be BJAie. Jq, expetui its force against the armor, and on the effect of this force the destructive onergy of the system depended. It was claimed that a single shot would destroy a battle ship. The method used In the 12-Inch army service rifle, charged with dunnite and the detonating fuse, contemplated, first, penetration of tho armor, and then the detonation of a high exploslve-contalned in a- thick-walled projectile. There was involved the destruction of tho armor, of the structure of the vessel, ofHhe arma ment and Interior mechanism and of the personnel. Tests were made at Sandy Hook by a joint board of officers of the Army and Navy, consisting of Major John G. D. Knight, of the Engineer Corps: Major R. Blrnle, of the Ordnance Department, and Captain John P. "Wlaser, of the Artillery, representing the Army, and Lieutenant Joseph Strauss and Cleland Davis, of tho Navy. Two similar targets, representing the side construction of the latest type of bat tleship, were used. Each was faced with a Krupplzcd armor plate about eight by 16 feet and 12 inches thick. Each plate weighed 47,000 pounds. Similar in all respects were the targets, and each actually represented a section of the side of the latest type of battleship, but the structures themselves lacked the support of the adjacent armor plates and of tlie surrounding frames, beams and decks that make up the whole structure of the ship, It being Impracticable to ex actly simulate a battleship on so small a scale. It was considered by tho board of offi cers, however, that the character of the experiments wa sufficient from which to make conclusive deductions as to the effect upon a battleship when similarly attacked. Of necessity the targets wore set up on shore. It was Impracticable to place them at distances from the guns of more than a few hundred feet; consequently.it was necessary to use such firing charges as could give to the projectiles velocities on striking the plates such as they would have had if they had been fired with larger charges and at greater distances from tho targets. Thus the firing of both guns was conducted at simulated ranges. Three rounds wore given the gun cotton weapon at the target, and a like number to the 12-lnch army rifle. The board found that none of the Im pacts from the gun cotton shells would have endangered a modern battleship; that the system was not effective as a means of attacking armored vessels. It found, on tho other hand, that any one of the shots from the dunnlte-loaded rifles would have wrought serious Injury to a modern battleshln as retards its buoyancy, the Interior mechanism, the armament and the personnel. It was also the opinion of the board that the destructive effect of the 12-lnch rifles charged with dunnite, surpassed anything hitherto obtained from any gun. Results of the three rounds of dunnite fired are given as follows by the board: "An armor-plerclng shot weighing 1001 We Need More Ships and Big Guns So Sam "FightlnK Dob" Evans, and Discusses the Bnttlc i Profitable" Investment. bill as WHILE the squadron of battleships were lying in the Hudson recently, Rear-Admiral Evans was Inter viewed by a reporter of the New York Times and spoke freely on a topic that interests every Amorlcan. He declared: "A battleship Is never an ornament, as so many people suppose. It Is always useful. But it is more useful out of than In a fight Its dominant mission Is to give peace a meaning and war a warn ing to the world. And because this Is so we of the United States need more and bigger battleships. 'When I say that a battleship is more useful, is a more profitable Investment even in peace than in war, I mean that it is the greatest and surest preventive of war that the centuries have as yet brought forth." pursued Admiral Evans slowly but vigorously. . "No t one -who carefully studies and duly ponders the question will rashly gainsay this. It Is on tho samo principle as exists in the roped arena today or as existed in the tournament of yesterday. When a cham pion appears who Is overwhelmingly equipped with muscle, stamina, and intel ligencesuch being his stock in trade his opponents arc apt to be few and far be tween, provided he keep himself In good condition by training." Leaning forward and accenting tho words by beating a tattoo on the table. Admiral Evans made tho startling dec laration: "Had the United States pos seased. prior to the Spanish-American -war, the navy that It possesses today we would never have had that war. Why? At that time our navy was an unknown quantity at best, and a comparatively small quantity quantity and not quail ty, remember at the worst. Spain no doubt joined with the rest of the world In un derestimating us as a naval power. Hence she believed that she was easily our su perior on the sea. Because she happened to bo mltaken is hardly any reason for us to believe that some one else, should we permit our navy to remain stationary in size and strength, is going to make the same mistake In case of war. "We are now in a most critical period of not only our own but the history of the world. Everything Is changing for better rather than for worse, let us hepe. War and its methods aro changing just as is business and every branch of human ac tivity. But one thing will never change," this with the firmness of conviction, "and that is human nature in a national sense. "We have outgrown our knickerbock ers and are fitting on our long pants as a great and permanent power. Having reached our National manhood a full .six foot nationality we have many responsi bilities which we did not have twenty or thirty or fifty years ago. It Is perhaps easier to take a short-sighted view of the situation than to look ahead. But we must look ahead If we ore to attain malnta'i our high estate as a great world pbwer." "And what specific part Is the navy to play in the coming drama?" was asked. "In peace It Is to play, on a larger stage, the same role as your Metropolitan police play," replied Admiral Evans. "Tour police are not paid any more for the number of bruises they receive or ar rests they may make than for the moral force they represent as agents of the law. "We have within the past few years spread ourselves over a vast territory, engendering vaster responsibilities than we have hitherto had In our National bjgtarr. Our mury. therefcrs. Ins to jgav pounds and 7 ounces. Including IS pounds 7 ounces of tho high explosive, struck the center of the target with a velocity of 1800 feet per second, corresponding to a range of 4400 yards. The striking en ergy was 22.500 foot tons. "This shot penetrated the plate and was exploded Just In the rear. The backing, the skin plates, frames and cofferdam plates were completely demolished in the line of this impact. The crater formed in the sand butt in the rear of the struc ture measured 15 feet by G4 feet. "Pieces of the plate and projectile passed through the structure, through the butt, and were recovered at distances of 150 and 200 feet in the rear of the butt. The rivets in the top plate were sheared. the side plates of the cofferdam were buckled about three inches, and the plato was forced back bodily about three fourths of an Inch. "It is evident that had this shot struck a battleship, it would have wrought se rious damage to the vessel. Tears Steel Plates tovBlts. "The next shot, weighing 1005 pounds and including 23 pounds of high explo sive, struck tho right center of the plato with a velocity of 1804 feet per second, corresponding to a range of . 4400 yards. The striking energy was 22.SM foot tons. The shot detonated In the plate, complete ly wrecking the right-hand portion and demolishing the frames behind the armor and the plates of the cofferdam. It Is evident that had this shot struck a bat tleshlp It would have wrought serious In jury to the vessel. "A 12-lnch armor-plerclng shell, weigh ing 1045 pounds; Including CO pounds of tho high explosive, struck the lower left hand center of the plate with a velocity of 273 feet per second, corresponding to a range of 1SCO yards. The striking en ergy was 31.100 foot tons. "The shell penetrated and exploded In the plate. As a result of this impact the plate was to tally wrecked, and the back ing, frames, beams and cofferdam plates of tho structure were completely demol lshed. An opening was made through the plate four feet wide by eight feet long. "The lower left hand quarter of tho armor plate was broken into six large fragments and numerous email ones, the largest being about 4H feet square, which, with the backing and skin plates, was torn loose from the structure and turned inward, so that the left-hand edge of this fragment was in the plane of the original face of the plate. "One large fragment, about two feet by 24 feet by 11 inches, and weighing about 2500 pounds, was hurled through the target, through the butt and was recovered 135 feet In the rear of the butt, n umerous fragments of the plate and projectile passed through the target struc turo, through the butt, and were recovered In the rear. The effect of this shot would have resulted In serious Injury to a bat tleshlp." Another interesting test of dunnlte's destructive powers when exploded In the water was made at Sandy Hook. A floating mass of woodwork, the size of the side of a battleship at Its water- line, was moored off shore. Submerged In four feet of water and fixed about 50 feet from the floating structure, was a 1000-pound projectile containing 20 pounds of, dunnite, . When the testing committee hadyscat tered to points of safety, an electric but ton was pressed, those on shore felt the ground tremble, while a column of water shot up into the air 250 feet, non tno target was again brought to shoro the effect of tho explosion was plainly mani fest and of such a nature that the de ductions were readily drawn. No battle- shin could have withstood that terrific blow. the dual role of protecting those posses sions In time of need, and In time of pence of silently signifying to the world that such and such Is a part of the United States and must be so considered and respected. "Now, nations are no rcspectors of na tions unless the latter are prepared to enforce respect. Therein lies the chief value of a comprehensive naval force. Give us fifty battleships, with an appro priate complement of cruisers, torpedo boats, and other auxiliaries, and the chances of our being provoked to break peace are one in a hundred. "But." pursued the Admiral earnestly, "It takes time to build battleships, and when we need them for war we need them badly. This was shown In the case of Russia, What would Russia not have given for the battleships of this squad ron?" sweeping one hand toward the monster steel fortresses aligned to the north and south. "It was worth Is worth almost Its weight in rubles to her." "But Russia must have considered her self better prepared for war than events have demonstrated?" was ventured. "Nobody outside of Russia thought so." declared Admiral Evans. "Nobody out side of Russia expected any other end ing to the battles of Port Arthur and the Cor can Straits than the one recorded. It was simply a case of one power being fully prepared and the other poorly pre pared for war." "Do you agree with those who attrlbuto the Japanese naval successes largely to torpedoes and submarines?" "No. sir," emphatically. "The Japanese battleships and big guns have themselve decided every naval engagement of the war. But, to better answer the question, how long do you suppose Togo would have loafed outsldo of Port Arthur Bay had there been no Russian battleships In side? Or how long do you suppose tho Russian ships would have been bottled up had thero been simply torpedo-boats and such dragon-files to reckon with In stead of a blockading squadron of effi cient battleships? Not long, we may be sure. "And yet," quickly added Admiral Evans, "there Is no advantage In having all the battleships In the world If the men behind the guns are poor marksmen. Russia has been supremely unfortunate In not knowing how to Fhoot straight. Japan, conversely, has been fortunate, but she owes her good fortune noC to chance nor to any superior Intelligence, but to practice, unremitting, oftentimes raonot onous. always careful and painstaking target practlco in all sorts of seas and weather. "Those In the profession who are in clined to the opinion that Admirals Alex left and Rojestvensky would have fur nished stubborn obstacles to Admiral Togo had their gunners been better mas tens of gunnery are perhaps right," be lieved Admiral Evans. "Their respective squadrons, plus good marksmanship, were highly formidable weapons of war. "As for torpedoes." he pursued. "It Is Impossible to Inflict as much damage with a torpedo as with a ten or twelve-Inch projectllo launched from a battleship; and for two reasons, one being tho greater difficulty of reaching the mark with a torpedo and the other being the greater sheer, actual destruction wrought by the projectile hurled from a ten or twelvo- Inch cun. "While also a torpedo may blow a hole In the side of a battleship It has yet to pwo Its power to sins one whenever It attack made by the Japanese at Port Arthur, an entire squadron of torpedo boats having carefully chosen targets only damaged three out of 17 vessels, and the latter were ogam In action within less than ten weeks." "Do you see much of a future for sub marines?" Submarine warfare and wireless teleg raphy are as yet In their rudimentary stages, so far as navies ore concerned." said Admiral Evans. "It would be pre mature to venture any predictions aoout either of them. But. In my opinion, the submarine will always play second fiddle to the battleship with her big guns In concert. 'I hear many pleasant and Interest ing prophecies made for wireless teleg raphy In warfare, but while wireless telegraphy Is not unknown to the Rus sians and Japanese, we have not heard of Its changing the complexion of any engagement. Of course It will bo an ad vantage for the commander of a squad ron to know that reserve forces aro ap proaching Just over the horizon, but as yet the system is not sufficiently per fected to make it absolutely reliable. Then. In addition, the commander of a squadron or vessel always makes It a point to know Just where ho Is at with regard to both friendly and hostile forces before going Into action, so that beyond Its convenience and chance assistance wireless telegraphy In tho Navy has yet to win its spurs as an Integer In time of war." But In case a hostile fleet approaches a city like New York, witn notning do tween the city and nn American squadron on the outer lino of defense, would not such a means of communication be Im- mensly advantageous?" "It might as a means of allaying pop ular concern In the city. But, as a mat ter of fact. It would be not only improba ble but well-nigh Impossible for life and property In New York to be Jeopardized by an enemy at sea. We have -today a suf ficient naval force to prevent any such catastrophe. By. that I mean that no hostile fleet could approach New York or San Francisco or any Important Ameri can seaboard city near enough to do any effective bombarding. In such a crisis, should It ever occur which-God forbid! our battleships would be our bulwarks of protection, with, of course, our second line of defense mines, torpedoes, and smaller craft and our third line forts as able auxiliaries. "Meanwhile the surest way to forestall any such danger Is to build more Dig Ehlps and mount them with big guns, just as the British Admiralty Is doing, ac cording to cable advices Justrecelved. "As a means of properly policing tHe seas and of deterring any foreign power from rashly provoking us to war as. In other words, an adequate patrol for the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Cuba, Alaska and tho Panama Canal we can hardly consider 50 battleships and a naval force of from CO.000 to S0.000 men as an excessive need. Such a sea power cannot be Improvised," with emphasis, "It must be built up plate by plate, ?un by gun, ship by ship, man by man." "Which Is advancing moro rapidly, de fensive or offensive warfare?" was asked. "Offensive." was his prompt reply. "Forge, as we do. massive steel plate and contrive, as we are contriving, appliance after appliance tending to afford pro tection, we arc not keeping step with the advances made In improved projectiles and powerful explosives. Nothlnk known to man can, under ordinary circumstances, withstand a giant projectile hurled, with the tremendous force of which our big guns are capable. Hence our need of more big guns. "Another thing we nerd." the Admiral seriously added, "Is for Congress td take some action with respect to naval anchor ages. It Is not only disorganizing, but dis graceful. tho way such a squaJron as this is hampered as we were In. approach ing our present anchorage. Every third vessel ran afoul a cable, line or seine of some sort In coining up the harbor and river.' Adding Insult to injury, we are on such occasions constantly subjected to ferries and tugs dodging In and out be tween the vessels In motion, not only breaking the alignment, but seriously af fecting discipline. "Such a thing would be heavily punish able In British waters, and unless some thing is done to remedy the situation It Is highly probable that American ships of war will be ostracized from these wa ters in time of peace." Continuing. Admiral Evans believed that the United States owed It to itself as an international power to encourage the training of 20.000 young men annually In the naval service. He believed no school comparable with the American' men-of-war in teaching discipline, courage, patri otism and self-control. Having himself seen the United States Navy progress from sails to steam and Extraordinary Facts About Hot Weather Msb Cbh Exist a Short Time at a Temperature of 280 Degree Fahrenheit. T may be taken as a general rule that human nature, especially In the Brit ish Isles, thinks the thermometer has gone quite high enough for It when it reaches SO degrees Fahrenheit In the shade, while It has on three occasions exceeded , that figure this month. Therefore, it Is quite Justifiable to look upon a temperature of 90 degrees as very hot. On August IS, 1S93, the shade maximum In tho afternoon was 95. This date. Indeed, says the London Daily Mall, Taas been described as the hottest day of the 19th century, but the" day really entitled to this proud position was July 2S, 1SS5, when 162 degroes Fahrenheit was registered In the open air. Thero are four other dates on which tho next greatest amount of heat sti fling, suffocating and more than suf ficing has been registered In this country. On July 7. 1SS6, 155 degrees Fahrenheit was recorded, the previous day's reading- having been 151.3: the 4th of the same month in the followlnj; rear It was 151.7, and on August 14. 1876, 147 degrees was registered. These facts and figures give some Idea of what tho sun Is capable of. And of tnn terrible force of solar heat the astrono mers have given a wondering world as good a notion as can be conveyed by words. For Instance, Sir Robert Ball, who Is at once our greatest astronomer and the most delightful of scientific lecturers, has stated that If the earth were lik ened to a grain of mustard seed the sun by the same comparison would 'be as large as a cocoantit, while the heat ing power of a single square foot of Its surface would be sufficient If placed under the boilers of an Atlantic liner to enable her to break the record In crossing tho "herring pond " If th. un's heat wfK maintained by earthly means, In doing so -U the coal in ex istence would be consumed In a tcntn part of a second. Another famous astronomer In his day, the late Richard Anthony Proctor, explained the total heat of the sun In another way. According to him. It was equal to tfiat which would result from burning something like 12.000.000.030 'tons of coal per second, and Its heat would be strong enough to melt not far short of 3.000,030,000,000 tons of Ice in an hour. But of' this almost unthinkable- force of "heat the earth receives but a smal proportion only about one in 2.000,0)0,030 of solar rays. That roan can exist under great heat has often been manifested, altnough no one has probably demonstrated It moro clearly than did a Spaniard on June 26. 1S2S. In Paris an oven was heated to over 2D0 degrees Fahrenheit, and the man entered this Inferno. Where ne re Jjm4i!neji for five minutes. Oil emerging- i MISS DOROTHY CLARK, 2130 Crenshaw St., CHICAGO. LITTLE FRANCES MARIE KNOWLTON whose photograph appears herewith has a most beautiful head of golden hair, thicker than the crown of glory of mosi mature women. Prances is only four years old, and her hair hangs within 12 inches of the floor. The extraordinary hair strengthening qualities of Danderine has grown for this little girl the most admirable head of hair ever possessed by a child of her age In the world. The other two ladies whose photographs are shown here are certainly delighted with the results they are getting. Neither of them having hair that would reach to their waists before beginning the use of Danderine IT IS POSITIVE AND PERMANENT IN ITS RESULTS. When applied to the scalp on either old or young, it makes the hair sprout and grow thick, long and beautiful, and thero Is no waiting around for weeks and months to see results, either. Any druggist will refund the price if it does notacf complish every result we claim. NOW at all druggists in three sizes, 25 cents, 50 cents and $1 .00 per bottle. fTflfrf? To snow how quickly Dandarlnaacts wo will send & large sample free by return mall to anyone who tends this adTOrtlscmenl to'.tfea r llkla Knowlton Danderine Co., Chicago, with tbolrnamo and address d 10 ceatsln ellrcr or stamps to pay pottage. t, FOR S-LE AND GUARANTEED BT WOODARD, CLARKE & CO VIP ANY. from oak to steel, having seen Its guns evolve from crude muzzle-loaders to the present mighty agenti of destruction with which the' Maine and her seven compan ion vessels aro equipped. It was with knowledge bred of experience that the bronzed veteran, crippled In the bom bardment of Fort Fisher, and with one shoulder crushed by a falling armored hatch, recommended the floating fortress as an Ideal American college. Study the Maine by the following cata logue, such as Admiral Evans has on the tip of his tongue, and then remember that the United States has built and la build ing 26 first, second and third-class bat tleships li of the first class being now In commission as compared with 37 first class battleships sailing the French flag, 35 sailing the German, and 63 the Union. Jack, and a clearer realization of the ele mental strength of a first-class 20th cen tury navy may be. reached: First Its giant steel turrets from which protrude four 12-lnch guns, fore and aft, weighing together nearly 600 tons, and easily pivoted by electricity In 45 seconds, the guns being loaded and fired twice a minute. Second The amazing powes. and preci sion of such an agile monster carrying 3000 tons of steel armor plate, SO engines and pumps. 200 dynamos and motors, S00 miles of wire, leagues of piping and tub ing, two dozen boilers. 14 six-Inch broad side batteries, rapld-flre guns, racked tor pedoes ready for launching, safety net ting, tons of explosives, thousands of pro jectiles, wireless telegraph apparatus, and a seeming chaos of signals fluttering by day and a tinkling by night from bridge to rigging. Add them up. Thirteen thou sand tons of battle panoply, representing an Investment of J7.00O.00O and employ ment for 700 men, meaning that nearly 5SO.O0O.O0O In naval vehicles has recently been on parade In metropolitan waters. his pulse was found to be beating 200 times In 60 seconds, but a few minutes later he seemed none the worse for his experiment. This wa3 an extreme case, for a heat of 160 to 183 degrees Fahrenheit would appear to be the utmost that man can remain In for any length of time. In this respect tho men who work In the Comstock silver mines In Nevada the hottest mines In the world are to be pitied. The shafts and galleries of these mines are over 250 miles In length, aro more than 3900 feet deep, and at the 2700-foot level tho temperature of the water is 153 degrees Fahrenheit and tho air 126' degrees. In another shaft tho temperature rises to 170 degrees, and It Is only possible for men to work In It for ten or 15 minutes at a stretch. There are other parts of the world, too, where the heat, even In the open air, is icmoie. or instance, on tne deck of a Persian Gulf steamer 120 decrees Fahren heit has been recorded In the morning. while on the shore, at Muscat, a black bulb solar thermometer In the sun has registered 1S7 degrees. Great Britain has once or twice approached this high record. The heat of the Summer of 1S2S was so great that In some localities wheat and barley had to bo pulled up by hand, being too short In the stalk to cut in the usual manner. The -postures were so burnt up that cattle had to be fed on sprouts of gorse, streams dried up, and It was ycara later before many of them 'got their fish again." In 1S51 a dlsastrdus heat wave was ex perienced In different parts of Europe. In Hyde Park the shade reading varied, from CO to 94 degrees: In Paris during" a review scores of 'soldiers fell victims to sun stroke, while In Aldershot men dropped dead at drill. Two years later New York spent a week In dreadful heat: the city seemed as If It were on fire. -214 people being killed by sunstroke. - Another great heat experience fell to the lot of the United States In July. 1S76. especially In the Middle and Southern States. In "Wash Ington the heat was so Intense that a prominent official declared the car rails became so -expanded by the action of the sun as to rise up In curved lines, drawing the bolts. In 1SS1 again our Yankee cous ins were stewing In the atmosphere of 105 degrees in the shade, and In the same year 101 degress was reached In Eng land. And In times, long gone by people grumbled at and enjoyed heat waves In much the same way a. we do. That they had some scorching seasons a dip Into tho records amply testifies. For example. In 1S09 so fearfully hot was It In Spain that the streets of Madrid and other cities were deserted, while laborers expired In the fields and the vines were scorched and spoiled. The Summer of 1772 was a dreadful one In New York, and It Is related that the principal thoroughfares were battlefields in miniature; people wens struck down by the score, no fewer than Danderine GREW THIS HAIR AND WE CAN PROVE IT. Ruto fret Ki mart QUICK and PERMANENT. 930 Garflold Boulcrard, Chicago, IIL Ap 4 Years. following year in France the thermom eter rose to US degrees Fahrenheit. France also experienced two periods of great heat In 1703 and 171S. In the former year It was described as being "equal to that of a glass furnace." Meat could be prepared for the table merely by exposing It to the rays of the sun, and between noon and 4 o'clock In the afternoon It was certain death to venture out of doors. In the latter year it was so hot that many shops had to close and the theaters -did not open for three months, while not a drop of rain fell during doublo that period. Going back many cen turies, one comes across years when groat heat was experienced. In 1132 the Rhine dried up. as it was partially, together with the Danube. In 1303: and that It was more than warm In the Summer of 1152 Is Indicated by the statement that; during that season eggs were cooked merely by being placed In the sand. MALE FISH ASA "MOTHER" How the Bass Looks After the Eggs and the Young. Evening "Wisconsin. "The female fish has no maternal In stincts whatever," said. J. Nevln, of Mad ison, superintendent of the state fish hatcheries. "In fact, the fish Is the most inhuman creature In existence that Is. of the animals which have any degree of In telligence at all Perhaps It Is well that It Is so. for If The Singer Sewing Machine Company Extends to you a cordial invitation to visit its Pavilion IN THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING at the Lewis and ClarR Exposition PORTLAND, OREGON Tkis Pavilion will contain machines for every Etching process used in the family and in manufactures, some of which muitbe of interest to you. Many of these machines will be running and all will be capable of operation - Samples -of their work will be given to those interested also Free Souvenir Views of Pacific Coast Scenery There are Five Sets, each comprising Ten Views IN AN ENVELOPE READY FOR MAILING He Is cajled gr knife. Call and ns Ll-J-rS!? "SI private and blood diseases, cancer, paralysis, tumors, rheumatism J"d all disorders of the stomach, liver and kidneys. He has had great .success i in curing consumption when the victim Is not too much run down by the dis ease, and will stop hemorrhages In an Incredibly short time. He brews his own medicines from Chinese roots, herbs, buds, barks and vegetable teas, all of which are entirely harmless, and whose medicinal properties are un known to American doctors. He uses In his practice over aOO different Oriental remedies. Hundreds of testimonials from grateful patients. DR.WIMG LEE tt ts-ohtit vot'llTH STllEET POIITI.AXD, OREGON MISS LUCY MAY, 5036 Forestrlllo Are., CHICAGO. -C the parent fish took care of their young as other cratures do, the waters of the earth would be filled with them in a very short time. Under natural conditions not one egg In a million ever becomes a fish a year old. As an example I have seen fe male brook trout go up Into the spawning places and spawn their eggs and then turn around and deliberately cat them. "For the past few years I have been much Interested In experimenting with bass and studying their ways. Here the male parent has some maternal Instincts, apparently. He builds the 'nest' for the female, some little pocket with a gravel bottom protected from the strong current, but with plenty of fresh water, and then hugs or pushes the female Into It. The eggs are spawned by the female, who swims away and leaves them to their fate. The male fertilizes the eggs and then for a few days watches over them, 'fanning them occasionally to Insure a circulation of fresh water and keeping oft other fish who would devour the eggs. The male fish have been known to follow the little fry for several days, protecting them un til they were able to care for themselves. "I have seen a pchool of, say 1500 bass fry devoured In five minutes by a few sun bass or perch minnows. Under tho care of the fish hatcheries from 60 to 93 per cent of the eggs become fish fry. How many of the fry live to be a year old or so after they are planted In tho streams It Is very hard to determine. "Always tired" describes a dangerous condition. Hood's Sarsaparilla will give. you strength. DR. WING LEE THE GREAT CHINESE DOCTOR LOCATED IN PORTLAND SINCE 1880 i ptirps all diseases without resorting to the minntinn w uHli tf vou the exact nature rllv everv form of female complaint, all
