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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (June 1, 1877)
June. THE WEST SHOKE. 183 HOW TO GALVANIZE IKON. Galvanizing iron sheets is quite an industry by itself mill the prodnot can be bought cheaper than it can be made on a small scale. There are, however, times when it is worth while to coat small articles of iron with zinc to prevent nut, etc, and the description of a way to ilo this may Im; valuable to some of our readers. The Iron Agt has lately had occasion to ex amine the processes and gives the following: The articles are to le tirst cleansed by placing them in open wooden vessels, in water contain ing three-quarters to one jier cent of common sulphuric acid, and allowed to remain in it until the surface appears clean, or may lie rendered so by scouring with a rag or wet sand. Accord ing to the amount of acid, this may require from six to 24 hours. Fresh acid must be added according to the extent of use and of the liquid. When tht i saturated with sulphate of iron it must be renewed. After removal from this bath the articles are rinsed in fresh water, and scoured until they acquire a clean, metallic sur face, and then kept in water in which a little slacked lime lias been stirred until the next operation. When thus freed from rust, they are to be coated with a thin lilm of zinc while cold, by means of chloride of zinc, which may be made by tilling a glazed earthen vessel of altout two-thirds gallon capacity three-fourths full of muriatic acid, and adding zinc clippings until offflrvetcence ceases. The liquid is then to be turned off from the undissolved zinc ami preserved in a glass vessel. For use it is poured into a sheet zinc vessel of suitable size and shape for the objects, and about 1.80 per cent of its weight of finely powdered sal ammoniac added. The article! are then immersed in it, a scum of fine bubbles forming on the surface in from one to two minutes, indicative of tiie completion of the operation. The articles are next drained, so that the excess may How back into the ves sel. The iron articles thus coated with a tine film of riue are placed 00 clean sheet iron heated from beneath, and perfectly dried, and then dipped piece by piece, by means of tongs, into very hot (though not glowing) molten zinc for a short time, until they acquire the temperature of the .inc. They are then removed and beaten, to cause the excess of zinc to fall off. CUTTING UNCLE SAM'S TIMBER. The Government has issued the following circular, which we print for the benefit of those whom it may concern: The Sec retary of the Interior has concluded to change the method formerly adopted for protecting the Umber on the public lands, by which you were made agents for that purpose "within the limits of your respective land districts as per circular of December J4tb, ISTto. Pursuant to the direc tions from him of the Btfa ultimo, the instruc tions of that circular are hereby revoked. Hereafter, as it may be found advisable, from time to time, for the end in view, clerks or em ployees will be detailed from this offioe to act under instructions of theCoininissioner hi ascer- i laming wneu, wncre ami ly whom depredation THE TEA PLANT. Our engraving gives an excellent exhibi tion of the analysis of the plant botanical! y. As we reed the studies of the Isttanist, it is now generally Agreed that there is not sullicicnt rea son to give the tea plant a genus of its own, but it must lie classified as a species of the genus CamtUkl, and ita name it Camttth thru. The tea plant differ from the other species of Canullia grown in this country, according to one authority, by having "longer, narrower, thin ner, more serrate and less shiny leaves. Its (lowers are axillary and nodding, and though only ibottt an inch across, closely resemble those of a single t'tiwllin. The sepals and jH'tais are usually live, llie stamens numerous. and to report to him the facts in each case, If, noon an examination of the report so ol taiiied, the Commissioner flnda the the facts elicited in any case warrant the commencement have been Committed upon the public lauds, J a portion forming by their united Uses a cup . wiinm wni.-ri an- mum urns se araie taim us. I The fmit or pod is usually three-eel led, with a I single large seed in cadi cell. 1 bote points uv We t umn o, tl mmvuu. i H... if legal proceedings to punish the trespassers. ! left hand corner an' shown the trinartito nist.il or to collect damages tor the waste already coin- ! the cross section of the three-celled ovarv. and nutted, or kith, he will report the same to the the threc-eelled seed-pod, when fully grown. At Secretary of the Interior, with his opinion the right lower corner are sections of the seed, thereou, in order that such further proceedings with and without its covering, and one seed may ue nan m uie premises as tlie case may re quire. The clerks or employes detailed as aforesaid will not le permitted to make nny compromise for depredations committed on the public lands. If any propositions are submitted to them with that object, they will be required to report the same to this otlice, with a full statement of the spin to snow toe position oi wo germ. Such, in brief, is the plant which has given I'hina a name throughout the world. Of the growth of it in China we have the following interesting description in the words of e trav elor: lu the black tea districts of China, as in the grccm large quantities of young plants are SUCCESS WITH MINERAL OILS. Inasmuch as our State has began to develop its resources of mineral lubricating oils, it is well to examine their value as compered with tho organic oils largely in use. At the late meeting of the Itailway Master Mechanics' As sociation, there was rendered a reort of a com mittee appointed to examine, into and report on the subject of lubricants. They recommended a good quality of natural earth oils as the best to use for lubricating machinery and journal boxus. It was len expensive and of a Itotter quality than other oils. When treated so an to reach 88" "f gravity it was found to work with Crfeet success, even on so sandy a road as the ike Shore. It had been reported on favorably from Canada in the North to Kentucky in the South. A test of various oils had been made with the oil-tester on the l-akc Shore road; sperm, lard and tallow were used, and none of them found to doomm qualities which render their use advisable. In their experiments the committee used a machine the sie of a regular axle-box, and BO dro were pound in at a tem perature of 60 , and the wheel was allowed to revolve at a rate of speed equaling Il.'i miles per hour until a temperature of IHW. was reached. The length of time, number of revolutions and amount of friction were all noted and placed in the form of a table. He called their attention to the result obtained from tests with paratline, which costs from 'J.i to 30 cents per gallon, and which has been Used on the railroads in prefer ence to lard oil. Paratline costing "-' cents, with which six exjieriniclits had been made, bowed 24 minutes required to reach the maxi mum temperature, during which time it gave 11,688 revolutions; castor oil, costing $1.25, which required 'J!S minutes to reach the teinper atlire allowed, gave 19,048 revolution!) manu factured oils A, B mid 0, costing X cents, !HI cents and 'Jo cents respectively, required 10) miuntes, giving from 9,385 to 9,683 revolutions; sperm and tallow required only 17 minutes to reach '200' temperature, with less than S.000 revolutions. Velocity or Liuht. The Kith volume of the "Annales de robservatoire de Paris," contains the memoir of M. CoTOO on the determination of the velocity of light, embracing a complete recital of the experiments made in 1K74 between the observatory of Paris and the tower of Montlhery. Everything was done to obtain the greatest imisnioio precision, oj uenvstuti uu method Of the toothed wheel, which was de vised bv Fizeau iu 184!). The method of ofaeor vatiou, the construction of the various articles of apparatus ami their unslo of acting have be discussed iu their most minute details, with a view to ascertain the causes of emir, and to determine the most favorable conditions for their elimination. The agreement of results obtained under the most varied circumstances, shows the importance of this discussion. Care was taken iu all cases to prove that the devia tions followed the law of accidental errors, a verification which is commonly neglected, but without which the calculus of probabilities can not lie legitimately applied. The result of the experiments gives, for the velocity of light, 800,400 kilometer per second. This (rives for the solar parallax, 8.88", if we adopt IMambre's equation of light, 149.1 2s I or Bradley's constant of aberration, (90,9(0, 8.80", with Stnivc'acon stant, ('.HI. 445"). ILucnra Oiuosso Wmr. Mfttttem replies to a query aa follows i " Cracked wheat is usu ally made on small buhra, isirtahle mills, of sharp porous French buhr stone, leing beet adapted for the purpose. The mills most gen erally used will crack about 10 to 11 bushels per hour, and the cracked wheat is then passed through a reel, or series of reels, covered with different numbers of wire to grade it The apparatus required, of the capacity referred to, will cost about 400, including the mill ; or it can be furnished of a lees capacity for lees price." THE CHINESE TEA PLANT. facts in the case, showing the nature and extent of said depredations, when and by whom com mitted, the amount and value of the tiui'oer when cut, and the value of the land in its pres ent and former condition, all of which, together with the opinion of the Commissioner, will be submitted to the head of the dejtartiueut for further consideration. If, in any case, the emergencies should Hem to require more prompt action than is contem plated in the rules above indicated, in order to arrest the offender, or to secure the I oiveruineiit for the damages suffered, it will bt the duty of the clerk or employ. detailed t aet in the mat lH to make direct application to the United States District Attorney for the district in which the waste was committed to institute the pnqier legal proceedings for that purpose. This course, however, must he taken only in eases where the evidence ii clear and indisputable. The foregoing is communicated for your infor mation. on will observe therefrom that you are not hereafter to art as agents for the protec tion of the public timber, although your co-op-eration la expected whenever you may he called on to render assistance to officials charged with the duty. Stekl Ha warn. A steel wire hawser, 180 dl are yearly raised from seeds. The gathered at maturity, iu October, mixed imme iliately atter ami paekeil in sand and earth, in which they are kept during the winter months. In this manner they are preserved fresh until spring, when they are thieklv sown iu some OOmer of the farm, whence they are afterwards transplanted. ."vmietiines they are sown in rows where they are destined to grow, and eon sequently do not require to 1h- removed. When atsmt a year old the plants are usually from nine inches to a foot in bight and are ready for transplanting. 1 bey are set iu rows ah four feet apart, in bunches or lulls, three or four feel asunder along the rows, with live or six plants ti each hunch. In some cases, how ever, wheti the soil is issir, as iu many tarts f Woo-e-Mhaii, they are planted very close in the rows and appear like hedge when fully grown. The young plantations are always mule in the spring ami an- well watered ty the rams which fall at the change of the monsoon in April and May. The damp, moist weather at this season enables the plants to establish themselves in their new ouarten, ami they afterwards require but little care, except in keeping the ground bee from weeds. When the winters are very severe, the na- hawser, is ,.- y, -,., i Ik ,, .i... fathoms long and 1 tons in weight, has been ' fh , u . .t f t(. ,f , supplied to the iron-clad fngate A Rt th)m fttim crmciitl( (ir bunting from When coiled it occupies a space 4 J feet by 4J i or gj' feet. A hemp hawser would be doable the weight and occupy six times) the apace. Pnooiani in Brgiiwrr Tn I8&1 : the esti mate for education, science and art in (treat Britain was 578,000; this year the estimate reaches 3.Mo,000. barren surface by their rich dark-green leaves. When young, they are allowed to grow unmo lested for two or three years, or until they are well established and producing strong and vig orous shoots. The practice of plucking the leaves is very prejudicial to this Bhrub, and tho natives always take care that the plant shall bo in a vigorous and healthy condition before this operation is commenced. Even when the plan tations an- in full bearing they never take many leaves from the weaker plants, in order that their growth may not bo checked. For, under the ben mode of treatment ami on the most congenial soil, they ultimately become stinted and unhealthy and are never profitable when old. Hence, iu well managed tea districts, the natives annually remove old plantations ami supply their places with fresh ones. A NEW TYPE OF MERINO SHEEP. It appear! from recent publications that the MerihO sheep is either showing disjHisitioii to revert tit the type from which it sprang or else is putting forth a higher development. We commend the following, which we find in the Amrrkan CuUhttfor, to the attention of our sheep herders. We should liko to know if they have discovered in their herds any tendency like that described, The Cultivator says: The now lined of sheep, Maiichamp, or Silky Me rino, is exciting much interest throughout the country, and causing considerable inquiry eon corning its origin and Itistory, Mr. (leorge William Bond, a WOO merchant of this city, some mouths since called the at tention of the Boa ton Society of Natural History to the dhttOYoryof a similarity of the wool of the French Maiichamp race and that of the Arabian stump-tailed, fat-runiped race or Mecca sheep. Hr. L. Fitinger, at the Imperial Academy of Vienna, described the Mcccasheep as having iu whole body covered with short, smooth, close lying straight and stiff shining hairs, which are shorter on the face, ears and legs, and beneath these then- is found a short, peculiarly hue, wavy and elastic wool, which is liner than that of most known races of sheep. Mr. Bond obtained a skin of this last-named race and found that the DO rtring exactly agreed with Dr. V 1 ti i Igor's description, ami a micro- photograph of the wool, magnified about 800 times, showed that the liber measures only alxnil I 'Ii of an inch m diameter, which is as tine as the unett Silcsiau wool. Comparing this woo) with a sample of another lot sent from New York, and also with that of the Mau- hamp sheep, an or eel oorreabondflnoe was dis overod. Mr. Bond urges that the Mauchamu sheep might be simply a ease of atavism or reversion to an ancient type the old Arabian Deep, The Merino In i n is luidoubtedlv an animal that either from mode of oultnre, or some aeci- leutal cause, lias lost the hairy part of its cov ering, and the wool has been fin mulled with a liberal supply of "yolk" or greaec to mod the Mgencies resulting Imiu this change, If de nmded from the Arabian sheep, may not the (at depo.ut of the tail have been diverted to produce the greater amount of "yolk" required to make this wool covering adequate for the protection of the sheep from the external iullii uees to which it was subjected? The following letter, kindly handed us bv Mr. It I for pnVilioatioo, contains a slnuigoon- tinuatioii of this tl ry of reversion, and it is to lie hoped, should the si p breeders of this country discover among their Merino (locks auv marked specimens developed according to our iMonpi 1 me naueuamn weep, that may mil inform us of the faom, that we mav IMHV gate a mass of testimony on this important sub feet loading to valuable results. It was written ley .1. I., I nme, ot Australia: VUth regard to IM Inst appearance of the Iky tyito. 1 must go back to the historical introduction of the Merino sheep into tho Aus tral ian colonics. Kriclly. this occurred towards the end of the leat oenturr, and the eouroa fr which thee n derived was a small lloek, presented by king of Spain to IJeorgo 111, of England I leliove the highest tyiio of tho breed. A few of both sexes were procured, bv a Cap tain McArthnr, and ntrodnoed into Australia, and from that source all tho best flocks now in klsteiice 111 the colonies are sprung. Altout 90 years ago, I was fortunate enough to procure, 10 rams, of very high class, from tliiH H.K'k. Aforthu I occasionally observed iTiippiug out a peculiar slo-cti. with a bricht. silvery, dolieate-looking, lustrous fleece, straight and long in the fiber, showing a most marked jMculiarity the wool Isiing more like ilelicaU, line, lustrously white, silky hair. In 'leasing the owes for breeding purjsmes, these were generally n jecteil, on account of their tebento appaaranoe and nppoaad delicate oon stitiitnm. At last it (K-ctirred t.. inn that it Biifbt be worth while to are if anything could be made of them, and, alsuit 10 years siueo, on the nppearaiice of a ram with this characteristic Very decidedly marked, I collected a few ewe and put him with them. The samples sent are from the progeny ot this coupling. The result, so far, has lieen the establishment of a breed with very marked oharaetenitica, rULI a long, lustrous, straight wool, a hearier Beeea, and a larger, more symmetrical and more vigorous sheep. It haa not Ueti followed out by any one but mywdf, but, on inquiry, 1 find that among all tlorks sprung from the same source (the Siush Merino), animals having the same characteristics have been observerf The fair inference, therefore, is that it is to the Spanish Merino it is due; whether reversion to a lost type, or nature under different conditions developing a different and higher typa, must, I think, 1m matter of conjecture. Since seeing the aamplea of Maiichamp Merino wool, which you so kindly aent, I have no doubt that the sheep from which that breed waapnsluced, and those to which I refer, are essentially of the same character, from the timilarity of their woo and fnui Iwiiig procured by or from Urn same iutluenafl, which, from its frequent repeti turn, I cannot regard as a freak ol nature, out A tea plantation, when seen at a distance. looks like a little shrubbery of evergreens. As the traveler threads his way among the rocky scenery of Woo-e shao, these plantations, which are constantly seen dotting the hilUidea, affonl muat lie Bought for from other causes, either re a pieMiug contrast w uie strange ami oiieu veniuu or a higher ilevalopinent