Africa
By WAKI) CAN.NKL
Newspaper Enterprise Assn.
ACCRA, Ghana NEA A con
tinental vacuum in leadership
plagues me nevciopment of sub-
'Sahara Africa today.
t is an ailment that will keep
battalions of technicians, educa
tors and truce teams from the
rest of the world shuttling in and
out of Africa for years to come.
This is not to say that Africa
has no leaders.
On the contrary, one comes
away from an audience with Ken
ya's Jomo Kenyatta overwhelmed
by his personality. Even outspoken
critics of Tanganyika's president
Julius Nyerere and Ghana's
Kwame Nkrumah admit freely
that they are dealing with lead
ers as lorcetui and convincing
as any in the world today.
The vital gap in African lead
ership begins just below the presi
dential office, in those lieutenan
cies that keep mature nations run
ning smoothly through the busi-
ness of government and bridge the
ravines between administrations.
In Tanganyika, for example
most white residents admit that
the changeover from colonial to
African government has been
handled well. "But," a reporter
hears again and again, "who is
there to replace Nyerere?"
In part, of course, the vacuum
at the top is the doing of colonial
administrations which pursued
a careful course of training non-
political African civil servants!
and squelched most African at
tempts at political maturity.
But in even larger measure,
the responsibility for leadership
Jacks can be traced back to the
African heritage of tribalism.
In areas where tribal life has;
been generally untouched by co-
lonialism, among East Africa's
Masai for example, the chief's
word is law and the aged are
venerated for their years alone.
Property is communal and every
man is every other man's broth
er.
Translated into terms of mod
ern, booming Nigeria, for exam
ple, this tribal heritage confuses
f iSf km k r. :
A POLITICAL FORCE Africans itage protest march in
nuclear tests in the Sahara.
Market
NKW YORK M.TI
"Black
Tuesday" 1!W2 was a Wall Street
epic.
On May 29 last year, the stock
market hit the bottom of an in
credible plunge the worst since
1929 and began to rally in a 14-million-share
blizzard of trading.
At the lowest point (hat day. stock
values were down W0 billion from
the highs of the previous Decem
ber. But even more fantastic is the
cnnd.tion of the market one year
after the big decline, which was
supposed to have shattered inv
tor confidence for years. Some 175
million of the loss already has
been recovered and the popular
averages are within striking dis
tance of their all-time highs.
Contrasting Factors
Tt took more than a decade to
repair the d.imace caused by the
"crash" ol '29 Why has it taken
Motorists Can
Prevent Thefts
rillCUiO 'I PI' - Chicago's
police sunerinlendent. O. W. Wil
son. sas savvy molonsts can
nrevent manv of tlie 9"0 car
thefts that occur in the United
States each day.
He .nicgeMed that when park
ing a oar. the motorist shnuid:
Ix k i f n i t i o n and remove
kes
Close windows and kick
doors.
-Keep dollies and other per
sonal property out of sight.
Keen the trunk key when us-
in? a commercial garage for
Paikmg.
Not leave behind any license
res.stranon cards or othec Kten
tifv'M credential that a thief
roiild misuse alter stealing t h e
car.
Searches For
everyday life. A young executive
in a prosperous firm or govern'
ment ministry will think more
than twice before he gives an or
der to an elderly clerk. A minis
ter of state is under ancient
imperatives to staff his offices
with members of his own tribe.
whether or not they are quali-
lied.
Put together, ancient tribalism
and recent colonialism conspire
to a p p I y (ui ther restrictions
against the development of Afri
can leadership. Much of the Con
go Republic's misery today stems
from this unhappy combination
Six colonial provinces have been
turned inlo 22 to satisfy a tribal
hunger tor governmental power
and the result is a jungle of bor
der disputes, trible rivalries and
a paralysis of government.
in individual terms, the pres
sure of colonialism and tribalism
are driving more and more young
Africans with European training
in the arts and sciences into pol
itics. An M D. degree in the rav
aged Congo today is the key to a
political job with a car. chauf
feur and mansion instead of a
stethoscope, hypodermic syringe,
and weary work in a village clin
ic. At the highest level, it is this
pressure which drives the leader
of a struggling new nation to
reach out for a pan-African fol
lowing and an important seat in
the council of older, stronger
richer countries.
It is what lures Ghana's
Nkrumah to render public state
ments on the Cuban crisis tanti
U.S.) and the Indo-China border
war (anti-India) while his coun
Iry's economy declines and his
people daily lose touch with their
leader and turn instead to the
solace of the homemade bomb.
Hard-headed European emis
saries to Africa argue that the
people's will on the emerging
continent counts for nothing to
day. "It is simply a matter of what
the leaders want." one ambassa
dor says. "The people don't know
and don t care. I prising and ov-
Recovers After Big Slump
just one ear to bring the market
back this time?
The 1929 bust was followed by
n deep, decade-long Depression. In
contrast. tlre have been explo
sively positive factors to back up
the present recovery:
Fir.-t. a removal of mo-t of the
economic and social forces which
clobbered the market last year,
and second, the attainment of a
business level which was only be
ing anticipated, and in the wrong
areas, when the market stood at
its December. 1981. high.
Reartsh Influences
Tiv roniMs' of hrarish
nfluences can best be seen by re
viewing them, and then making
g MAY JUNE JULY U6. jSEPT. OCT. j NOV. 0EC. JAN, FEB.. MAR. 1 APR,
!' &0 STANDARD & POOR'S 19"
a I I i i 1 1 1
jAsd 500 STOCK INDEX
f& 7000 1 1 1
Koo fiiYlF MONTHLY FIGURES m
JllgjLJ fekeoaffii
tJas,w in Jm-ff
MONDAY MM MWVL J
MONTH J i--H
MARKET RECOVERS This stock index chart shows
fluctuations from May. 1962, through April, 1963. Tha
market was hit by an $80 billion plungt (airtrema left of
... v Ni ... i .ft"
SYMBOL OF FREEDOM A
ence Necktie" to H. M. Onipembere, Nyasaland's minister
symbol of African freedom.
erthrnw are impossible. There is
nobody to lead the way."-
There is considerable evidence
to support his view.
In addition, according to the
men who say they know, the ur
gent need for nation building
requires a monolithic state which
can make decisions without the
fear of political dissension.
But to a reporter who has
wandered through uncertain days
Southeast Asia and Latin
America, the requisites of nation-
building have a way of growing
into the cruelties of permanent
revolution. The childhood of Af
rican nationalism is already be
ginning to bear a striking re
semblance to grown-up countries
across the world now frozen on a
ferris wheel of government bv
overthrow while the governed
stand angrily below without the
price of admission.
With radio, television and
Accra, Ghana, againit French
a re examination in the light of I
the current situation. dangerous opposite, deflation. Fur-
First, the basic law of busi- thermore. tlio U.S. ran into a
ness free operation of supply frightening series of gold flights
and demand was apparently re- to foreign lands which, if un
voked bv the assertion of govern-, checked, could have undermined
ment control over prices in our
most basic industry, steel.
Then it seemed that the roots
of American business ethics and
behavior might be challenged by
a government agency which be
gan a sweeping investigation of
the securities industry objec
tive unknown.
Meanwhile, the government
said tha( the har force hohind'
the postwar market boom, infla-
tion, was petering out and might
Men To
Tanqanvikan official presents
harpened political axes flowing
into Africa today, the vacuum
between leadership and the led
Cut Agreed In
SALEM (UPP-The Senate Tax
Committee agreed Friday to re
duce the bank tax from 9 to 8
per cent in a compromise move
to end a dispute with financial
institutions over the tax they
should pay.
The agreement with the banks
is that they will not claim refund
of moneys paid under the 9 per
cent rate and will not 'pav an
estimated $730,000 due for 1957.
The banks took tlieir protest
over a 9 per cent tax to the
courts, saying it was in violation
of the law to single them out for
higher taxes than other corpora
Hons, they conceded the 8 per
cent rate would be more com
v
PREPARING LEADERS Students ricuvt lessons in qovernment operation In Kenya's
Public Administration School, Nairobi.
be replaced by an even more
the currency and lorced a de
valuation. Causes Removed
A year later, the President has
given approval to selective steel
price increases within the supply
demand framework, apparently re
moving cause one. The Securities
It Exchange Commission has re
leased a mild criticism of the
securities indiitry itv akcd for
legislation to help it do better,
removing cause two.
graph! early in 1962 and
its formar strength.
iyn Nation
"Tanqanqyilca
epend
for local qovernment, as a
will be filled. The only question
by whom?
Both the West and the Soviet
Bank Tax
parable to the 6 per cent, plus
property taxes, paid by other cor
porations. The committee meeting was
capped by a sharp exchange be
tween Sens. Vernon Cook, D
(Iresliam. and Walter Pearson,
D-Portland.
Cook termed the compromise
a "horrible injustice." and said
the banks were "blackmailing the
state into agreement."
Pearson denied the banks had
blackmailed anyone, and said he
was "getting tired of Cook's per
sonal attacks on the intentions of
senators. If it happens much more
I will ask ook s expulsion from
the Senate. '
Of '62
The government is continuing to
budget huge deficits, giving new-
rise to inflation talk and eliminat
ing cause three. Finally, assur
ances have been given agaiast a
dollai devaluation, and the gold
reserve situation, while still un
solved, seems to be levelling out
at least subduing the last cause
for the 191 die as a market
factor.
Business Improves
Accompanying this removal of
causes are so.ne genuine business
kickers which d:d not pr.ist "hen
the market hit a record high in
mid-December, 19BI.
has now just about recovered
UPI Telephoto
IndeDend-
bloc are offering university schol
arships in an effort to have a
voice in Africa's future. But,
as one Israeli points out, after
watching African students return
from university study in h i s
country:
"You cannot evaluate the re
sults now or tomorrow. It will be
years and maybe a generation
before one knows what his stu
dents have learned."
On the African scene there are
several programs aimed specifi
cally at building leaders, among
them Kenya's Public Adminis
tration school, the Congo's Lou-
vanium University and Nigeria's
lbadan University. It is, however,
still too early to tcIL whether
graduates can resist the tempta
tions of power and status once
they leave the classroom.
The only project that can mea
sure any results is the rord
Foundation's Sensitivity Training
program in Nigeria and Uganda.
This course, under the direction
of American Dr. Robert Mitchell,
brings business and government
leaders together for seminars
to explore the workings of lead
ership under controlled condi
tions.
"For its scope and short du
ration." Dr. Mitchell says, "it
has been very successful. And it
has proved several things.
It has shown that the qualities
that make leadership are the
same for Africa as for any oth
er country in the world not only
subject mastery but emotional
appeal as well. There is no lack
of leadership potential in Africa."
But finding a way for its ex
pression and helping it to over
come its tradition of yielding'
to Hie white man's mastery are
obstacles not so easily overcome.
One thing is certain, Dr. Mitch
ell says, Africa is searching in
tensely for a leader.
And if he appears?
"The world will have to contend
with a continental strength and
solidarity," says one of the most
savvy political observers on the
continent, "to rival that of the
U.S. and Russia."
Yank Tries
Three-Star
Restaurant
DIVONNE, France I UPI '-Alan
Lewis is trying to do what no
American has ever done belorc
run a three-star restaurant
France.
There are only 12 restaurants
in this exalted category in all
France, according to the aulhori
lalive Guide .Michehn. Naturally
they are all operated by French
men and all have French chefs
But lwis, whose group, Restau
rant Associates, runs a notable se
ries of restaurants in New York,
New Jersey and Connecticut,
thinks be is on the verge of break
ing mto this exclusive fraternity.
It has been an uphill fight (or
the past two years, ever since
Hestaurant Associates bought 1.17
acres of this resort town near
ficnova, including a gambling ca
sino, two hotels, thermal baths.
theater, night club, tennis court
and three swimming pools.
Divonne had been coasting along
I a reputation built at the turn
of the century when Russian roy
alty and American and British
millionaires came primarily (or
the roulette and cbcmin-de-fer
When Iwis and his colleagues
tok over in .lune ltf.2 they In
stituted a big-name entertainment
policy and set out to make Di
vonne an all-year rather than
seasonal resort.
The big-name policy paid off
and Divonne, according lo Iwis.
now is the most profitable of
France's 149 casinos its nearest
rivals are Nice and F.nghien. Mr
considers this somewhat of a tri
umph for American methods
which have been Introduced with
out allecting the continental charm
of the resort.
WORLD
HORIZONS
HERALD AND NEWS, Klamath
FRANCO
Spain Faces Bleak Future
When France Leaves Scene
By WARD CANNEL
MADRID, Spain iNEAl There
is always the possioiniy, 01
course, that uen. r rancisco rran-
may live forever and outwit
the agony that daily creeps clos
er upon his country.
Despite his 70 years and the
adamant demands of mortality.
Spain's dictator appears to be
playing that long shot by mak
ing no real provision for a politi
cal successor. What moves he has
made leave the future bleak II
not bloody:
The appointment, lor the lust
time in his 32-year iron - listed
rule, of an assistant dictator-
Gen. Augustin Munoz Grandcs
man sometimes described as be
ing "five minutes younger than
Franco and not nearly
healthy."
Public cordiality toward the
Rourbon pretender to the vacant
throne Don Juan Carlos. Mon
archy w'ould be acceptable to
Truman Backs Memory
Of Yank In Nicaragua
WASHINGTON (UPD Presi-
lent Kennedy and former Presi
dent Harry S Truman have
crossed history books over an
American who was a president
himself before a firing squad cut
short his career.
William Walker was a tyrant
Kennedy told a group of students
at the San Jose meeting of Cen
tral American states.
Not so. said Truman w hen
word of Kennedy's remark got
hack lo Independence. Mo. Walk
er was a man "endowed with an
unusual capacity for leadership,"
aid the former president.
Most Americans h a d no opin
ion. Few had even heard of Wil
liam Walker.
But In Central America, the
name meant a lot. And In Spain.
students turned out to demon
strate before the U. S. Embassy
annoyed because Kennedy put the
Spanish conquerors in the same
class as Walker.
Lot Of Men
Who was Walker? He was a lot
of men. A doctor, a lawyer, a
newspaper editor, an author, a
general. Also the president of
Nicaragua the only American to
lie elected head of a foreign na
tion. It was this last job that
caused all the trouble for the
Nashville-born Walker.
In m.')5, "General" Walker
landed In Nicaragua with a &
man army he had recruited along
San Francisco's Barbary Coast
Denying he was a freebooter, he
produced an official invitation
from one of the warring factions
in Nicaragua to show he had
been legally invited to help bring
law and order to the revolt-torn
nation.
Walker brought order. He also
took over the entire nation. Be-
lore ha was through, he had been
elected president, recruited 2.500
Americans for his army. loiiRht
wars with Costa Rica, El Salva
dor, Guatemala and Honduras.
got short-lived diplomatic recog
nition from the United Slates.
and came within a few musket
halls of setting up an empire that
stretched from Mexico to Pan
ama. Dead At M
Five years after he landed in
Niraragua Walker was dead, shot
by a firing squad at the age of
M.
It was not really the rifle hul
lets that killed Walker's dream nfi
empire, but rather a mistake he
made in a choice n! business
partners.
As Walker saw it, thtj real
power in Nicaragua lay In the
possibility of a canal linking the
Atlantic and the Pacific. Even in
i ir I I IT,I I
Kails, Oregon
JUAN CAKLOS
Spain's tight, undcrgroun Com
munist party as a perfect setup
for an overthrow.
The easing of the shackles on
political action within reason, of
course but enough to r e v e a 1
that Spain today has neither the
discipline nor the optimism nec
essary to the building of demo-
c r a 1 1 c institutions, parties or
leaders.
Nor can Spain count on the
traditional substructure of gov
ernment to carry .lerself through
a transition without revolution. A
generation of rule-by-anarchy has
kept the dictatorship intact and
left tile nation broken.
Spanish labor unions, for ex
ample, are administered by gov
ernment appointees and directed
by employers.
The Spanish army is demor
alized and corrupt. H is not un
usual for high-ranking officers to
work part time as lobbyists am!
representatives for munitions, en
his time, more than a lialf-ccn-
tury before a canal actually was
built in Panama, plans were be
ing made for one that would run
through Nicaragua. The man be
hind these plans was Commodore
Cornelius Vanderbilt. who already
had won the right of transit from
an earlier Nicaraguan govern
ment. .
Supports Walker
When Walker arrived in Nica
ragua. Vanderbilt supported him,
hoping he would be able lo sta
bilize the government. Walker
needed Vanderbilt's steamship
line. It carried passengers from
New York and New Orleans to
Nicaragua, and then shipped
llicm overland to a Vanderbilt
ship waiting on the Pacific side
lor the journey to California
This was the quickest way for
Americans to reach California In
the Gold Rush days of the 1B-)0'S.
But to Walker, it was h i s only
means of getting recruits shipped
down by his agents in the United
States.
It was over the steamship line
that Walker made his mistake. In
a stock battle for control of the
line, Walker sided with Vander
bilt's enemies, and forced the
commodore nut. But the victory
turned to defeat when Vanderbilt
regained control of the line and
cut o ( f Walker's supply of re
cruits.
Hia.c Of Glory
But Walker went out in a blaw
of glory. He fought off the com
hined armies of the Central
American republics for months
before he finally surrendered1
then not to his enemies but lo an
American warship.
Kennedy, trying to use history
as a guide lor today s problems
said the hemisphere will never
be secure until Russia goes the
way ol men like William Walker.
According to Kennedy. Walker
ranks in history alongside George
III of Britain, the Spanish con
querors, and Maximilian.
Truman Disagrees
But Truman doesn't agree. He
thinks Kennedy has his history
contused.
Walker's purpose. Truman said
was to unite the Central Ameri
can nations into a kind of United
States patterned after our own
Rather than comparing Rus
sia's tactics with Walker's, Tru
man hinted there would be
problem If Walker had his way.
Both Kennedy and Truman can
find historians who will back up
their arguments. Soma say that
Walker was, as Truman put It,
"a kind of revolutionary ideal
ist." Others tabbed him as noth
ing more than a bandit who was
out for what he could get
xl 'TS
Monday, May 27, 1963 PAGE 9-B
MUNOZ GR ANDES
ginccnng
manufacturing
arms.
The Calliolic Church in Spain,
probably the most effective arm
of civil government, is itself in
turmoil, with the younger clergy
often pitted against their elders
on issues such as social welfare
and agrarian reform. But bo
cause of its long history as an
lly of both government and big
business, the Church, observers
in Spain say, is widely considered
an untrustworthy friend of the
people.
Even the Falangist party, on
which Franco rode to power, has
been effectively emasculated as
a political force for continuity in
the true tradition of all radical
revolutions from Stalin to Castro.
W'e have been governed by
dictatorship built on anarchy,"
says a government official and
staunch supporter of rranco.
"and now we must pay for it.
The only thing that could have
worked would be a balance be
tween the old Falangists and the
Socialists. But we don't have an or
ganization for either."
Meanwhile, very real pressures
for upheaval are building in
Spain today as the economy
comes to depend increasingly on
three mainstays tourism, U.S.
aid through military agreements
and romittences from Spaniards
working in booming Germany,
France, Switzerland and the low.
lands.
Last year, for example, tourism
brought Spain $430 million three
times what it was in 19S9 and
half what it's expected to be in
V.m. Should a recession hit the
opulent nations, however, tour
ism will be the first extravagance
to go.
United States bases in Spain
are equally tentative, especially
submarine, intercontinental
missile and orbital warhead
potential become realities.
Most dangerous of all to the
Spanish situation today, liow
cver, is the status of workers,
Imth at home and abroad.
While tlie economy gains $250
million annually from her men
employed outside of the country,
cutback in Europe s prosperity
ould send 100. 000 hungry Span
ish workers home, with the re
cent memory of better timea
and a long exposure to more
democratic ways of life.
In addition, the traditional new
frontier for young Spanish pio
neers. Latin America, is closing
lier doors to migration because
political and economic tur
moil. In vastly underdeveloped
Spain, this adds some 200.000 new
workers to the Job market
yearly without an escape hatch.
But fne possibilities of migra-
ion to oilier parts of the world
are discouraged by big employ,
ers, labor observers say, be
cause it tends to reduce the rc-
servo of cheap labor and forces
wages up. As one foreign ob
server put It:
Spanish employers cannot real
conceive of running a busi
ness w ith less than a 20 per cent
margin of profit."
Proof of the increasing pres
sure on the Spanish job market
comes from the experience of
tlie Intergovernmental Committee
For European Migration in Ma
drid which Is restrained from the
outright recruiting of migrants
for overseas positions. But after
recent newspaper account of
Spanish migrants In Australia,
says an ICEM official, "it took
us a week to dig out from under
the flood of requests for more in
formation from all over Spain."
But whether the mass of Span
ish peasants and workers is con
matter. Certainly the Spanish
press makes no mention of the
situation or need to be aware
that change comes with time an
omission that worries many of
the country's newsmen.
"The people." y most Jour
nalists queried, "are completely
unprepared." ,
' i that
such
,E
Y
llT I
1