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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (June 14, 1903)
k MOST SeiEMTIFie PHUSICAL eULTUKE ' -: FIGURE I THE FIRST HOLD IX CUMBERLAND. FIGURE II THE BACK HEEL. FIGURE III THE FLYING MARE. FIGURE IV-THE HIFE. 1 . . . . HYSICAL culture in its most scien tific form is found in that style o wrestling known as Cumberland and Northumberland. This is due to the fact thata fall In Cumberland and Northumberland must be sained from one hold, which must be kept under all circumstances until the bout ends. In view of this distinctive feature of Cumberland and Northumber land, it can easily be realized that every bit of physical and mental Ingenuity pos sible on the part of the contestants must be brought into play both In offensive and defensive work. This one hold bars all ground wrestling; every fall must be made from the feet. As a result, the agility demanded is even greater than In energetic catch-as-catch-.can. Indeed, such activity on the feet is RUSSIA'S GREAT T. PETERSBURG. May h. (Special Correspondence.) I have had an In terview here with the greatest man in Russia if not the greatest man on earth. His name Is Sergius Wltte. "Be is the right hand of the Czar, and the business mana ger of the great Russian empire. He han 1 dies all told in the neighborhood of a bll 'llon dollars a year, taking it In from a thousand sources and distributing it with 'an even hand to the necessities of Russia 'in Europe and Asia. t He is ono of the world's greatest bank lers, being at the head of the treasury of Russia and of the vast government bank ling system whose capital runs into the hundreds of millions. He is one of the world's great railroad men, having an enormous network of state lines In Russia, 'in Central Asia and Siberia the longest line In the world. From the Czar's crown estates he collects about $40,000,000 a year, land from the debts owing him gets a 'revenue of $16,000,000. He handles the i mines belonging to the crown and drags tiorth gold and silver, iron and coal In the j tens of millions from the bowels of the earth. He is in charge of the tax system land the customs duties and he is a mighty 'manufacturer. Stranger than all he is the ! greatest saloonist of the- world. He does lan alcohol business which dwarfs that of i the American, whisky trust, making and 'selling, as a government proposition, ev Jery ounce of alcohol consumed by more Hhan 100,000,000 people. A Self-Madc Man. All this "Wltte does ably, honestly and Jior his master, tho Czar. He has acquired Oils prominence by his own work, and is what would be called in America a self (snade man. He camo from the southern "part of the empire, born of parents com paratively poor. He had a fair education and began life as a clerk in a railroad office. This was at Odessa, on the Black Sea. He did his work well and rose to be manager. Then he was advanced 4o another road, which ran from Odessa .to Moscow and managed that. His abil ity here was such that he was recom mended again and again to the govern ment, and finally became a government director of railroads. He revised the rail road tariff, reorganized the routes, rebuilt many of the lines and showed himself to bo the ablest railway man of the em pire. He was then put In charge of the "board of public works and railways, the position now held by Prince Hllkoff, and a little later on was made minister of finances or by far the most important officer in the cabinet of the Czar. This was 11 years ago, and since then "Wltte has almost revolutionized the finan cial condition of Russia. He has pushed its trade into all parts of Asia, and has reorganized the business at home. He has completed the Trans-Siberian road, has extended the roads in Turklstan, has put Russia on a gold standard and has filled the treasury, without oppressing the peo ple. He is today full of new ideas for the Improvement of the empire, and he is slowly but surely bettering the coun try In commerce and industry along the llnes'of modem development. Hotv Scrplun "Wltte Looks. It was through the American Ambassa dor to St. Petersburg that I got access to Mr. Wltto. He received me, in the finance department, a great brown build ing not far from the Nevskl on Molka street. He Is a busy man, and 4 o'clock had been fixed for the appointment. At five minutes before that hour I stepped from my droschky and was ad mitted to the department by two stern looking Russians, long-haired and long "bearded, wearing top boots and liveried coats, which fell almost to the instep. One of them helped me oft with my over coat, the other took my hat and um brella, and both directed me to the top floor. Thero was no elevator, and I walked, hearing an electric bell ringing, announcing, as I supposed, my approach. On the third floor I found more flunkies, in livery, and also a bright young official in uniform, who spoke English fluently. required. In order to avoid tripping, that the wrestlers must dance around contin ually. As a test of alertness, endurance and powers of breathing, Cumberland and Northumberland Is In the first class. Br reason of the one hold that Is fair In this style of wrestling all tendency to violence Is practically eliminated. There Is no danger from hammer locks or stran gle holds. The only care necessary is to see to it that the fall, which is from a height, is not too hard. A little experi ence will show the wrestlers how this can be worked without disturbing or altering either position. The tall man should be especially adept at Cumberland and Northumberland, and for men of this class it is an exhilarating exercise. Toung, overgrown boys, how ever, should be wary of it for they are although he was a Russian. He told me that the Minister was expecting me, and a moment later opened the door of his ftxcellenev's office and asked m to enter. !' 1 did so and was in the presence of the Russian Secretary of the Treasury. Mr. "Wltte rose, came toward me and held out his hand. He made me wel come and gave me a seat near his desk and then sat down himself and talked with me through an Interpreter in re sponse to my questions. I had a good chance to study him during the interview. He is very impressive, but simple and unostentatious. He talks quietly, does not get excited and apparently has him self well-In check. He is a big man. He stands six feet one In his stockings, and bis frame is strong-limbed and muscular. His forehead is very high and full, with brown hair rising from It and combed straight back without a part. He has a rich brown beard and brown eyes rather thoughtful than otherwise. He was dressed in a morning suit at the time, but In asking for his signature on a pho tograph he wrote It on one representing him in his -court dress, which is covered with medals and gold lace. He smoked a cigarette as he talked, and I noticed beside his chair a tea table with a glass of tea with a lemon floating upon it, such as the Russians drink every where. The American Invnnlon. My first question was as to the Ameri can Invasion. I wanted to know some thing as to the chances 'for American capital and American goods in the land of the Czar. His excellency said: "lncre are plenty of openings here for j foreign capital in the way of manufac- ; tures. "We already have some American factories, and others could be introduced at a profit. Russia Is on the edge of its development. "We have a vast number of people and a very large country, and the ; growth must continue for a long time to t come. As to the profits, they will depend largely on the management of the bus!- ness. Russia Is glad to welcome foreign j capital, and to do anything that will j materially improve the condition of the j country." ; "Is capital safe In Russia?" I asked. I "It is as safe here is anywhere,1' said Mr. Witte. "The only questions are those ' of management and business ability." ', "How about American trade with Rus- . sia can it not be increased?" I "Tlu is a difficult question." replied the ' Minister of Finance. "Russia and the : United State are much of the same char- J acter. "We both have an abundance of raw material, such as grain, lumber and I minerals. "We have petroleum, and so have you. e result Is you do not need what we have to sell, and there is not tnat mutual exchange of commodities that forms the basis of profitable commerce, Nevertheless many of your manufactures are in demand here. This Is especially so with your farming and other machinery." The Tar in-. "How about the tariff which you have recently put on American goods? Will it . . ..... affect our trade to any great extent? "That tariff was one of the necessities ot the time." repueo Mr. witte. "it re- lates only to certain classes of American goods and does not touch others. It will probably lessen the Importation of some things, but other branches of the trade will continue to prosper. It was a business necessity." The Rnsslans Like Us. "What is the feeling in Russia toward the United States?' Politically It Is tho best possible. The two trovernraents are on the friendliest terms, commercially our reiauons may be somewhat strained, but that Is the out come of conditions which. Russia could not control." "What is Russia doing in Manchuria, Tour Excellency?" said I. "It is charged that you are colonizing the country and intend to hold It." "That Is not true," replied the Minister of Finance. ""We are doing nothing of the kind, and it is the intention of the .Rus sian government to refrain from extend ing Its -rule in that direction. "We have a dozen times asserted that we will give the THE SUNDAY 0KEG0NIA2J, POETLAKD. JUNE 14, 1903. liable to Injure their arms and legs, which are weak by-reason of their owners' too quick springing up. Cumberland and Northumberland gets its name from the two countries in Eng land where it originated and is mast pop ular. Since the days of knighthood, wrestling tournaments have been held yearly at big fairs lasting several days in these counties. 'The champions of the different towns take part, and each wrestler is urged on to victory by his partisans, who bet on their favorite as an American on his horse, or a college boy on his alma, mater's football team. This form of wrestling Is little known In this country. It Is practiced only by the professionals or those Englishmen who have come here from the bout's home. The hqld is described below, with three movements that are used In every bout. BUSINESS SBKGllS WITTE, THE I government over to the Chinese Just as j soon as we possibly can. and this we ex pect ,to do. The Fntarc of R nun In- "Your Excellency Is considered the most advanced statesman in Russia. It is gen- ! erally conceded that within the past ten ears you have done more than any other I man for your country and people along , Droad poliUcai llnes. j vmU 1Ike to ask ; you what you hope for the Russia of the future." "The future."' replied Mr. "Witte, after thinking a moment, "the future is in the hands of God and destiny. What it will be I do not venture to predict, but If we may Judge what is to come by the past, this country will one day be the great country of the world. This empire Is an autocratic one, and its condition largely depends on the individuality of its rulers. If those to come-are to possess the great ability of j those we have had since the time of Peter ! he Great I have no fear of the Russia of the future.' Before leaving I asked Mr. "Wltte to give me a message for the American people. He replied: "You may say that Russia Is a friend of the United States. She has always been bo and she Is more so today than ever. She considers the United States one of her best friends among the nations. She re joices In America's prosperity and hopes that the friendly relations which now ob tain will be perpetual." . During my stay In the Finance Depart ment, at the direction of Mr. Witte. I was given information concerning the Russian Others can be easily studied out and will occur to the wrestlers as they strive to gether. Flmt Hold In Cumberland. Each wrestler places the left arm over the others rlrht shoulder, and the right arm underneath the left shoulder. Inter locking the hands. To start with, the chin is placed on the opponent's left shoul der, in order to prevent butting or push ing with the head at the beginning. (Fig ure 1.) The bodies should be separated as far as possible, so that danger from trip ping or other sorts of leg wrestling will be lessened. As in all kinds of wrestling, have the feet spread sufficiently to insure a firm basis. This is the only hold In Cumberland, and it must not be changed at any period of the bout. It is permissible to Imprison an arm of the opponent by slipping one of your arms over it, or to turn back to back, or to get you opponent on your MANAGER 1UGUT HAM) OK THE CZAR." government as a liquor dealer. The move ment was originated by Alexander III. It was introduced In several provinces by Mr. Witte on the 1st of January, 1S95, and it has now been extended to almost the whole of Russia in Europe. The govern ment has taken entire charge of the man ufacture and sale of all alcoholic liquors. It has its liquor ehops in every city and village, and it Is against the law for any private person to make or sell vodka, as the Russian whisky is called. This work was begun to protect the peo ple from the liquor dealers and to Improve their conditions generally. In the past there were grog shops scattered over the empire, many of them operated by un scrupulous people, who sold drinks on credit and finally got away the lands and most;of the property In their neighbor hood. The business was enormously profitable. Many Russians had grown rich from it They were not only robbing the people, but they were selling them bad vodka when Mr. Wltte issued his decree that It must be stopped, and that after a time the government would manage the busi ness itself. Of course there was a great outcry. Had there been a Congress, or any purchasable commodity, the order would have probably been remanded, but the government here Is supreme, and the liquor dealers went out of business. Government Li on or Factories. Since then great factories have been es tablished to make the vodka, and the gov ernment manufactures its own bottles and corks. It supplies a better liquor than (back, etc, so long as the same hold is kept. But the moment the first hold in Cumberland Is changed the bout must, be gin all over again. " Professionally, chang ing the hold Is a foul. The Back Heel. One of the hundred or more distinct movements in Cumberland is the Back Heel. To secure It much sparring and working of arms Is necessary. In order to . get the opponent close enough. When this ! Is accomplished squeeze In the opponent's ! back toward your abdomen by slipping an ' arm down his back as far as possible. At the same time trip with a heel thrown back, at the oaponent's closer foot, bend forward at the waist, and press on his chest with your head. (Figure 2.) If this movement is correctly done, the opponent must fall straight on both shoulders, and you will fall with and land on top of him, as a matter of course. In falling, the grip must not be changed SERGIUS WITTE WHO HAS CHARGE OF AND HANDLES A BILLION was sold In the past and at a ilower rate, and at the same time makes an enormous profit for the Czar. In 1901 the receipts frdm this source amounted to JSI.000,000. In 1902 "they were more than $231,000,000, and this year. It Is estimated, they will be over a quarter of a billion dollars. They will be more than the estimated cost of the Army and Navy and ten times as great as the cost of all the prisons and all the courts. If the per centage of Increase keeps up as it has been doing they will In time largely sup port the government. There is some talk of extending the monopoly to tea. which Is universally drunk In Russia, and If so the Czar will have money to burn. I went Into one of the government sa loons the other day and bought a bottle of brandy. Just to tell you how It Is 30ld. The saloon was not far from the Ameri can Consulate. I saw the sign No. 6 over It, with Russian characters below It, and I pushed the double doora open and en tered a room which looked much like a mixture of bank and drug store. There was a network In front of the counter, and on the shelves at the back were bottles of different sizes, from little ones as big as a wineglass to some holding half a gallon. The bottles were round and white, and they seemed to 'be filled with water. They really contained vodka, or Russian whisky, which is as clear as crystal. Behind the counter stood a nicely dressed Russian woman, dealing with her customers through a window In the wire network like the teller of a bank. No liquor Is allowed to be drunk on the SPOKANE, Wash., June 8. (To the Editor.) The anniversary of June 15, "Oregon Pioneer Day," Is at hand, and grateful memories steal Into our con sciousness as we contemplate the deeds of the noble pioneers of the great Northwest, from Lewis and Clark down to the days when the steam whistle waked the echoes in the Rocky Mountains. Those Intrepid spirits redeemed this vast region from primitive conditions and Isolation, and gave it in triumph to civilization. Some pessimist will assert that the pioneers came for their own profit, but the results to humanity prove that it was a "divine leading on," for without superhuman courage those weary portages of Lewis and Clark could never have been accom plished, and it is almost incredible that delicate women and little children braved the perils and survived the hardships of tho long Journey across the plains and over the mountains. Settlers are trooping into this favored region, but these who come West now, seeking fortune or a competence, find the path strewn with roses compared with the pioneer's Journey, and instead of In dian guides the locomotive pilots them on their way, leaving blizzards behind, and Instead of IS months of weary wan dering, three days' traveling and of feast ing their eyes in wonder upon the vast slopes and valleys and mountains of an unparalleled region brings them to the rich ore bfds, the fertile valleys, great water power and magnificent forests of the Pacific Northwest. Many who have, for the first time, turned their attention to this part of tho states, have perhaps never heard of the bravo pioneers, and It Is profitable that those who are recently seeking homes In this delightful land should pause and give a thought to the sturdy band headed by Lewis and Clark. The pioneers of this vast region were a God-loving and liberty-loving people, and so erected the church and schoolhouse side by side, and from the footprints of Lewis and Clark civilization properly be gins, for the policy of peace pursued by the pioneers in dealing with the Indians now prevails, though many who. caiae after Lewis and Clark, abused the confi dence which the pioneers Inspired, and HPT TfT T""i TLJHPC fT!? T-)T X i m it i t- r Former Portland "Woman Writes "With i OVjULrrl 1 O VJJP IrlUlNJDllK DAY En&uriaim Concerning Empire BvMcA FORM OE WRESTLING KNOWN AS CUMBER LAND AND NORTHUMBERLAND or broken. It must be kept until the bout is declared at an end. The Flying Mare or Cross Bnttocka. To accomplish this picturesque and effective movement, slip around the op ponent by turning your back to him and getting his head in your arm. Both by pulling down hard and rising up your hips, lift the opponent off the floor, and heave him (Figure 3) over your bended back to the floor again. This time he will be on his shoulders Instead of his feet. The opponent defends himself by pulling upward and backward, thereby trying to keep you from bending and. throwing him headlong. The HIpe. This is conceded to be the most scientific movement In all wrestling. To execute It properly takes years of practice. The movement Is also remarkable for the reason that he who appears at a dis premises. There were no chairs nor lounging places, and one Is expected to leave as soon as he makes his purchase. I asked as to prices, and was told that the smallest bottle cost 3 cents, but that a cent would be paid back on the return of the bottle. Bach bottle was tightly corked and waxed with a government stamp. The ordinary peasant buys a bottle, takes it outside and gulps down the con tents. He then returns the bottle and gets his rebato of 2 kopecks, or 1 cent. I bought a 12-cent bottle, and for that sum I got almost a tumblerful of vodka. I have not opened It yet. Russian Brandy Drinkers. The Russians are great brandy drink ers, for after all vodka is a species of brandy. Drinking Is common all over the empire, and I see many drunken men. I do not know that they are as bad as the English In this respect, but they certainly drink more than the Americans. The abovs figures are the profits of the busi ness, and they give a small Idea of the enormous consumption, which will prob ably increase as the people grow richer. The English are the greatest drinkers on earth. They have more than a billion dollars invested In breweries and distil leries, and their annual consumption of liquors costs more than 520 for every man, woman and child In their country. Next to them come the Germans, and at the bottom of the great nations come the Americans. Nevertheless, our drink bill Is a big one. "We produce from 100,000,000 to 130.000,000 gallons of distilled spirits every year, and we count our beer by the mil armies have marched and fought where churches now rear their spires. Our young men and women have every facility for a most thorough edu cation. There Is enterprise and energy and industry where 60 years ago the plow share had not disturbed the soil, and beau tiful homes and magnificent business blocks poke their roofs where then the lumberman's ax had not scarred a tree, and where the Indian roved. There is superb citizenship, for from "the states" came the children of pioneers who but a generation before founded great common wealths, men and women who by inher itance and training possessed the mental, moral and physical endowments that could endure the vicissitudes of a new country and blossom Into the highest type of humanity. We are proud to say that many of our most prosperous, highly cultured and broad-minded settlers are pioneers, and children of pioneers. But there are good grounds for the as sertion that the masses are Just beginning to realize the vast possibilities for suc cessful business and home building In the Northwest. The wealth-producing power of the Individual Is unparalleled. But the world 'Is beginning to know of this glo rious heritage, and the drought In Austra lia has forced, the inhabitants of that dis tant country to look to the Pacific States for flour. What changes since the pioneers built their log homes and tramped out their first wheat crop with oxen! Those who come now find other changes beside turn ing wild land Into prosperous villages, and wheat fields and blossoming orchards and great cities, for we have a dally mail service, where In pioneer days it took 18 months to get a letter from the dear one "back In the States." though now we find ourselves very much annoyed If the mall Is one-half hour delayed or '.'central" re plies to our call "Line is busy." Nowhere is opportunity so boundless, where fabulous destinies and fortunes can spring from humble beginnings. Oppor tunity is master of human destinies, and the pioneers hewed the pathway by which young men and women would leave the sleepy old villages where splendid raw material goes to waste, and thousands of them have made far more of themselves than It was possible for them to achieve bad not this opportunity been vouchsafed to them by the true pioneers. This Is no tradition; so all honor to the sturdy pioneers who braved the unknown dan gers and hardships and raade it possible for the present sen rati on to coxae in and possess this favored land; And how let 83. advantage really has a great advantage, It is necessary for the wrestlers to face each' other in trying for the Hlpe, whici is executed as follows: Slide your arms well down over the op ponent until your hands are at the small of his back. Then bend backward, and, as you do so, lift the opponent clear of the ground. At the same time lift the oppo nent's left foot high oft the floor on your right and throw him down sidewise. (Fig ure 4). As soon as he Is entirely clear of the ground, he is at your mercy. Or, lift up the opponent's right leg on your left, or both his feet on either yqur right or left foot. The grapevine, which will he described In Cornish wrestling, is permissible In Cumberland and Northumberland. Other movements are the outside and Inside click-tripping by placing the heel on the Inside and outside of .the leg. ANTHONY BARKER. (Copyright.) THE CZAR'S FINANCES A YEAR lions of barrels. Every one knows that the business is a most profitable one, and were It not for licensing an evil and the creation of an enormous government serv ice we might copy Russia and cut down our taxes at least one-half. Russian Taxes. The Russian government, however, is like no other on earth. It Talses its reve nues In all sorts of ways. It has both di rect and Indirect taxes and government monopolies. It has heavy customs duties which bring in something like 5100.000.009 a year. There is a tax on matches which pro duces more than $15,000,000, and one on sugar which Is expected to yield $38,000. 0C0 in 1903. Than there- are stamp duties and inheritance taxes. If you transfer a piece of real estate 4 per cent of the value of the property goes to the government, and If you do any banking you must' use gov ernment stamps. The taxes are different in different parts of the empire. There is a wagon tax, a tax levied on the natives, of the Caucasus Mountains by which they are freed from military service, and a tax on cattle owned by the Tartars, who live in tents. The taxes on real estate are com paratively light and the customs duties comparatively heavy- There are a large number of licenses, and also certain taxes on Incomes and on Industrial establish ments. A large part of the revenue, how ever, comes from the government monopo lies, the Czar being the greatest land own er and the greatest capitalist of the world. FRANK G. CARPENTER. (Copyright. 1803.) the whole population greet the pioneers on "Pioneer Day" with royal hospital ity, and help to shed a rosy glow over the crown of their sunset splendor, and thrill their hearts with gladness. FRANCES MORELAND HARVEY. JEWEL "BEAUTY BONO'S" DON'T wear Jewels without first making a study of your style and coloring. Don't wear too many diamonds. They detract from the brilliancy of eyes and teeth. If eyes are dull, they will appear more so by putting sparkling gema near them. Don't wear rubies, emeralds and sap phires with any shades of red. They are not for the maid or matron with Tltlan hued tresses, or with hair that is frankly red. Don't be afraid of pearls. Of all pre cious stones they are the best to soften the face. Another equally becoming sfone is the opaL Unfortunately "pearls are tears," and opals are bad luck to those of superstitious minds. Don't despise coral, if you are a bru nette. It Is the stone which most be comes you. Don't wear zings recklessly. Many c none is the rule. An exquisite hand re quires no Jewels, but the charm of one less perfect in shape is enhanced by a blaze of gems. Don't wear a broad gold band. A nar row one Is much more becoming to the hand. The present fashion in wedding rings demands, a slender circlet. Don't wear bracelets unless you have the knack of turning the wrist to display the Jeweled shackle to advantage. Don't wear a necklace if you have a beautiful neck. The lovely line from toe nape of the neck is broken and Its value lessened by a necklace. Don't wear a string of pearls unless the neck Is white. One less clear In coler may have rubies or sapphires as the most becoming stones. Don't wear a broad band one of seven strings of pearls, for example unless you have a swan throat. Don't wear earrings unless the ear is -a dainty seashell. Then, If wisely chosen, the rings emphasize the best points in hair, features and complexion, aad lead light and color to the face Don't wear a long or pendant earring-, If the neck, is long. This style is fee tke woman with a short neck. I