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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (June 1, 1879)
June, 1879. THE WEST SHORE. '83 GRINDSTONES. What cn disable machine -shop man iTcctually than to destroy the griiulttoM I 1' n less the Iom were supplied by the modem sub titute, the emery grinder, to deetroy the grind atone would be to wreck the tbop. A thorough tody of the labject will develop more require ment than many think, and mnoh ingenuity or kill in designing might be displayed in working out the problem. It should be itrong, simple and clean; the trough expanded to catch as much as possible of the drip water and grit; a movable shield securely hinged to keep the water from splashing, and yet permit the atone to be used from either aide; rests provided upon which to rest tools and the rod for turning the tone, theae rests being arranged to move to ward the center aa the atone wears smaller. The bearing should be generoua in aiae, proper provisions being made for oiling without wash ing the grit into the bearinga with the oil, and the ends of the bearinga using protected by some devioe whioh effectually prevent the entrance of the grit The atone ahould be aecured to the shaft by nuts and washers, and the washers Hied so that they can not turn with the nut a they are screwed up or un screwed. In hanging the (tone, great care should be taken to hang it true aidawiae, not only for convenience in uaing, but because a tone that is not true (idewiae can never be kept true edgewise. Suppose a atone to run one-fourth of an inoh out of true eidewiae, and while in motion draw a line around it within three-eighths of an inch from the edge, on an average. From tins line there would lie but one-fourth of an inoh of tone on one aide and one-half on the other. It you had a atone only this in thickneaa that is, (tone one-fourth of an inoh thick on one id and one-half of an inoh thick on the other would not the one-fourth-inch aide wear away faater than the other t That is oxaotly what It doe on that aide of the thick atone, only the thicker the (tone and the lea it i out of truth the lea it wears. Lubricants. The evils attending the use of on ana lata a lubricants upon machinery are well known to engineer and mechanics, but the causes and nature of their injurious action are not o generally understood. W give, there fore, a brief but very lucid explanation of their action whioh we find credited to Dr. Marquardt, by our contemporary, the Boaton Journal 0 I hemiitry. The moat obvious and least objec tionable evil attending their use is the gradual oxidation (or gumming) which they undergo, end in oonaeqaenoe of which their lubricating qualitieo rapidly diminish. A more objection able property of thee substances how itaelf w hen they are applied to such parte of machin ery aa are more or let highly heated. In noh circumstance, the aubatanoe are decomposed into their constituent, glycerin and fatty acids. The latter combine with the iron work of ma chinery to form an iron aoap, the metal surfaces Iwing corroded thereby and fresh surfaces x iod to corrosion. Marquardt recommend th substitution of the mineral oil (heavy petro leum products that boil above 600 F.) for aoi mal oils and faU as the remedy. Tmi Iufortaxcr or Saritart Esoiiiirriru. Frof. Trowbridge, of the School of Mine, la I recent lector before the Engineering Society, advised young engineer to giv their attention to sanitary engineering, and resniaded them that a problem worthy of the olueiet obeerra tioa was the exeaaaiv cost of railroad traa por talloa. The problem thai now prism! epos them, said he, was of a social nature how to prevent die, and how to elevate the poorer class. No doubt there would be a future ia whioh tha engineer, the capitalist sad la slates saaa would laite for the promotwsi of human welfare. Tui Si Oothara taaael will be the sod of N or em ber . Thr New KDnYirrom Ijuiithourr. Th tower of the famous Kddystone lighthouse is now in a fair state of efficiency, but the gneiss rook on whioh it stands has' been seriously shaken by the incessant aea strokes on th tower, and the rock ia considerably undeimined at ita baa. It has, therefore, been determined to erect a new tower 00 a spot which affords a good foundation near low water level, at almut 127 feet distant from the present site. The focal plane of the present lighthouse i at an elevation of 72 feet above high water; that of the new building will be ISO feet. The actual useful range of the light, which is unw about M nautical miles, will thus be extended to 171 mile. Th new tower will be constructed entirely of irranito. The Itiuht will lie LIS 1... 1 above the rock to the top of the cornice, and sne uiamevor 01 mo tower under the cornice will be 18 feet ti in. lies. The tower will be "olid (with the exception of containing a water tank) to the higbt of "3 feet 0 inches above high water springs. At this level will com mence the side walls with a thickness o( 8 (oet 6 inches, diminiihing to 2 feet 3 inchee at the top. The tower will contain nine apart ment, each 10 feet in hight, in addition to the lantern, the seven uppermoet being 14 (est in diameter. The estimated coat la 76,000. TrllSrakli orStRRW Stramrrh. -Hi gen orallv supposed that the builders of steam vee sels have an mastered the prinoiplee of their art that they oan predict to a niosty what sieed a given veeael will have when driven by an engine of a oertain lior-powr. A raoent instance in England shows that this is far from being true. A twin screw vessel in the British navy, th hit, wa built for groat apeed. Mr. Frimdu, who is oonaidarod the best authority in th world, predicted that it ooald lie driven at I7.A knot par hour with 7,000-hnree-power, Hi calculation ware cheeked by the admiralty ami found correct. At the trial her engine ... di eted 7,603-hors power, but the speed wa only 18.A77 knot. Th screws ware then changed, and the speed attained wa 18.573 knot, or mora than a knot faater than wa MP 8 toted. Here were two distinct errors. Th nginttr oonoluda from these trials that very mile ia known accurately concerning the action of screw propellers, even by such men as Mr. Fronde and Mr. liarnaby, ohief naval con structor of the admiralty. Enormous Eruinrrrinii Uniirrtarinii 1 Frakcr. -The new French Minister of I'ublic Works, M. ds Frayolnot, propose a sense of engineenng worse which efteutually put into the shade anything avsr attempted 00 this con tinent. Even ths Isthmus canal pal. before this new project. Ho far as the amount of cap ital ia involved, M. de Freyeiuot propo toes pend about 1800,000,000 on a vast artwork of State railways and hydraulic works. His plans, which havs almost all bean sanctioned, oonv prise th maintenance of about 2.1,iVM nnlee of national railways, not much more than half of which are at preeent ia working order, end 1,000 mile of which bav yet to be built, end th expenditure of f loO.OUO.OOO 00 Bew oanal and old systems, aad about 1.10,000,000 oa tha improvement sn.l deepening of rts and harbors. KkRIikMRU Aft' MM aH TlIRRIU WaTIR raoor. A oompuaiUoo formed by the admit tare of a boot equal parte of coal tar pitch, Archangel pitch, Stockholm tar, cotton seed oil, anlhramae oil, and resin ia prop mail by Mr. II amor Lockword, of Maaeaerter, for rendering arches, tunnels, sic , impervious In water. The composition being well asliad and he test, a coating of the same a boat oa half Inch thick la first laid oa tha top of th arch or bridge, and than a light costing of ralh applied, hot, fol lowed by a layer of brateie eleta, thea soother coat of varaisb. aad aest a layer of root! or fait, aad a third eoat of varaieh, etlar which he applies s ssoseil ooal of bras tics cloth, so. I fia tehee of with a 00 half tack coaling of th first-named muter or wnnpuaHioa. COM) WAVES AND THEIR CAUSES. The climate of th Unitad State, apoialiy the eastern portions ,.f it, is subject to great and rapid changes. These are caused, in many instance., by the large eateul of eurface over which ita territory extends, and the dilferenoe In the amount of solar heal received in different parts. When large laidies nf snow have been deposited in the north, the wind sweeniim over them is deprived nf it heat, and a lower tolu Iterator ia the result. When winds from more southerly latitudes occur, the reverse Ukee place. 1 he vicinity of the large oceans which margin the continent of North America un the eaat and Wert also tsud to produce a change, water patting with its heal leea readily than the land. In addition to ih.se the current :f warm water thruwii along the east coast of the I mloil Mates hy the Hull stream, and in the Pacific by the Sea of Japan, slao eserts s power ful 10il11e1.ee on the climate of the regions ad jacent to the slides touched by them. In the great valley of the Mississippi tile cold wav usually lias its origin III the n e and siinweov- erod countries directly north, and Htriode of irotith ny w 10 .is imm the south. In EurotH'Sii countries Ibu cultivation nf ths soil and the removal of limber have produced imMirtant climatic changes, sml the sams baa I., mi uotioml 111 the United States, thir winter have not en much severe weather aa oeearrad in the early settlement of ths continent, bat it lal.es place more suddenly and to a greater Unit. Tins is saaily accounted for, aa the sur face of the country, when denuded nf timber, presents leee obstruction to the advance of storms, and also affords a greater diversity of siposure in ita surface to the rays of the sun, end become, more resdtly and differently hsatod, As is well kuowii, wind is u. .thing more than sir rushing 111 to restore the equilibrium which hsa been tlisturlasd by eipansinn caused by heal, ami wlimi th air thus moving I loailad with snow or other vepor, this, when meeting with air of a different leiuN.rlur, condrnsatlun takes pla. e and rsln nr snow is deposited. Ths Inriiisnce of these sudden change 1 health is a subject for the investigation of med ical men aud philaiilhrtqitsta. Tht It ha much to 1I0 iu causing physicsl liillrmllle can uot admit of doubt, A change nf 40 degree of temierature, such as occurred n January tfd, must aggravate all tllaeases of the pulmonary organs, aud heuoe, perhaps, the eslenl sod fa tal effecto of consumption tit the Eastern ami many of ths Western Stele. Coonltlee in which the temperature is nearest uniform, whether II ls high or low, are general ly least afflicted by diseases which arise from sMisiire In the estremee of heel sail esdd while almost every portion of the hahiiaMs globe I subject tit visitalioiis from ataUdlas which produce disease and death Theee generally arise from local causes, such a-, stag, aanl water ami large quantities of animal ami vegeUlde mailer undergoing dasmmpoattloa. They do uot eilend to targe areae, aad in. staaeae of longevity In such oouulrte are mil uncommon The lengthsnmg ilsy and lite re. InreUou to a slate of reel id lb disturbed Imospher will eaaae the cold wsvse to lw la a utaauer temporary; bat so hug a large budi of law aad snow are spresvi ovar Ike Ureal lvalue ami large porti.eta ,f Use North aatl Wsat, th recurrence of theae wavee of enld may be pec toil to prevail. ''As Afsieoreoeeaf. To Itarrokk tnjr U'sttrr or JawaxRr. Take M oaaee eyaatde polaasiam and dissolve la three gills of water. Altaek the art.- Us te be cleansed to a aire hook, lauaera aad shake la in Use eululiuo for a sesuml tsr lau, aad roeaave aad wash la cUaa water, thea la warm water ami soap. Iliase agaia, dip la spirits af wis, ami dry ia boswuoal saodast If tha soialioa k kepi, put it in s tightly ourked bollie, aad label HMM ooaspscaoesly. 1 ae eaattoe is aeeeeeary . Da art bead over Use suieUoa aa aa te la hale the odor, aor dip the liege's la III if uae of Ike artieUa diop from Its Lk, halter eta ply like swiaUoa la another veeasl.