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About Herald and news. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1942-current | View Entire Issue (May 27, 1963)
Africa By WAKI) CAN.NKL Newspaper Enterprise Assn. ACCRA, Ghana NEA A con tinental vacuum in leadership plagues me nevciopment of sub- 'Sahara Africa today. t is an ailment that will keep battalions of technicians, educa tors and truce teams from the rest of the world shuttling in and out of Africa for years to come. This is not to say that Africa has no leaders. On the contrary, one comes away from an audience with Ken ya's Jomo Kenyatta overwhelmed by his personality. Even outspoken critics of Tanganyika's president Julius Nyerere and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah admit freely that they are dealing with lead ers as lorcetui and convincing as any in the world today. The vital gap in African lead ership begins just below the presi dential office, in those lieutenan cies that keep mature nations run ning smoothly through the busi- ness of government and bridge the ravines between administrations. In Tanganyika, for example most white residents admit that the changeover from colonial to African government has been handled well. "But," a reporter hears again and again, "who is there to replace Nyerere?" In part, of course, the vacuum at the top is the doing of colonial administrations which pursued a careful course of training non- political African civil servants! and squelched most African at tempts at political maturity. But in even larger measure, the responsibility for leadership Jacks can be traced back to the African heritage of tribalism. In areas where tribal life has; been generally untouched by co- lonialism, among East Africa's Masai for example, the chief's word is law and the aged are venerated for their years alone. Property is communal and every man is every other man's broth er. Translated into terms of mod ern, booming Nigeria, for exam ple, this tribal heritage confuses f iSf km k r. : A POLITICAL FORCE Africans itage protest march in nuclear tests in the Sahara. Market NKW YORK M.TI "Black Tuesday" 1!W2 was a Wall Street epic. On May 29 last year, the stock market hit the bottom of an in credible plunge the worst since 1929 and began to rally in a 14-million-share blizzard of trading. At the lowest point (hat day. stock values were down W0 billion from the highs of the previous Decem ber. But even more fantastic is the cnnd.tion of the market one year after the big decline, which was supposed to have shattered inv tor confidence for years. Some 175 million of the loss already has been recovered and the popular averages are within striking dis tance of their all-time highs. Contrasting Factors Tt took more than a decade to repair the d.imace caused by the "crash" ol '29 Why has it taken Motorists Can Prevent Thefts rillCUiO 'I PI' - Chicago's police sunerinlendent. O. W. Wil son. sas savvy molonsts can nrevent manv of tlie 9"0 car thefts that occur in the United States each day. He .nicgeMed that when park ing a oar. the motorist shnuid: Ix k i f n i t i o n and remove kes Close windows and kick doors. -Keep dollies and other per sonal property out of sight. Keen the trunk key when us- in? a commercial garage for Paikmg. Not leave behind any license res.stranon cards or othec Kten tifv'M credential that a thief roiild misuse alter stealing t h e car. Searches For everyday life. A young executive in a prosperous firm or govern' ment ministry will think more than twice before he gives an or der to an elderly clerk. A minis ter of state is under ancient imperatives to staff his offices with members of his own tribe. whether or not they are quali- lied. Put together, ancient tribalism and recent colonialism conspire to a p p I y (ui ther restrictions against the development of Afri can leadership. Much of the Con go Republic's misery today stems from this unhappy combination Six colonial provinces have been turned inlo 22 to satisfy a tribal hunger tor governmental power and the result is a jungle of bor der disputes, trible rivalries and a paralysis of government. in individual terms, the pres sure of colonialism and tribalism are driving more and more young Africans with European training in the arts and sciences into pol itics. An M D. degree in the rav aged Congo today is the key to a political job with a car. chauf feur and mansion instead of a stethoscope, hypodermic syringe, and weary work in a village clin ic. At the highest level, it is this pressure which drives the leader of a struggling new nation to reach out for a pan-African fol lowing and an important seat in the council of older, stronger richer countries. It is what lures Ghana's Nkrumah to render public state ments on the Cuban crisis tanti U.S.) and the Indo-China border war (anti-India) while his coun Iry's economy declines and his people daily lose touch with their leader and turn instead to the solace of the homemade bomb. Hard-headed European emis saries to Africa argue that the people's will on the emerging continent counts for nothing to day. "It is simply a matter of what the leaders want." one ambassa dor says. "The people don't know and don t care. I prising and ov- Recovers After Big Slump just one ear to bring the market back this time? The 1929 bust was followed by n deep, decade-long Depression. In contrast. tlre have been explo sively positive factors to back up the present recovery: Fir.-t. a removal of mo-t of the economic and social forces which clobbered the market last year, and second, the attainment of a business level which was only be ing anticipated, and in the wrong areas, when the market stood at its December. 1981. high. Reartsh Influences Tiv roniMs' of hrarish nfluences can best be seen by re viewing them, and then making g MAY JUNE JULY U6. jSEPT. OCT. j NOV. 0EC. JAN, FEB.. MAR. 1 APR, !' &0 STANDARD & POOR'S 19" a I I i i 1 1 1 jAsd 500 STOCK INDEX f& 7000 1 1 1 Koo fiiYlF MONTHLY FIGURES m JllgjLJ fekeoaffii tJas,w in Jm-ff MONDAY MM MWVL J MONTH J i--H MARKET RECOVERS This stock index chart shows fluctuations from May. 1962, through April, 1963. Tha market was hit by an $80 billion plungt (airtrema left of ... v Ni ... i .ft" SYMBOL OF FREEDOM A ence Necktie" to H. M. Onipembere, Nyasaland's minister symbol of African freedom. erthrnw are impossible. There is nobody to lead the way."- There is considerable evidence to support his view. In addition, according to the men who say they know, the ur gent need for nation building requires a monolithic state which can make decisions without the fear of political dissension. But to a reporter who has wandered through uncertain days Southeast Asia and Latin America, the requisites of nation- building have a way of growing into the cruelties of permanent revolution. The childhood of Af rican nationalism is already be ginning to bear a striking re semblance to grown-up countries across the world now frozen on a ferris wheel of government bv overthrow while the governed stand angrily below without the price of admission. With radio, television and Accra, Ghana, againit French a re examination in the light of I the current situation. dangerous opposite, deflation. Fur- First, the basic law of busi- thermore. tlio U.S. ran into a ness free operation of supply frightening series of gold flights and demand was apparently re- to foreign lands which, if un voked bv the assertion of govern-, checked, could have undermined ment control over prices in our most basic industry, steel. Then it seemed that the roots of American business ethics and behavior might be challenged by a government agency which be gan a sweeping investigation of the securities industry objec tive unknown. Meanwhile, the government said tha( the har force hohind' the postwar market boom, infla- tion, was petering out and might Men To Tanqanvikan official presents harpened political axes flowing into Africa today, the vacuum between leadership and the led Cut Agreed In SALEM (UPP-The Senate Tax Committee agreed Friday to re duce the bank tax from 9 to 8 per cent in a compromise move to end a dispute with financial institutions over the tax they should pay. The agreement with the banks is that they will not claim refund of moneys paid under the 9 per cent rate and will not 'pav an estimated $730,000 due for 1957. The banks took tlieir protest over a 9 per cent tax to the courts, saying it was in violation of the law to single them out for higher taxes than other corpora Hons, they conceded the 8 per cent rate would be more com v PREPARING LEADERS Students ricuvt lessons in qovernment operation In Kenya's Public Administration School, Nairobi. be replaced by an even more the currency and lorced a de valuation. Causes Removed A year later, the President has given approval to selective steel price increases within the supply demand framework, apparently re moving cause one. The Securities It Exchange Commission has re leased a mild criticism of the securities indiitry itv akcd for legislation to help it do better, removing cause two. graph! early in 1962 and its formar strength. iyn Nation "Tanqanqyilca epend for local qovernment, as a will be filled. The only question by whom? Both the West and the Soviet Bank Tax parable to the 6 per cent, plus property taxes, paid by other cor porations. The committee meeting was capped by a sharp exchange be tween Sens. Vernon Cook, D (Iresliam. and Walter Pearson, D-Portland. Cook termed the compromise a "horrible injustice." and said the banks were "blackmailing the state into agreement." Pearson denied the banks had blackmailed anyone, and said he was "getting tired of Cook's per sonal attacks on the intentions of senators. If it happens much more I will ask ook s expulsion from the Senate. ' Of '62 The government is continuing to budget huge deficits, giving new- rise to inflation talk and eliminat ing cause three. Finally, assur ances have been given agaiast a dollai devaluation, and the gold reserve situation, while still un solved, seems to be levelling out at least subduing the last cause for the 191 die as a market factor. Business Improves Accompanying this removal of causes are so.ne genuine business kickers which d:d not pr.ist "hen the market hit a record high in mid-December, 19BI. has now just about recovered UPI Telephoto IndeDend- bloc are offering university schol arships in an effort to have a voice in Africa's future. But, as one Israeli points out, after watching African students return from university study in h i s country: "You cannot evaluate the re sults now or tomorrow. It will be years and maybe a generation before one knows what his stu dents have learned." On the African scene there are several programs aimed specifi cally at building leaders, among them Kenya's Public Adminis tration school, the Congo's Lou- vanium University and Nigeria's lbadan University. It is, however, still too early to tcIL whether graduates can resist the tempta tions of power and status once they leave the classroom. The only project that can mea sure any results is the rord Foundation's Sensitivity Training program in Nigeria and Uganda. This course, under the direction of American Dr. Robert Mitchell, brings business and government leaders together for seminars to explore the workings of lead ership under controlled condi tions. "For its scope and short du ration." Dr. Mitchell says, "it has been very successful. And it has proved several things. It has shown that the qualities that make leadership are the same for Africa as for any oth er country in the world not only subject mastery but emotional appeal as well. There is no lack of leadership potential in Africa." But finding a way for its ex pression and helping it to over come its tradition of yielding' to Hie white man's mastery are obstacles not so easily overcome. One thing is certain, Dr. Mitch ell says, Africa is searching in tensely for a leader. And if he appears? "The world will have to contend with a continental strength and solidarity," says one of the most savvy political observers on the continent, "to rival that of the U.S. and Russia." Yank Tries Three-Star Restaurant DIVONNE, France I UPI '-Alan Lewis is trying to do what no American has ever done belorc run a three-star restaurant France. There are only 12 restaurants in this exalted category in all France, according to the aulhori lalive Guide .Michehn. Naturally they are all operated by French men and all have French chefs But lwis, whose group, Restau rant Associates, runs a notable se ries of restaurants in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, thinks be is on the verge of break ing mto this exclusive fraternity. It has been an uphill fight (or the past two years, ever since Hestaurant Associates bought 1.17 acres of this resort town near ficnova, including a gambling ca sino, two hotels, thermal baths. theater, night club, tennis court and three swimming pools. Divonne had been coasting along I a reputation built at the turn of the century when Russian roy alty and American and British millionaires came primarily (or the roulette and cbcmin-de-fer When Iwis and his colleagues tok over in .lune ltf.2 they In stituted a big-name entertainment policy and set out to make Di vonne an all-year rather than seasonal resort. The big-name policy paid off and Divonne, according lo Iwis. now is the most profitable of France's 149 casinos its nearest rivals are Nice and F.nghien. Mr considers this somewhat of a tri umph for American methods which have been Introduced with out allecting the continental charm of the resort. WORLD HORIZONS HERALD AND NEWS, Klamath FRANCO Spain Faces Bleak Future When France Leaves Scene By WARD CANNEL MADRID, Spain iNEAl There is always the possioiniy, 01 course, that uen. r rancisco rran- may live forever and outwit the agony that daily creeps clos er upon his country. Despite his 70 years and the adamant demands of mortality. Spain's dictator appears to be playing that long shot by mak ing no real provision for a politi cal successor. What moves he has made leave the future bleak II not bloody: The appointment, lor the lust time in his 32-year iron - listed rule, of an assistant dictator- Gen. Augustin Munoz Grandcs man sometimes described as be ing "five minutes younger than Franco and not nearly healthy." Public cordiality toward the Rourbon pretender to the vacant throne Don Juan Carlos. Mon archy w'ould be acceptable to Truman Backs Memory Of Yank In Nicaragua WASHINGTON (UPD Presi- lent Kennedy and former Presi dent Harry S Truman have crossed history books over an American who was a president himself before a firing squad cut short his career. William Walker was a tyrant Kennedy told a group of students at the San Jose meeting of Cen tral American states. Not so. said Truman w hen word of Kennedy's remark got hack lo Independence. Mo. Walk er was a man "endowed with an unusual capacity for leadership," aid the former president. Most Americans h a d no opin ion. Few had even heard of Wil liam Walker. But In Central America, the name meant a lot. And In Spain. students turned out to demon strate before the U. S. Embassy annoyed because Kennedy put the Spanish conquerors in the same class as Walker. Lot Of Men Who was Walker? He was a lot of men. A doctor, a lawyer, a newspaper editor, an author, a general. Also the president of Nicaragua the only American to lie elected head of a foreign na tion. It was this last job that caused all the trouble for the Nashville-born Walker. In m.')5, "General" Walker landed In Nicaragua with a & man army he had recruited along San Francisco's Barbary Coast Denying he was a freebooter, he produced an official invitation from one of the warring factions in Nicaragua to show he had been legally invited to help bring law and order to the revolt-torn nation. Walker brought order. He also took over the entire nation. Be- lore ha was through, he had been elected president, recruited 2.500 Americans for his army. loiiRht wars with Costa Rica, El Salva dor, Guatemala and Honduras. got short-lived diplomatic recog nition from the United Slates. and came within a few musket halls of setting up an empire that stretched from Mexico to Pan ama. Dead At M Five years after he landed in Niraragua Walker was dead, shot by a firing squad at the age of M. It was not really the rifle hul lets that killed Walker's dream nfi empire, but rather a mistake he made in a choice n! business partners. As Walker saw it, thtj real power in Nicaragua lay In the possibility of a canal linking the Atlantic and the Pacific. Even in i ir I I IT,I I Kails, Oregon JUAN CAKLOS Spain's tight, undcrgroun Com munist party as a perfect setup for an overthrow. The easing of the shackles on political action within reason, of course but enough to r e v e a 1 that Spain today has neither the discipline nor the optimism nec essary to the building of demo- c r a 1 1 c institutions, parties or leaders. Nor can Spain count on the traditional substructure of gov ernment to carry .lerself through a transition without revolution. A generation of rule-by-anarchy has kept the dictatorship intact and left tile nation broken. Spanish labor unions, for ex ample, are administered by gov ernment appointees and directed by employers. The Spanish army is demor alized and corrupt. H is not un usual for high-ranking officers to work part time as lobbyists am! representatives for munitions, en his time, more than a lialf-ccn- tury before a canal actually was built in Panama, plans were be ing made for one that would run through Nicaragua. The man be hind these plans was Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt. who already had won the right of transit from an earlier Nicaraguan govern ment. . Supports Walker When Walker arrived in Nica ragua. Vanderbilt supported him, hoping he would be able lo sta bilize the government. Walker needed Vanderbilt's steamship line. It carried passengers from New York and New Orleans to Nicaragua, and then shipped llicm overland to a Vanderbilt ship waiting on the Pacific side lor the journey to California This was the quickest way for Americans to reach California In the Gold Rush days of the 1B-)0'S. But to Walker, it was h i s only means of getting recruits shipped down by his agents in the United States. It was over the steamship line that Walker made his mistake. In a stock battle for control of the line, Walker sided with Vander bilt's enemies, and forced the commodore nut. But the victory turned to defeat when Vanderbilt regained control of the line and cut o ( f Walker's supply of re cruits. Hia.c Of Glory But Walker went out in a blaw of glory. He fought off the com hined armies of the Central American republics for months before he finally surrendered1 then not to his enemies but lo an American warship. Kennedy, trying to use history as a guide lor today s problems said the hemisphere will never be secure until Russia goes the way ol men like William Walker. According to Kennedy. Walker ranks in history alongside George III of Britain, the Spanish con querors, and Maximilian. Truman Disagrees But Truman doesn't agree. He thinks Kennedy has his history contused. Walker's purpose. Truman said was to unite the Central Ameri can nations into a kind of United States patterned after our own Rather than comparing Rus sia's tactics with Walker's, Tru man hinted there would be problem If Walker had his way. Both Kennedy and Truman can find historians who will back up their arguments. Soma say that Walker was, as Truman put It, "a kind of revolutionary ideal ist." Others tabbed him as noth ing more than a bandit who was out for what he could get xl 'TS Monday, May 27, 1963 PAGE 9-B MUNOZ GR ANDES ginccnng manufacturing arms. The Calliolic Church in Spain, probably the most effective arm of civil government, is itself in turmoil, with the younger clergy often pitted against their elders on issues such as social welfare and agrarian reform. But bo cause of its long history as an lly of both government and big business, the Church, observers in Spain say, is widely considered an untrustworthy friend of the people. Even the Falangist party, on which Franco rode to power, has been effectively emasculated as a political force for continuity in the true tradition of all radical revolutions from Stalin to Castro. W'e have been governed by dictatorship built on anarchy," says a government official and staunch supporter of rranco. "and now we must pay for it. The only thing that could have worked would be a balance be tween the old Falangists and the Socialists. But we don't have an or ganization for either." Meanwhile, very real pressures for upheaval are building in Spain today as the economy comes to depend increasingly on three mainstays tourism, U.S. aid through military agreements and romittences from Spaniards working in booming Germany, France, Switzerland and the low. lands. Last year, for example, tourism brought Spain $430 million three times what it was in 19S9 and half what it's expected to be in V.m. Should a recession hit the opulent nations, however, tour ism will be the first extravagance to go. United States bases in Spain are equally tentative, especially submarine, intercontinental missile and orbital warhead potential become realities. Most dangerous of all to the Spanish situation today, liow cver, is the status of workers, Imth at home and abroad. While tlie economy gains $250 million annually from her men employed outside of the country, cutback in Europe s prosperity ould send 100. 000 hungry Span ish workers home, with the re cent memory of better timea and a long exposure to more democratic ways of life. In addition, the traditional new frontier for young Spanish pio neers. Latin America, is closing lier doors to migration because political and economic tur moil. In vastly underdeveloped Spain, this adds some 200.000 new workers to the Job market yearly without an escape hatch. But fne possibilities of migra- ion to oilier parts of the world are discouraged by big employ, ers, labor observers say, be cause it tends to reduce the rc- servo of cheap labor and forces wages up. As one foreign ob server put It: Spanish employers cannot real conceive of running a busi ness w ith less than a 20 per cent margin of profit." Proof of the increasing pres sure on the Spanish job market comes from the experience of tlie Intergovernmental Committee For European Migration in Ma drid which Is restrained from the outright recruiting of migrants for overseas positions. But after recent newspaper account of Spanish migrants In Australia, says an ICEM official, "it took us a week to dig out from under the flood of requests for more in formation from all over Spain." But whether the mass of Span ish peasants and workers is con matter. Certainly the Spanish press makes no mention of the situation or need to be aware that change comes with time an omission that worries many of the country's newsmen. "The people." y most Jour nalists queried, "are completely unprepared." , ' i that such ,E Y llT I 1
