18
THE SUNDAY OREGONIAN, PORTLAND, AUGUST 13, 1905.
Most Destructive Explosives in the World
Dunnite, a Jew Secret Preparation Owned by the Government,
Can Destroy Battleships as if They Were Made of Pasteboard
Most destructive of all explosives uaed In warfare Is dunnite. a new secret
preparation owned by the United 8tates.
So eensatlonal have been Us performances that foreign governments, in alarm,
are endeavoring Jn every way to learn the composition of the new explosive.
It has been demonstrated in recent tests at the Sandy Hoek pravlng
ground that a 12-inch shell, loaded with only a small charge ef dunnite, will
crumple the side of the heaviest battleship like paper, even though the shot fall
20 feot away.
Dunnite possesses the merit of tractablllty. It does not explode upon impact,
but by means of a fuse after entering the side of a ship. In this way the
greatest damage may be done to the vessel's vitals and personnel.
Army and Navy officials regard it as the most destructive explosive yefdls
covcred, and the best possessed' by any government In the world.
TO Major Beverly W. Dunn, of the
United States Army, now stationed
at the Sandy Hook proving grounds,
belongs the credit of having discovered
this new high explosive. From him It
takes Its name.
It Is far superior to any of the other
high explosives of war maxlmlte, lyddite,
thorite or shlmose.
Lyddite attracted general attention
through Its use by the British during the
Boer War, but It seems never to have
measured up to all the extravagant claims
made for It.
ShlmoBQ powder has been extensively
used by the Japanese during the present
conflict in the East, and much of their
success has been attributed to It.
Major Dunn, when questioned recently
about shlmose by a reporter of the Phila
delphia North American, stated that so
far as he knew It was simply picric acid,
a high explosive, the properties of which
are well known. A shell, however, cannot
be loaded with picric acid, and fired
through an armor plate without explosion
Spon impact.
"Even a layman can readily understand
the advantages of an armor-piercing shell
over the ordinary bursting shell," the of
ficer said.
"In order to inflict the most damage
upon an enemy, we desire to have our
shells enter his ship, and then, bursting
Into large fragments, carry destruction to
its machinery and -vital parts.
"A shell bursting Into small fragments
would not do that Tests have shown
that dunnite will do all the things that
arc most desired In actual warfare."
Dunnite, in comparatively small
charges, is placed in large shells with
thick walls. When the shell Is broken
by explosion, the fragments are large and
heavy enough and are thrown In all di
rections with sufficient force to do Im
mense damage.
Exrpodcs Inside tlio Ship.
"The composition that bears my name,"
Major Dunne explained, "is not the high
est explosive known, but It is the highest
explosive no far invented that, contained
within the chamber of an armor-piercing
shell, will contain itself until after the
shell has passed through the armor at
which It Is aimed.
"Then its destructive work, actuated by
a primer, takes place. That Is the time
when the destructive force Is wanted
after the shell has reached the interior of
the opposing ship."
Known only to the Inventor and to -a
few officials of the United States Ord
nance Department are the Ingredients
that enter into the composition of dun
nite. It is understood, however, that they
are abundantly produced In Europe, and
manufacture of the explosive offers no
special difficulty.
This manufacture has been going on
nuietlv for some time. The arsenals of
the United States are now filled -with
dunnite shells, and almost all the ships of
the Navy and the. seacoast fortifications
have a battle supply on band and ready
for any emergency.
Dunnite is in the form of a powder, and
is loaded by compression. Compression
can be given without danger, and has
been carried as high as about 10,000
pounds per square inch.
It ia estimated that, with a suitable
press, a 12-inch shell containing 5S pounds
can bo loaded. In 15 minutes. Dunnite
may also be loaded by hand and without
a press, but not so compactly, and, there
fore, not bo efficiently.
In order to make his explosive more ef
fectivethat is, to do its work at the
proper time Major Dunn invented a de
tonating fuse, with which to liberate its
destructive forces. This was necessary,
because dunnite was found to be pecu
liarly lacking in sensitiveness to severe
shocks, and, for that reason, not liable
to explode upon impact.
Use of the fuse delays the explosion un
til the armor-plerclng projectile has got
well into the vitals of the object of at
tack. The material may be fired from high
power guns with full charges. It is par
ticularly adapted to use in the monste
12-inch rifles of battleships and shore for
tifications, as these great guns are relied
upon to penetrate the thick steel sheath
ing of modern warships or the resisting
walls of forts.
Safe to Manufacture and Handle.
Not alono because of Its destructive
qualities is dunnite valuable. It may be
manufactured and handled with safety,
which cannot be said of some other hlgh
explosives.
Tests have shown that it is capable of
withstanding the maximum shock of dis
charge from a big gun. It has been fired
under a pressure of 37,700 pounds per
square inch.
Its strength is such that a charge will
explode the largest, thickest-walled shell.
hurling the fragments about with terrific
force.
Easily kept, too, Is dunnite, holding its
properties under almost any conditions
of atmosphere or storage. The material
used in the recent tests at Sandy Hook
had been stored there for some time In
unsealed boxes, without any precaution
for protection from air and moisture.
It is practically proof against moisture.
A dried sample exposed to a saturated
atmosphere for 18 days absorbed 0.15 of
1 per cent of moisture, and another for 20
days absorbed 0.11 of 1 per cent. Similar
samples of maxlmlte. probably the next
most remarkable explosive, absorbed 0.213
and 0.27E of 1 per cent In 21 days.
Taken as a -whole, therefore, dunnite
Is considered by experts to be the safest
and most reliable of explosives for armor
plerclng shells, as well as giving the re
sults most desired.
Experience has demonstrated that the
selection of a high explosive shell, which
shall be thoroughly efficient and yet safe
beyond any reasonable doubt to store,
handle and fire under all conditions of
service, presented a most difficult prob
lem, and could be considered solved only
when these requirements were satisfactor
ily established by exhaustive tests In the
12-inch army, or fortifications, rifle.
Some time ago Congress appropriated
$50,550 for a comparative rest of destruc
tive energy, as shown by dunnite, fired
from a 12-lnch army rifle and exploded by
Major Dunne's detonating fuse, and an
other system of attack which used gun
cotton as its basis.
These two agencies were intended to
accomplish the same result destruction
of the enemy but In a, different way.
By one system it was proposed to ex
plode a large quantity of gun cotton
against the side of an armored vessel
-without any attempt at penetrating the
armor.
It was claimed by the promoters of the
system that the volume of gas produced
by the zel08loa could, be BJAie. Jq, expetui
its force against the armor, and on the
effect of this force the destructive onergy
of the system depended. It was claimed
that a single shot would destroy a battle
ship. The method used In the 12-Inch army
service rifle, charged with dunnite and
the detonating fuse, contemplated, first,
penetration of tho armor, and then the
detonation of a high exploslve-contalned
in a- thick-walled projectile. There was
involved the destruction of tho armor, of
the structure of the vessel, ofHhe arma
ment and Interior mechanism and of the
personnel.
Tests were made at Sandy Hook by a
joint board of officers of the Army and
Navy, consisting of Major John G. D.
Knight, of the Engineer Corps: Major R.
Blrnle, of the Ordnance Department, and
Captain John P. "Wlaser, of the Artillery,
representing the Army, and Lieutenant
Joseph Strauss and Cleland Davis, of tho
Navy.
Two similar targets, representing the
side construction of the latest type of bat
tleship, were used. Each was faced with
a Krupplzcd armor plate about eight by
16 feet and 12 inches thick. Each plate
weighed 47,000 pounds.
Similar in all respects were the targets,
and each actually represented a section
of the side of the latest type of battleship,
but the structures themselves lacked the
support of the adjacent armor plates and
of tlie surrounding frames, beams and
decks that make up the whole structure
of the ship, It being Impracticable to ex
actly simulate a battleship on so small a
scale.
It was considered by tho board of offi
cers, however, that the character of the
experiments wa sufficient from which to
make conclusive deductions as to the
effect upon a battleship when similarly
attacked.
Of necessity the targets wore set up
on shore. It was Impracticable to place
them at distances from the guns of more
than a few hundred feet; consequently.it
was necessary to use such firing charges
as could give to the projectiles velocities
on striking the plates such as they would
have had if they had been fired with
larger charges and at greater distances
from tho targets. Thus the firing of both
guns was conducted at simulated ranges.
Three rounds wore given the gun cotton
weapon at the target, and a like number
to the 12-lnch army rifle.
The board found that none of the Im
pacts from the gun cotton shells would
have endangered a modern battleship;
that the system was not effective as a
means of attacking armored vessels.
It found, on tho other hand, that any
one of the shots from the dunnlte-loaded
rifles would have wrought serious Injury
to a modern battleshln as retards its
buoyancy, the Interior mechanism, the
armament and the personnel.
It was also the opinion of the board
that the destructive effect of the 12-lnch
rifles charged with dunnite, surpassed
anything hitherto obtained from any gun.
Results of the three rounds of dunnite
fired are given as follows by the board:
"An armor-plerclng shot weighing 1001
We Need More Ships and Big Guns
So Sam
"FightlnK Dob" Evans, and Discusses the Bnttlc
i Profitable" Investment.
bill as
WHILE the squadron of battleships
were lying in the Hudson recently,
Rear-Admiral Evans was Inter
viewed by a reporter of the New York
Times and spoke freely on a topic that
interests every Amorlcan. He declared:
"A battleship Is never an ornament, as
so many people suppose. It Is always
useful. But it is more useful out of than
In a fight Its dominant mission Is to
give peace a meaning and war a warn
ing to the world. And because this Is
so we of the United States need more
and bigger battleships.
'When I say that a battleship is more
useful, is a more profitable Investment
even in peace than in war, I mean that
it is the greatest and surest preventive
of war that the centuries have as yet
brought forth." pursued Admiral Evans
slowly but vigorously. . "No t one -who
carefully studies and duly ponders the
question will rashly gainsay this. It Is
on tho samo principle as exists in the
roped arena today or as existed in the
tournament of yesterday. When a cham
pion appears who Is overwhelmingly
equipped with muscle, stamina, and intel
ligencesuch being his stock in trade his
opponents arc apt to be few and far be
tween, provided he keep himself In good
condition by training."
Leaning forward and accenting tho
words by beating a tattoo on the table.
Admiral Evans made tho startling dec
laration: "Had the United States pos
seased. prior to the Spanish-American
-war, the navy that It possesses today
we would never have had that war. Why?
At that time our navy was an unknown
quantity at best, and a comparatively
small quantity quantity and not quail ty,
remember at the worst. Spain no doubt
joined with the rest of the world In un
derestimating us as a naval power. Hence
she believed that she was easily our su
perior on the sea. Because she happened
to bo mltaken is hardly any reason for
us to believe that some one else, should
we permit our navy to remain stationary
in size and strength, is going to make the
same mistake In case of war.
"We are now in a most critical period
of not only our own but the history of the
world. Everything Is changing for better
rather than for worse, let us hepe. War
and its methods aro changing just as is
business and every branch of human ac
tivity. But one thing will never change,"
this with the firmness of conviction, "and
that is human nature in a national sense.
"We have outgrown our knickerbock
ers and are fitting on our long pants as a
great and permanent power. Having
reached our National manhood a full .six
foot nationality we have many responsi
bilities which we did not have twenty or
thirty or fifty years ago. It Is perhaps
easier to take a short-sighted view of
the situation than to look ahead. But
we must look ahead If we ore to attain
malnta'i our high estate as a great
world pbwer."
"And what specific part Is the navy
to play in the coming drama?" was
asked.
"In peace It Is to play, on a larger
stage, the same role as your Metropolitan
police play," replied Admiral Evans.
"Tour police are not paid any more for
the number of bruises they receive or ar
rests they may make than for the moral
force they represent as agents of the law.
"We have within the past few years
spread ourselves over a vast territory,
engendering vaster responsibilities than
we have hitherto had In our National
bjgtarr. Our mury. therefcrs. Ins to jgav
pounds and 7 ounces. Including IS pounds
7 ounces of tho high explosive, struck
the center of the target with a velocity
of 1800 feet per second, corresponding to
a range of 4400 yards. The striking en
ergy was 22.500 foot tons.
"This shot penetrated the plate and was
exploded Just In the rear. The backing,
the skin plates, frames and cofferdam
plates were completely demolished in the
line of this impact. The crater formed
in the sand butt in the rear of the struc
ture measured 15 feet by G4 feet.
"Pieces of the plate and projectile
passed through the structure, through
the butt, and were recovered at distances
of 150 and 200 feet in the rear of the butt.
The rivets in the top plate were sheared.
the side plates of the cofferdam were
buckled about three inches, and the plato
was forced back bodily about three
fourths of an Inch.
"It is evident that had this shot struck
a battleship, it would have wrought se
rious damage to the vessel.
Tears Steel Plates tovBlts.
"The next shot, weighing 1005 pounds
and including 23 pounds of high explo
sive, struck tho right center of the plato
with a velocity of 1804 feet per second,
corresponding to a range of . 4400 yards.
The striking energy was 22.SM foot tons.
The shot detonated In the plate, complete
ly wrecking the right-hand portion and
demolishing the frames behind the armor
and the plates of the cofferdam. It Is
evident that had this shot struck a bat
tleshlp It would have wrought serious In
jury to the vessel.
"A 12-lnch armor-plerclng shell, weigh
ing 1045 pounds; Including CO pounds of
tho high explosive, struck the lower left
hand center of the plate with a velocity
of 273 feet per second, corresponding to
a range of 1SCO yards. The striking en
ergy was 31.100 foot tons.
"The shell penetrated and exploded In
the plate. As a result of this impact the
plate was to tally wrecked, and the back
ing, frames, beams and cofferdam plates
of tho structure were completely demol
lshed. An opening was made through
the plate four feet wide by eight feet
long.
"The lower left hand quarter of tho
armor plate was broken into six large
fragments and numerous email ones, the
largest being about 4H feet square, which,
with the backing and skin plates, was
torn loose from the structure and turned
inward, so that the left-hand edge of
this fragment was in the plane of the
original face of the plate.
"One large fragment, about two feet
by 24 feet by 11 inches, and weighing
about 2500 pounds, was hurled through
the target, through the butt and was
recovered 135 feet In the rear of the butt,
n umerous fragments of the plate and
projectile passed through the target struc
turo, through the butt, and were recovered
In the rear. The effect of this shot would
have resulted In serious Injury to a bat
tleshlp."
Another interesting test of dunnlte's
destructive powers when exploded In the
water was made at Sandy Hook.
A floating mass of woodwork, the size
of the side of a battleship at Its water-
line, was moored off shore. Submerged
In four feet of water and fixed about 50
feet from the floating structure, was a
1000-pound projectile containing 20 pounds
of, dunnite, .
When the testing committee hadyscat
tered to points of safety, an electric but
ton was pressed, those on shore felt the
ground tremble, while a column of water
shot up into the air 250 feet, non tno
target was again brought to shoro the
effect of tho explosion was plainly mani
fest and of such a nature that the de
ductions were readily drawn. No battle-
shin could have withstood that terrific
blow.
the dual role of protecting those posses
sions In time of need, and In time of
pence of silently signifying to the world
that such and such Is a part of the
United States and must be so considered
and respected.
"Now, nations are no rcspectors of na
tions unless the latter are prepared to
enforce respect. Therein lies the chief
value of a comprehensive naval force.
Give us fifty battleships, with an appro
priate complement of cruisers, torpedo
boats, and other auxiliaries, and the
chances of our being provoked to break
peace are one in a hundred.
"But." pursued the Admiral earnestly,
"It takes time to build battleships, and
when we need them for war we need
them badly. This was shown In the case
of Russia, What would Russia not have
given for the battleships of this squad
ron?" sweeping one hand toward the
monster steel fortresses aligned to the
north and south. "It was worth Is
worth almost Its weight in rubles to
her."
"But Russia must have considered her
self better prepared for war than events
have demonstrated?" was ventured.
"Nobody outside of Russia thought so."
declared Admiral Evans. "Nobody out
side of Russia expected any other end
ing to the battles of Port Arthur and the
Cor can Straits than the one recorded.
It was simply a case of one power being
fully prepared and the other poorly pre
pared for war."
"Do you agree with those who attrlbuto
the Japanese naval successes largely to
torpedoes and submarines?"
"No. sir," emphatically. "The Japanese
battleships and big guns have themselve
decided every naval engagement of the
war. But, to better answer the question,
how long do you suppose Togo would
have loafed outsldo of Port Arthur Bay
had there been no Russian battleships In
side? Or how long do you suppose tho
Russian ships would have been bottled
up had thero been simply torpedo-boats
and such dragon-files to reckon with In
stead of a blockading squadron of effi
cient battleships? Not long, we may be
sure.
"And yet," quickly added Admiral
Evans, "there Is no advantage In having
all the battleships In the world If the
men behind the guns are poor marksmen.
Russia has been supremely unfortunate
In not knowing how to Fhoot straight.
Japan, conversely, has been fortunate, but
she owes her good fortune noC to chance
nor to any superior Intelligence, but to
practice, unremitting, oftentimes raonot
onous. always careful and painstaking
target practlco in all sorts of seas and
weather.
"Those In the profession who are in
clined to the opinion that Admirals Alex
left and Rojestvensky would have fur
nished stubborn obstacles to Admiral
Togo had their gunners been better mas
tens of gunnery are perhaps right," be
lieved Admiral Evans. "Their respective
squadrons, plus good marksmanship, were
highly formidable weapons of war.
"As for torpedoes." he pursued. "It Is
Impossible to Inflict as much damage with
a torpedo as with a ten or twelve-Inch
projectllo launched from a battleship; and
for two reasons, one being tho greater
difficulty of reaching the mark with a
torpedo and the other being the greater
sheer, actual destruction wrought by the
projectile hurled from a ten or twelvo-
Inch cun.
"While also a torpedo may blow a hole
In the side of a battleship It has yet to
pwo Its power to sins one whenever It
attack made by the Japanese at Port
Arthur, an entire squadron of torpedo
boats having carefully chosen targets
only damaged three out of 17 vessels, and
the latter were ogam In action within
less than ten weeks."
"Do you see much of a future for sub
marines?"
Submarine warfare and wireless teleg
raphy are as yet In their rudimentary
stages, so far as navies ore concerned."
said Admiral Evans. "It would be pre
mature to venture any predictions aoout
either of them. But. In my opinion, the
submarine will always play second fiddle
to the battleship with her big guns In
concert.
'I hear many pleasant and Interest
ing prophecies made for wireless teleg
raphy In warfare, but while wireless
telegraphy Is not unknown to the Rus
sians and Japanese, we have not heard
of Its changing the complexion of any
engagement. Of course It will bo an ad
vantage for the commander of a squad
ron to know that reserve forces aro ap
proaching Just over the horizon, but as
yet the system is not sufficiently per
fected to make it absolutely reliable.
Then. In addition, the commander of a
squadron or vessel always makes It a
point to know Just where ho Is at with
regard to both friendly and hostile forces
before going Into action, so that beyond
Its convenience and chance assistance
wireless telegraphy In tho Navy has yet
to win its spurs as an Integer In time
of war."
But In case a hostile fleet approaches
a city like New York, witn notning do
tween the city and nn American squadron
on the outer lino of defense, would not
such a means of communication be Im-
mensly advantageous?"
"It might as a means of allaying pop
ular concern In the city. But, as a mat
ter of fact. It would be not only improba
ble but well-nigh Impossible for life and
property In New York to be Jeopardized by
an enemy at sea. We have -today a suf
ficient naval force to prevent any such
catastrophe. By. that I mean that no
hostile fleet could approach New York or
San Francisco or any Important Ameri
can seaboard city near enough to do any
effective bombarding. In such a crisis,
should It ever occur which-God forbid!
our battleships would be our bulwarks of
protection, with, of course, our second
line of defense mines, torpedoes, and
smaller craft and our third line forts
as able auxiliaries.
"Meanwhile the surest way to forestall
any such danger Is to build more Dig
Ehlps and mount them with big guns, just
as the British Admiralty Is doing, ac
cording to cable advices Justrecelved.
"As a means of properly policing tHe
seas and of deterring any foreign power
from rashly provoking us to war as. In
other words, an adequate patrol for the
Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Cuba,
Alaska and tho Panama Canal we can
hardly consider 50 battleships and a naval
force of from CO.000 to S0.000 men as an
excessive need. Such a sea power cannot
be Improvised," with emphasis, "It must
be built up plate by plate, ?un by gun,
ship by ship, man by man."
"Which Is advancing moro rapidly, de
fensive or offensive warfare?" was asked.
"Offensive." was his prompt reply.
"Forge, as we do. massive steel plate and
contrive, as we are contriving, appliance
after appliance tending to afford pro
tection, we arc not keeping step with the
advances made In improved projectiles and
powerful explosives. Nothlnk known to
man can, under ordinary circumstances,
withstand a giant projectile hurled, with
the tremendous force of which our big
guns are capable. Hence our need of more
big guns.
"Another thing we nerd." the Admiral
seriously added, "Is for Congress td take
some action with respect to naval anchor
ages. It Is not only disorganizing, but dis
graceful. tho way such a squaJron as
this is hampered as we were In. approach
ing our present anchorage. Every third
vessel ran afoul a cable, line or seine of
some sort In coining up the harbor and
river.' Adding Insult to injury, we are on
such occasions constantly subjected to
ferries and tugs dodging In and out be
tween the vessels In motion, not only
breaking the alignment, but seriously af
fecting discipline.
"Such a thing would be heavily punish
able In British waters, and unless some
thing is done to remedy the situation It
Is highly probable that American ships
of war will be ostracized from these wa
ters in time of peace."
Continuing. Admiral Evans believed that
the United States owed It to itself as an
international power to encourage the
training of 20.000 young men annually In
the naval service. He believed no school
comparable with the American' men-of-war
in teaching discipline, courage, patri
otism and self-control.
Having himself seen the United States
Navy progress from sails to steam and
Extraordinary Facts About Hot Weather
Msb Cbh Exist a Short Time at a Temperature of 280
Degree Fahrenheit.
T may be taken as a general rule that
human nature, especially In the Brit
ish Isles, thinks the thermometer has
gone quite high enough for It when it
reaches SO degrees Fahrenheit In the
shade, while It has on three occasions
exceeded , that figure this month.
Therefore, it Is quite Justifiable to look
upon a temperature of 90 degrees as
very hot. On August IS, 1S93, the shade
maximum In tho afternoon was 95.
This date. Indeed, says the London
Daily Mall, Taas been described as the
hottest day of the 19th century, but
the" day really entitled to this proud
position was July 2S, 1SS5, when 162
degroes Fahrenheit was registered In
the open air.
Thero are four other dates on which
tho next greatest amount of heat sti
fling, suffocating and more than suf
ficing has been registered In this
country. On July 7. 1SS6, 155 degrees
Fahrenheit was recorded, the previous
day's reading- having been 151.3: the
4th of the same month in the followlnj;
rear It was 151.7, and on August 14.
1876, 147 degrees was registered. These
facts and figures give some Idea of
what tho sun Is capable of. And of tnn
terrible force of solar heat the astrono
mers have given a wondering world as
good a notion as can be conveyed by
words.
For Instance, Sir Robert Ball, who Is
at once our greatest astronomer and the
most delightful of scientific lecturers,
has stated that If the earth were lik
ened to a grain of mustard seed the
sun by the same comparison would 'be
as large as a cocoantit, while the heat
ing power of a single square foot of
Its surface would be sufficient If placed
under the boilers of an Atlantic liner
to enable her to break the record In
crossing tho "herring pond " If th.
un's heat wfK maintained by earthly
means, In doing so -U the coal in ex
istence would be consumed In a tcntn
part of a second.
Another famous astronomer In his
day, the late Richard Anthony Proctor,
explained the total heat of the sun In
another way. According to him. It was
equal to tfiat which would result from
burning something like 12.000.000.030
'tons of coal per second, and Its heat
would be strong enough to melt not far
short of 3.000,030,000,000 tons of Ice in
an hour. But of' this almost unthinkable-
force of "heat the earth receives
but a smal proportion only about one
in 2.000,0)0,030 of solar rays.
That roan can exist under great heat
has often been manifested, altnough no
one has probably demonstrated It moro
clearly than did a Spaniard on June
26. 1S2S. In Paris an oven was heated to
over 2D0 degrees Fahrenheit, and the
man entered this Inferno. Where ne re
Jjm4i!neji for five minutes. Oil emerging-
i
MISS DOROTHY CLARK,
2130 Crenshaw St.,
CHICAGO.
LITTLE FRANCES MARIE KNOWLTON
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Is no waiting around for weeks and months to see results, either. Any druggist will refund the price if it does notacf
complish every result we claim. NOW at all druggists in three sizes, 25 cents, 50 cents and $1 .00 per bottle.
fTflfrf? To snow how quickly Dandarlnaacts wo will send & large sample free by return mall to anyone who tends this adTOrtlscmenl to'.tfea
r llkla Knowlton Danderine Co., Chicago, with tbolrnamo and address d 10 ceatsln ellrcr or stamps to pay pottage. t,
FOR S-LE AND GUARANTEED BT WOODARD, CLARKE & CO VIP ANY.
from oak to steel, having seen Its guns
evolve from crude muzzle-loaders to the
present mighty agenti of destruction with
which the' Maine and her seven compan
ion vessels aro equipped. It was with
knowledge bred of experience that the
bronzed veteran, crippled In the bom
bardment of Fort Fisher, and with one
shoulder crushed by a falling armored
hatch, recommended the floating fortress
as an Ideal American college.
Study the Maine by the following cata
logue, such as Admiral Evans has on the
tip of his tongue, and then remember that
the United States has built and la build
ing 26 first, second and third-class bat
tleships li of the first class being now In
commission as compared with 37 first
class battleships sailing the French flag,
35 sailing the German, and 63 the Union.
Jack, and a clearer realization of the ele
mental strength of a first-class 20th cen
tury navy may be. reached:
First Its giant steel turrets from which
protrude four 12-lnch guns, fore and aft,
weighing together nearly 600 tons, and
easily pivoted by electricity In 45 seconds,
the guns being loaded and fired twice a
minute.
Second The amazing powes. and preci
sion of such an agile monster carrying
3000 tons of steel armor plate, SO engines
and pumps. 200 dynamos and motors, S00
miles of wire, leagues of piping and tub
ing, two dozen boilers. 14 six-Inch broad
side batteries, rapld-flre guns, racked tor
pedoes ready for launching, safety net
ting, tons of explosives, thousands of pro
jectiles, wireless telegraph apparatus, and
a seeming chaos of signals fluttering by
day and a tinkling by night from bridge
to rigging. Add them up. Thirteen thou
sand tons of battle panoply, representing
an Investment of J7.00O.00O and employ
ment for 700 men, meaning that nearly
5SO.O0O.O0O In naval vehicles has recently
been on parade In metropolitan waters.
his pulse was found to be beating 200
times In 60 seconds, but a few minutes
later he seemed none the worse for
his experiment.
This wa3 an extreme case, for a heat
of 160 to 183 degrees Fahrenheit would
appear to be the utmost that man can
remain In for any length of time. In
this respect tho men who work In the
Comstock silver mines In Nevada the
hottest mines In the world are to be
pitied. The shafts and galleries of these
mines are over 250 miles In length, aro
more than 3900 feet deep, and at the
2700-foot level tho temperature of the
water is 153 degrees Fahrenheit and tho
air 126' degrees. In another shaft tho
temperature rises to 170 degrees, and It
Is only possible for men to work In It
for ten or 15 minutes at a stretch.
There are other parts of the world, too,
where the heat, even In the open air, is
icmoie. or instance, on tne deck of a
Persian Gulf steamer 120 decrees Fahren
heit has been recorded In the morning.
while on the shore, at Muscat, a black
bulb solar thermometer In the sun has
registered 1S7 degrees. Great Britain has
once or twice approached this high record.
The heat of the Summer of 1S2S was so
great that In some localities wheat and
barley had to bo pulled up by hand, being
too short In the stalk to cut in the usual
manner. The -postures were so burnt up
that cattle had to be fed on sprouts of
gorse, streams dried up, and It was ycara
later before many of them 'got their fish
again."
In 1S51 a dlsastrdus heat wave was ex
perienced In different parts of Europe. In
Hyde Park the shade reading varied, from
CO to 94 degrees: In Paris during" a review
scores of 'soldiers fell victims to sun
stroke, while In Aldershot men dropped
dead at drill. Two years later New York
spent a week In dreadful heat: the city
seemed as If It were on fire. -214 people
being killed by sunstroke. - Another great
heat experience fell to the lot of the
United States In July. 1S76. especially In
the Middle and Southern States. In "Wash
Ington the heat was so Intense that a
prominent official declared the car rails
became so -expanded by the action of the
sun as to rise up In curved lines, drawing
the bolts. In 1SS1 again our Yankee cous
ins were stewing In the atmosphere of
105 degrees in the shade, and In the same
year 101 degress was reached In Eng
land. And In times, long gone by people
grumbled at and enjoyed heat waves In
much the same way a. we do. That
they had some scorching seasons a dip
Into tho records amply testifies.
For example. In 1S09 so fearfully hot was
It In Spain that the streets of Madrid and
other cities were deserted, while laborers
expired In the fields and the vines were
scorched and spoiled. The Summer of 1772
was a dreadful one In New York, and It
Is related that the principal thoroughfares
were battlefields in miniature; people wens
struck down by the score, no fewer than
Danderine
GREW THIS HAIR
AND WE CAN
PROVE IT.
Ruto fret Ki mart QUICK and PERMANENT.
930 Garflold Boulcrard, Chicago, IIL
Ap 4 Years.
following year in France the thermom
eter rose to US degrees Fahrenheit.
France also experienced two periods of
great heat In 1703 and 171S. In the former
year It was described as being "equal to
that of a glass furnace." Meat could be
prepared for the table merely by exposing
It to the rays of the sun, and between
noon and 4 o'clock In the afternoon It
was certain death to venture out of
doors. In the latter year it was so hot
that many shops had to close and the
theaters -did not open for three months,
while not a drop of rain fell during
doublo that period. Going back many cen
turies, one comes across years when groat
heat was experienced. In 1132 the Rhine
dried up. as it was partially, together
with the Danube. In 1303: and that It was
more than warm In the Summer of 1152 Is
Indicated by the statement that; during
that season eggs were cooked merely by
being placed In the sand.
MALE FISH ASA "MOTHER"
How the Bass Looks After the Eggs
and the Young.
Evening "Wisconsin.
"The female fish has no maternal In
stincts whatever," said. J. Nevln, of Mad
ison, superintendent of the state fish
hatcheries. "In fact, the fish Is the most
inhuman creature In existence that Is. of
the animals which have any degree of In
telligence at all
Perhaps It Is well that It Is so. for If
The Singer Sewing Machine Company
Extends to you a cordial invitation to
visit its Pavilion
IN THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING
at the
Lewis and ClarR Exposition
PORTLAND, OREGON
Tkis Pavilion will contain machines for every Etching process used
in the family and in manufactures, some of which muitbe of interest
to you. Many of these machines will be running and all will be
capable of operation
- Samples -of their work will be given to those interested
also
Free Souvenir Views of
Pacific Coast Scenery
There are Five Sets, each comprising Ten Views
IN AN ENVELOPE READY FOR MAILING
He Is cajled gr
knife. Call and ns
Ll-J-rS!? "SI
private and blood diseases, cancer, paralysis, tumors, rheumatism J"d all
disorders of the stomach, liver and kidneys. He has had great .success i in
curing consumption when the victim Is not too much run down by the dis
ease, and will stop hemorrhages In an Incredibly short time. He brews his
own medicines from Chinese roots, herbs, buds, barks and vegetable teas,
all of which are entirely harmless, and whose medicinal properties are un
known to American doctors. He uses In his practice over aOO different
Oriental remedies. Hundreds of testimonials from grateful patients.
DR.WIMG LEE
tt ts-ohtit vot'llTH STllEET POIITI.AXD, OREGON
MISS LUCY MAY,
5036 Forestrlllo Are.,
CHICAGO. -C
the parent fish took care of their young
as other cratures do, the waters of the
earth would be filled with them in a very
short time. Under natural conditions not
one egg In a million ever becomes a fish a
year old. As an example I have seen fe
male brook trout go up Into the spawning
places and spawn their eggs and then turn
around and deliberately cat them.
"For the past few years I have been
much Interested In experimenting with
bass and studying their ways. Here the
male parent has some maternal Instincts,
apparently. He builds the 'nest' for the
female, some little pocket with a gravel
bottom protected from the strong current,
but with plenty of fresh water, and then
hugs or pushes the female Into It. The
eggs are spawned by the female, who
swims away and leaves them to their fate.
The male fertilizes the eggs and then for
a few days watches over them, 'fanning
them occasionally to Insure a circulation
of fresh water and keeping oft other fish
who would devour the eggs. The male
fish have been known to follow the little
fry for several days, protecting them un
til they were able to care for themselves.
"I have seen a pchool of, say 1500 bass
fry devoured In five minutes by a few
sun bass or perch minnows. Under tho
care of the fish hatcheries from 60 to 93
per cent of the eggs become fish fry. How
many of the fry live to be a year old
or so after they are planted In tho
streams It Is very hard to determine.
"Always tired" describes a dangerous
condition. Hood's Sarsaparilla will give.
you strength.
DR. WING LEE
THE GREAT
CHINESE DOCTOR
LOCATED IN PORTLAND SINCE 1880
i ptirps all diseases without resorting to the
minntinn w uHli tf vou the exact nature
rllv everv form of female complaint, all