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About Medford mail tribune. (Medford, Or.) 1909-1989 | View Entire Issue (March 24, 1963)
B Problems, Prospects (Editor's note: Following U tho eighth article in the Great Decisions program ior 1963. This week's topic is "Peace - What Problems and Prospects?" The dis patch was provided by the Foreign Policy association. New York, which sponsors the program.) The shape of peace in this spring of 1063 is being deter mined by the intersection of long- and short-term pressures at various points of the globe. Some observers believe that the sharp Sino-Soviet split and the sudden disarray in the Atlantic alliance shape up as the two key factors in the long range prospects for peace. In their opinion, much depends on whether and how the deep cleavages in the Communist and non Commu nist worlds are resolved. The furious controversy be tween the two giants of the Communist world has waxed and waned in recent months as China and the Soviet Un ion have battled for the ideo logical leadership of the Red Camp. Continue Salvos The Chinese continue to fire full salvos of loaded edito rials blasting Moscow for go ing "soft" in its relations with the West. As exhibit "A" the Chinese cite Mos cow's withdrawal, under U.S. pressure, ot lis missiles irom Cuba. In some communiques the Chinese have even hinted tint they might demand a redraw ing of the border between themselves and the Soviets, The empty lands of Siberia and Central Asia may yet prove too tempting for the Chinese to resist. Soviet Premier Khrushchev continues to argue that the socallcd paper tiger the U.S.) showed nuclear teeth in Hie Cuban crisis and thut coex istence with the capitalist world is possible. His words usually fall on deaf Chinese ears. Despite the strains in the Communist bloc, however, few experts are willing to pre dict that a. complete rupture will occur. Talk of Conference Currently there is talk of a Sino Soviet conference to iron 'out difficulties and differences. What might the price of agreement be? Could the aggressive Chinese per suade Khrushchev that his kind of coexistence docs not pay? Would Khrushchev turn a more belligerent face to ward the West to prove to the Chinese that he has not gone soft? If so, increased world ten sion is likely to result. What ever happens, developments in the Slno-Soviet rift arc certain to have repercussions on the quest for peace. . If the Communists have problems, so does the West. The deep splits that have de veloped , over the Common Market and nuclear policy, have weakened what was pre sumed to be the solid founda tion of the Atlantic alliance. Challenges Leadership Dc Gaulle has challenged U.S. leadership and appears NIAGARA'S MAC if-: .".'inn 5) SUNDAY. MARCH 24, 1963 j Fs . INTERNATIONAL SCENE The possibility that points of East-West conflict like Cuba, Berlin, India or the Near East will flare into open welfare is generally discounted determined to forge a West-1 dor possible policies on the crn European third force led by France and West Germany. Britain, excluded from the Common Market by Dc Gaulle, has given France a cold shoulder. Canada is mif fed at the U.S. over alleged interference in Canadian af fairs. The U.S. has always be lieved that one of the best guarantees of peace would be a strong and united Western community. Such an alliance would be overwhelmingly stronger than the Communist bloc and would have the mil itary and economic viablity to meet or push back Red pres sure anywhere on the globe. Now tho U.S. sees that strength dissipated by contro versy over economic and mili tary matters. How will this affect the uneasy peace of the lDu'Os? Will the Communist exploit Western differences to their own advantage? Or will they be too busy trying to put their own house in order? Again, statesmen must pon- New Trouble Brewing in Southeast Asia By PATRICK J- KILLEN United Press International Singapore - IUP1I - New trou ble is brewing in Southeast Asia, a perpetual trouble spot since the end of World War ii. .. ' ' " The new trouble is the birth pains of an exciting new coun try called the Federation of Malaysia. Malaysia will unit'" Malaya, Singapore and tho three Bril-i ish Borneo territories - North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei - in a country slightly small er than the state of Montana. It will lie in a broken half moon around the southern end of the South China Sea and slightly north of the equa tor. Talked Loosely British diplomats, and a few other people, have talked loosely about some soil of 1 TOP RATED PEAR Unexcelled Fruit Finish Higher Percentage of Top Grade Fruit Superior Pear Scab Control Fruit Has Excellent Keeping Qualities Compatible With Other Pesticides Beneficial to Foliage Use On All Varieties Low Per Acre Cost ot 773-3573 646 South Grope Street Medford, Oregon Pulling Id tn lo Work NIAGARA CHEMICAL DIVISION ANAHEIM FRESNO RICHMOND YAKIMA Home Offici; MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK basis of such unknowns. Danger Points Within the framework of these long-range problems, there are a number of pres sure points that could imperil the peace. The most sensitive point continues to be Cuba. Despite the abatement of last fall's missile crisis, thousands of Soviet troops remain on Castro's island and a new crisis could explode as a re sult of their presence. The U.S. has made it clear that if Castro, with or without the help of Soviet troops, should make a move against any Caribbean country, he will be met with American guns. The Cuban affair pushed what has been called the "perennial crisis spof'-Berlin -into the background for the time being. It is significant that Khrushchev's belliger ence over Berlin lessened when he realized that the U.S. would go to war, if neces union in this area for years. But they usually looked no farther than Singapore and Malaya. It remained for Premier Tcngku Abdul Rahman of Ma laya to come up with the idea of including the Borneo territories and begin to breathe some life into Ma laysia. Rahman, one of Asia's most visionary and democratic- minded leaders, made the first public proposal for the Federation while addressing the Foreign Correspondents' association of Singapore on May 27, 1961. He suggested, almost off handedly, that Singapore and Malaya and the Borneo terri tories should come together in one union. The Malaysia Federation was conceived. Things mov- FUNGICIDE for Peace Discussed for the time being by officials of the Kennedy adminis traion. Top officials agree that the dominant feature of the international scene at present is uncertainty. (UPI) sary, to defend its vital inter ests. Exploratory Talks There have been reports that the U.S. and the Soviet Union intend to reopen ex ploratory talks on a possible Berlin solution. Chances of any concrete developments re sulting from such talks, how ever, appear limited. As one journalist put it, "The United States and the Soviet Union are facing a new round of Berlin talks about as enthusiastically as a man vis iting his dentist with an ab scessed tooth can can neither be pulled nor filled." Each side's hand may be weakened by disunity within its own camp. Khrushchev, for instance, may not want to make . concessions on Berlin lest he further aggravate the Chinese. On the other hand, if he gets tough he could pro vide the cement the Western alliance currently lacks. Test-Ban Pact Elusive The near-stalled position of talks on disarmament and a ed rather rapidly after that. Rahman made trips to Lon don to work out some of the details with the British. He also worked with leaders in Singapore and the Borneo ter ritories. He expects to make another visit to London this spring to get final, formal British consent. Once that is done the way will be cleared for the inauguration of Malaysia next Aug, 31 - if no complications develop, But there are many who are trying to create complications. And this is what is causing the new trouble. Pushing hardest for Malay sia arc Great Britain and Ma laya. Strongly supporting the idea arc the United Stales, Australia and many, if not most, of the commonwealth countries. Oppose Proposal Strongly opposing it arc Indonesia and the Philippines. Russia and Red China also are opposed and arc giving plenty of sideline coaching to other opponents. for Britain, the Malaysia plan is what Indian Premier Jawaharlal Nehru recently called "a neat and logical way lo liquidate the British em pire in Southeast Asia." For Malaya, Singapore and the Borneo territories, Ma laysia offers more hope and strength for the future. Malaya, with its tin ami rubber wealth and a popula tion of almost seven million, would form the backbone of the Federation. Brunei, a liny land of big J This is a stamp. Color it free to remind l J 4 you that we pay the postage both ways f i I fn. when you bank by mail. Jj ' , MEDFOnD MAIL TRlBUNti. Jit.DrORD. OREGON nuclear test ban are sympto matic of the uncertain state of peace. Over a period of months, the U.S. has cut its demands for on-site inspec tions from 20 to 7. The Soviets have raised their figure from nothing to three. It would look as if the dif ference of four could be com promised. Yet U.S. negotiat ors have been generally pessi mistic. They question whether the Soviets are really inter ested in a test ban or in a foolproof disarmament plan. Where does this leave the world? In spite of the dangers and pressures, most observers conclude that the cold war is unlikely to turn into a hot one. Many also believe that both the U.S. and the Soviet Union may find themselves increasingly concerned with problems within their own al liances. Thus, the prognosis, while not foreseeing clear weather, does not forecast any immediate heightening of U.S. -Soviet tension. oil wells, was the scene of an armed uprising last De cember. The rebellion was or ganized by Sheik A. M. Aza hari, leader of the outlawed Rakyat party, which opposes Malaysia. The sultan, Sir Omar Ali Saifuddin, is the absolute ruler of Brunei. If he says yes, Brunei will join Malay sia. If he says no, Brunei will remain a . British-protected sultanate surrounded . by Ma laysian territory and the South China Sea. Although he has not given a final answer, the chances are strong that he is going to say yes. The Communist opposition to Malaysia may not be so difficult to figure out, but Indonesia an dthe Philippines arc so violently opposed that they have talked of war. President Diosdado Maca pagal of the Philippines ex plained some of the reasons for his nation's opposition in a stale of the nation address last Jan. 28. First, the Philippines has a claim on North Borneo that should be settled before North Borneo joins anything. Second, according to Maca pagal, Malaysia would do nothing more than establish Malaya as a new colonial power and pose a possible throat to the Philippines. Thirdly, Macapagal and other Philippines officials have talked vaguely of Malay sia bringing Communism or the threat of Communism to the Philippines' slop. back door- By STEWART HENSLEY United Press International Washington UP1 The Ken nedy administratipn finds the current international situa tion uncomfortable but not immediately perilous. The possibility that any of the points of East-West con flict will flare into open war fare is generally discounted for the time being, barring some unforeseen act of mad ness or miscalculation on the Communist side. Top officials agree that the dominant feature of the in ternational scene at present is uncertainty. Both Russia and the United States have been reappraising their posi tions and strategy in the light of changed circumstances on both sides of the Iron Cur tain. The United Slates is at tempting to restore momen tum to the drive for increased NATO strength in the wake of the French refusal to par ticipatc in nuclear defense planning. At the same time, it is revising its trade nego tiating plans to take into ac- county President Charles do Gaulle s veto of British mem bership in the Common Mar ket. Still in Command The Soviet Union, for its part, appears to be emerging from an intensive period of argument among the hierar chy which has left Premier Nikita Khrushchev with some what diminished stature in the Kremlin but still in com mand. The odds are that the Rus sian position on cold war is sues will harden, accompanied by new pressures against soft spots around the vast periph ery of the Communist world. This would be Ihe logical re sult of the concessions Khru shchev has been forced to make to the military and the members of the Presidium as a result of his troubles with Red China and economic dif ficulties at home. , Even so, the assumption here seems to be that the So viet leadership after its ill - fated offensive missiles gamble in Cuba will be careful not to go so far at any point as to tempt U. S. retaliation by military means. Berlin Still Simmers The Berlin issue continues to simmer on the back burner, where Khrushchev can fan it to a boil whenever he wants to increase pressure in that theater. Washington and Moscow have agreed to talk over the Berlin issue again, but there is no sign the Kremlin has abandoned the unacceptable demands for Allied evacua tion of the city. The guessing here is that Khrushchev will renew pressure on the issue later in the year, possibly by signing a separate peace treaty with Communist East Germany. Cuba remains the most crit-1 ical point for the present, dc- i spite removal of Soviet of-' tensive weapons and some military personnel. Less Rus sian control or power in the island, although urgently de sired by the U. S. and its hemispheric Allies, actually! increases the danger of some : ill-advised action by Fidel Castro's regime. Hie Russians, , with .bigger issues at stake, are believed to have exercised a moderating influence since the missile backdown. Vows To Act President Kennedy has sworn to act against any "ag gressive" move or situation there, and the unpredictable Cuban dictator could set off a Caribbean conflict unless the Kremlin has his wings clip ped. what Russia might or might : not do in such an event is nut I clear. The United States "for the time being," to use Kennedy's phrase, has no intention of blockading Soviet oil ship ments to Cuba or taking other in Decisions Program strong action against the is land. It is counting on the slow process of strangulation by economic and diplomatic means. There is no clear idea here as to how long Khrushchev may be willing to pour ap proximately $1 million per day into Cuba simply for the sake of having a prestige and subversion outpost in the hemisphere. It would be dif ficult for him to pull out now. Yet the economy is de teriorating steadily despite large-scale Russian help., Castro exacerbates the sit uation by proclaiming Red China's militant line, as op posed to Russia s "peaceful coexistence," while taking Moscow's charity. As one of ficial put it, "His head is in China but his stomach is in Moscow." Red China could not possibly take over the Cu ban economic burden Russia is carrying. NATO Has Troubles The Kennedy administra tion's necessity to defend its Cuban policy and actions al most continuously against Re publican criticism in recent weeks has distracted h i g n level attention from the dis array among the NATO Al lies. The United States, how ever, is pushing its offer to create a multi-lateral nuclear force for NATO. The U. S. proposal for a fleet of surface ships armed with Polaris missiles and un der command of several na tions admittedly is more of a psychological and political plan than a military necessity. It was designed to meet de sires of the West Germans and some other Europeans for a "larger voice" in nuclear strategy without relinquish ing the U. S. veto over use of the weapons. It remains to be seen whether enough Al lies will be interested to make the proposed force worth while. Trie United States in sists they bear a large part of the cost. Washington does not intend "to underwrite the creation of any honorary nu clear bigshols," as one offi cial said. Revises Tariff Policy The administration has been revising its tariff nego tiations strategy in the light of Britain's exclusion from the Common Market. It also must try lo find a way to meet the threat posed by new Eu ropean quotas against the American farm products. This action is a costly one which will aggravate the unfavora ble balance of gold dollars, which continues to run against the United States. The East-West negotiations ORCHARDISTS! 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S. policy in the Middle East is based on the assump tion that United Arab Repub lic President , Gamal Abdel Nasser has achieved a sense of responsibility and will not undertake any rash action. The United States is provid ing Nasser with approximate ly S145 million in economic aid this year. It provided S257 million last year. Washington quickly recognized the new pro-Nasser revolutionary re gimes in Yemen, Iraq and Syria. At the same time, it pledged to protect the anti Nasser governments in Saudi Arabia and Jordan. The key element in Washington's thinking appears to have been that all the new revolu tionary regimes looked anti Communist. If they and Nas ser should unite in military action against Israel, or the two anti-Nasser Arab states, this U. S. tightrope act could prove disastrous in that area. The administration has no plans to try to take advan tage of the rift between Red China and Russia. The belief is that any meddling might tend to drive the two together again. Despite occasional evi dence that the Moscow-Peking split is irreparable, officials here still do not rule out the possibility of some rapproche ment. Communist China remains the big question mark, partic ularly with regard to South east Asia. Officials here con cede Peking might be able to explode a crude nuclear device within a year or 18 months. While it would be many years before she could have any sophisticated deliv ery system, the mere fact that she had set off an atomic weapon would give her a strong blackmail power over all Southeast Asia. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru has acknowledged this in private talks. Help for India The United States plans to help India build up its air A Completely new- HAIL INSURANC PROGRAM PAMolmes INSURANCE W3ENGY defenses against the possibili ty of renewed Chinese Com munist attacks. Officials here do not anticipate any Chinese effort to invade in depth, but believe there may be a re currence of the border as saults. The U. 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