June, 1879.
THE WEST SHORE.
'83
GRINDSTONES.
What cn disable machine -shop man
iTcctually than to destroy the griiulttoM I 1' n
less the Iom were supplied by the modem sub
titute, the emery grinder, to deetroy the grind
atone would be to wreck the tbop. A thorough
tody of the labject will develop more require
ment than many think, and mnoh ingenuity or
kill in designing might be displayed in working
out the problem. It should be itrong, simple
and clean; the trough expanded to catch as
much as possible of the drip water and grit; a
movable shield securely hinged to keep the
water from splashing, and yet permit the atone
to be used from either aide; rests provided upon
which to rest tools and the rod for turning the
tone, theae rests being arranged to move to
ward the center aa the atone wears smaller.
The bearing should be generoua in aiae, proper
provisions being made for oiling without wash
ing the grit into the bearinga with the oil, and
the ends of the bearinga using protected by
some devioe whioh effectually prevent the
entrance of the grit The atone ahould be
aecured to the shaft by nuts and washers, and
the washers Hied so that they can not turn
with the nut a they are screwed up or un
screwed. In hanging the (tone, great care
should be taken to hang it true aidawiae, not
only for convenience in uaing, but because a
tone that is not true (idewiae can never be kept
true edgewise.
Suppose a atone to run one-fourth of an inoh
out of true eidewiae, and while in motion draw
a line around it within three-eighths of an inch
from the edge, on an average. From tins line
there would lie but one-fourth of an inoh of
tone on one aide and one-half on the other.
It you had a atone only this in thickneaa that
is, (tone one-fourth of an inoh thick on one
id and one-half of an inoh thick on the other
would not the one-fourth-inch aide wear away
faater than the other t That is oxaotly what It
doe on that aide of the thick atone, only the
thicker the (tone and the lea it i out of truth
the lea it wears.
Lubricants. The evils attending the use of
on ana lata a lubricants upon machinery are
well known to engineer and mechanics, but the
causes and nature of their injurious action are
not o generally understood. W give, there
fore, a brief but very lucid explanation of their
action whioh we find credited to Dr. Marquardt,
by our contemporary, the Boaton Journal 0
I hemiitry. The moat obvious and least objec
tionable evil attending their use is the gradual
oxidation (or gumming) which they undergo,
end in oonaeqaenoe of which their lubricating
qualitieo rapidly diminish. A more objection
able property of thee substances how itaelf
w hen they are applied to such parte of machin
ery aa are more or let highly heated. In noh
circumstance, the aubatanoe are decomposed
into their constituent, glycerin and fatty acids.
The latter combine with the iron work of ma
chinery to form an iron aoap, the metal surfaces
Iwing corroded thereby and fresh surfaces x
iod to corrosion. Marquardt recommend
th substitution of the mineral oil (heavy petro
leum products that boil above 600 F.) for aoi
mal oils and faU as the remedy.
Tmi Iufortaxcr or Saritart Esoiiiirriru.
Frof. Trowbridge, of the School of Mine, la I
recent lector before the Engineering Society,
advised young engineer to giv their attention
to sanitary engineering, and resniaded them
that a problem worthy of the olueiet obeerra
tioa was the exeaaaiv cost of railroad traa por
talloa. The problem thai now prism! epos
them, said he, was of a social nature how to
prevent die, and how to elevate the poorer
class. No doubt there would be a future ia
whioh tha engineer, the capitalist sad la slates
saaa would laite for the promotwsi of human
welfare.
Tui Si Oothara taaael will be
the sod of N or em ber .
Thr New KDnYirrom Ijuiithourr. Th
tower of the famous Kddystone lighthouse is
now in a fair state of efficiency, but the gneiss
rook on whioh it stands has' been seriously
shaken by the incessant aea strokes on th
tower, and the rock ia considerably undeimined
at ita baa. It has, therefore, been determined
to erect a new tower 00 a spot which affords a
good foundation near low water level, at almut
127 feet distant from the present site. The
focal plane of the present lighthouse i at an
elevation of 72 feet above high water; that of
the new building will be ISO feet. The actual
useful range of the light, which is unw about M
nautical miles, will thus be extended to 171
mile. Th new tower will be constructed
entirely of irranito. The Itiuht will lie LIS 1... 1
above the rock to the top of the cornice, and
sne uiamevor 01 mo tower under the cornice
will be 18 feet ti in. lies. The tower will be
"olid (with the exception of containing a water
tank) to the higbt of "3 feet 0 inches above
high water springs. At this level will com
mence the side walls with a thickness o( 8 (oet
6 inches, diminiihing to 2 feet 3 inchee at
the top. The tower will contain nine apart
ment, each 10 feet in hight, in addition to the
lantern, the seven uppermoet being 14 (est in
diameter. The estimated coat la 76,000.
TrllSrakli orStRRW Stramrrh. -Hi gen
orallv supposed that the builders of steam vee
sels have an mastered the prinoiplee of their art
that they oan predict to a niosty what sieed a
given veeael will have when driven by an engine
of a oertain lior-powr. A raoent instance in
England shows that this is far from being true.
A twin screw vessel in the British navy, th
hit, wa built for groat apeed. Mr. Frimdu,
who is oonaidarod the best authority in th
world, predicted that it ooald lie driven at I7.A
knot par hour with 7,000-hnree-power, Hi
calculation ware cheeked by the admiralty ami
found correct. At the trial her engine ... di
eted 7,603-hors power, but the speed wa
only 18.A77 knot. Th screws ware then
changed, and the speed attained wa 18.573
knot, or mora than a knot faater than wa MP
8 toted. Here were two distinct errors. Th
nginttr oonoluda from these trials that very
mile ia known accurately concerning the action
of screw propellers, even by such men as Mr.
Fronde and Mr. liarnaby, ohief naval con
structor of the admiralty.
Enormous Eruinrrrinii Uniirrtarinii 1
Frakcr. -The new French Minister of I'ublic
Works, M. ds Frayolnot, propose a sense of
engineenng worse which efteutually put into
the shade anything avsr attempted 00 this con
tinent. Even ths Isthmus canal pal. before
this new project. Ho far as the amount of cap
ital ia involved, M. de Freyeiuot propo toes
pend about 1800,000,000 on a vast artwork of
State railways and hydraulic works. His plans,
which havs almost all bean sanctioned, oonv
prise th maintenance of about 2.1,iVM nnlee of
national railways, not much more than half of
which are at preeent ia working order, end
1,000 mile of which bav yet to be built, end
th expenditure of f loO.OUO.OOO 00 Bew oanal
and old systems, aad about 1.10,000,000 oa tha
improvement sn.l deepening of rts and harbors.
KkRIikMRU Aft' MM aH TlIRRIU WaTIR
raoor. A oompuaiUoo formed by the admit
tare of a boot equal parte of coal tar pitch,
Archangel pitch, Stockholm tar, cotton seed oil,
anlhramae oil, and resin ia prop mail by Mr.
II amor Lockword, of Maaeaerter, for rendering
arches, tunnels, sic , impervious In water. The
composition being well asliad and he test, a
coating of the same a boat oa half Inch thick la
first laid oa tha top of th arch or bridge, and
than a light costing of ralh applied, hot, fol
lowed by a layer of brateie eleta, thea soother
coat of varaisb. aad aest a layer of root! or
fait, aad a third eoat of varaieh, etlar which he
applies s ssoseil ooal of bras tics cloth, so. I fia
tehee of with a 00 half tack coaling of th
first-named muter or wnnpuaHioa.
COM) WAVES AND THEIR CAUSES.
The climate of th Unitad State, apoialiy
the eastern portions ,.f it, is subject to great
and rapid changes. These are caused, in many
instance., by the large eateul of eurface over
which ita territory extends, and the dilferenoe
In the amount of solar heal received in different
parts. When large laidies nf snow have been
deposited in the north, the wind sweeniim over
them is deprived nf it heat, and a lower tolu
Iterator ia the result. When winds from more
southerly latitudes occur, the reverse Ukee
place. 1 he vicinity of the large oceans which
margin the continent of North America un the
eaat and Wert also tsud to produce a change,
water patting with its heal leea readily than
the land. In addition to ih.se the current :f
warm water thruwii along the east coast of the
I mloil Mates hy the Hull stream, and in the
Pacific by the Sea of Japan, slao eserts s power
ful 10il11e1.ee on the climate of the regions ad
jacent to the slides touched by them. In the
great valley of the Mississippi tile cold wav
usually lias its origin III the n e and siinweov-
erod countries directly north, and Htriode of
irotith ny w 10 .is imm the south.
In EurotH'Sii countries Ibu cultivation nf ths
soil and the removal of limber have produced
imMirtant climatic changes, sml the sams baa
I., mi uotioml 111 the United States, thir winter
have not en much severe weather aa oeearrad
in the early settlement of ths continent, bat it
lal.es place more suddenly and to a greater
Unit. Tins is saaily accounted for, aa the sur
face of the country, when denuded nf timber,
presents leee obstruction to the advance of
storms, and also affords a greater diversity of
siposure in ita surface to the rays of the sun,
end become, more resdtly and differently hsatod,
As is well kuowii, wind is u. .thing more than
sir rushing 111 to restore the equilibrium which
hsa been tlisturlasd by eipansinn caused by heal,
ami wlimi th air thus moving I loailad with
snow or other vepor, this, when meeting with
air of a different leiuN.rlur, condrnsatlun
takes pla. e and rsln nr snow is deposited.
Ths Inriiisnce of these sudden change 1
health is a subject for the investigation of med
ical men aud philaiilhrtqitsta. Tht It ha
much to 1I0 iu causing physicsl liillrmllle can
uot admit of doubt, A change nf 40 degree
of temierature, such as occurred n January tfd,
must aggravate all tllaeases of the pulmonary
organs, aud heuoe, perhaps, the eslenl sod fa
tal effecto of consumption tit the Eastern ami
many of ths Western Stele.
Coonltlee in which the temperature is nearest
uniform, whether II ls high or low, are general
ly least afflicted by diseases which arise from
sMisiire In the estremee of heel sail esdd
while almost every portion of the hahiiaMs
globe I subject tit visitalioiis from ataUdlas
which produce disease and death Theee
generally arise from local causes, such a-, stag,
aanl water ami large quantities of animal ami
vegeUlde mailer undergoing dasmmpoattloa.
They do uot eilend to targe areae, aad in.
staaeae of longevity In such oouulrte are mil
uncommon The lengthsnmg ilsy and lite re.
InreUou to a slate of reel id lb disturbed
Imospher will eaaae the cold wsvse to lw la
a utaauer temporary; bat so hug a large budi
of law aad snow are spresvi ovar Ike Ureal lvalue
ami large porti.eta ,f Use North aatl Wsat, th
recurrence of theae wavee of enld may be
pec toil to prevail. ''As Afsieoreoeeaf.
To Itarrokk tnjr U'sttrr or JawaxRr. Take
M oaaee eyaatde polaasiam and dissolve la
three gills of water. Altaek the art.- Us te be
cleansed to a aire hook, lauaera aad shake la
in Use eululiuo for a sesuml tsr lau, aad roeaave
aad wash la cUaa water, thea la warm water
ami soap. Iliase agaia, dip la spirits af wis,
ami dry ia boswuoal saodast If tha soialioa k
kepi, put it in s tightly ourked bollie, aad label
HMM ooaspscaoesly. 1 ae eaattoe is aeeeeeary .
Da art bead over Use suieUoa aa aa te la hale
the odor, aor dip the liege's la III if uae of Ike
artieUa diop from Its Lk, halter eta ply like
swiaUoa la another veeasl.