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About Medford mail tribune. (Medford, Or.) 1909-1989 | View Entire Issue (May 28, 1962)
16 6 MONDAY. MAY 28. 1962 MEDFORD M, TRIBUNE. MEDFORD. OREGON CIVIL WAR us". , . . . . . 1 Forcctt Tangle af Seven Pines y MEftTON T. AKERS UPI Correspondent At the end of May 1862 - an unusually rainy month in the peninsula of Virginia - Gen, Joseph E. Johnston, his army backed up to Richmond, the Confederate capital, saw a chance to deal a blow to the Union Army of the Potomac. One corps of the Army of the Potomac was isolated, Now Johnston was in a posi tion to slice off a big bite of the 100,000 man Federal force and chew it up before rein forcements could arrive. Johnston was being pushed by his own government as well as by the Army of the Journalism Prizes Given to Students Eugene - (UPI) - A total of $7,630 in scholarships, awards and prizes was awarded Uni versity of Oregon journalism students and high school sen iors who will enter the uni versity this fall at the annual journalism awards dinner Fri day night. - The sum was the largest in the event's history. Largest single awards were two new scholarships given by the Jackson Foundation of Portland. Lloyd W. Pase man, Eugene, and Philip A. Cogswell, Portland, each re ceived $1,000. Cogswell received also the William G. Gurney Memorial award. Kay Fraser, Portland, and Joseph E. Berger, St. Helens, received the Eugene Register Guard Allen scholarships of $500. The Crown Zellerbach Foundation gave $500 to Mary Ann Dean of San Marino, Calif., and Ronald A. Buel of Tillamook. The Bernard Malnwaring Memorial of $300 went to Martin Ketels of Alameda, Calif. Two $200 and five $100 awards were presented by the Oregon Newspaper Publish ers Association, among oth ers. Potomac. President Jefferson Davis kept prodding him to fight or at least reveal hij over -all plan of defending Richmond. Johnston was tell ing Davis nothing, conditioned perhaps by earlier leaks of military information to Rich- mand newspapers which were read every day by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, com manding the Army of the Po tomac. The Confederated comman der ordered his troops into action at dawn May 31. Eait of Junction The isolated Federal corps- the IVth - was commanded by Maj. Gen. Erasmus D. Keycs. It lay east of a road junction called Seven Pines, about six miles east of Richmond where Nine-Mile rd. and the Wil liamsburg Stage rd., both run ning southeast from Rich mond, crossed. About a mile north of Seven Pines lay Fair Oaks, a village station on the Richmond and York River railroad. Two miles north of Fair Oaks the Chickahominy river, a slug gish stream normally from 30 to 60 feet wide, ran eastward. It was lined on both side with bottom land which overflowed in every heavy rain. Three corps of the Army of the Potomac lay north of the river. Several bridges, both permanent and pontoon, arch ed the stream. Keyes' IVth corps and the Illrd, commanded by Maj. Gen. Samuel F. Heintzelman, were south of the river, the Illrd well east of Keyes. That was the setting John ston chose for the battle which would be called Seven Pines Fair Oaks, the first of a month-long series of bloody fights for Richmond. Johnston's battle plan call ed for a double envelopment, a complicated maneuver even for veteran troops and a train ed staff, neither of which Johnston had. One part of the Confederate army under Maj. Gen. Gus tavus Smith was ordered to keep the three Federal corps north of the Chickahominy from going to the aid of Keyes. The main part unofcr Maj, Gen. James Longstreet was to attack Keyes along Nine-Mile road. Another p""t under Maj. Gen. D. H. Hill was to attack along the Wil liamsburg Stage road. Maj. Gen. Benjamin Huger with a division was to guard the Con federate right .Hank on the south. Rained All Night " It rained all night on May 30-31 and the slow-flowing Chickahominy ran over its banks, further isolating the Federal corps north of the river and making General Smith's part of the battle ap pear comparatively easy. But Longstreet failed to move his troops along Nine Mile rd. as verbally ordered by Johnston. Instead he was on the Williamsburg road part of the time. All morning staff officers galloped through the mud and backwaters o the Chicka hominy trying to straighten out the commands. Although the battle was scheduled to start at dawn, noon came and went without action. At 1 p.m. Hill attacked alone. His brigade ran into Keyes' forward division com manded by Brig. Gen. Silas Casey. The fighting was fierce, the casualties heavy as they battled in the boggy ground and in the flood waters sometimes waist deep. Casey was severely wounded in the fighting but won a ma jor generalship. The Federals were pushed back to their second line, then to the third before Brig. Gen. Phil Kear ney's division came up from the east and Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner succeeded in mov ing some troops across the Chickahominy on shaky pon toon bridges. Later in the afternoon when Smith drove against Keyes' right flank, it had been rein forced enough to repulse the attack. All tile Confederate attacks were delivered piecemeal de spite Johnston's best effort to strike both on the right and the left at the same time with all his forces. But amateur i , I A r.t k f- . .. . nr. i fat BhLv. a. - v a mr in inn ii ii imi lu.aiu i i WAR HANGS IN BALANCE - The Civil War seemed to hang in the balance in early summer of 1862. The guns were silent on the Tidewater Peninsula, but Richmond was still under siege. There was quiet on the the Chickahominy river, but there was no silence in the West. Cornith, Miss., an im portant railroad point, had been abandoned to Union forces. Forts Pillow and Randolph on the Mississippi river, guarding Mem phis, were taken by the Union on June 4, 1862. The next Union objective was Mem phis, the most important commercial city on the river between St. Louis and New Orleans. On June 6, 1862, a Federal fleet, consisting of five ironclad gunboats mount ing 68 heavy cannon and three Ellet rams, moved on the Confederate ships guarding Memphis. Between the rams and the Fed eral gunboats, seven of eight Confederate vessels were sunk or beached. In an hour and 10 minutes, it was over. Memphis had fallen and now only Vicksburg remained as a stronghold to prevent complete Fed eral domination of the river for its entire length. Anaconda, the big border squeeze, was working. This sketch, from Harpers Weekly of the time, was taken from the Library of Congress collection. It depicts the naval battle at Memphis on June 6. (UPI) staff work, slow communica tions between the Confederate forces and lack of marching skill by the green troops com bined to bog down the Rebels in the Chickahominy mud and give the Federals time enough to fight delaying actions and form new battle lines. At 7 p.m., Johnston, trying to bring some order into the attacks by riding over the field, was hit in the right shoulder by a musket ball and a moment later knocked off his horse by a shell fragment in the chest. He was gravely wounded. Smith took tempor ary command. The fighting ceased at dark. Smith ordered his troops to renew the battle the next day, June 1, a Sunday. But fresh federal trodps had crossed the Chickahominy during the night and two Confederate at tacks were repulsed easily. Smith called off the fight about noon. Of 41,797 troops in the bat tle the Federals lost 790 kill ed, 3,594 wounded, 647 miss ing. The Confederates, of 41, 816 effective troops, lost 980 filled, 4,749 wounded and 405 missing. President Davis and his military adviser, Gen. Robert E. Lee, were, on the field at Seven Pines. That Sunday night Davis and Lee rode slowly back to Richmond, threading their horses through vehicles carry ing wounded to the capital. 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