16 6
MONDAY. MAY 28. 1962
MEDFORD M,
TRIBUNE. MEDFORD. OREGON
CIVIL WAR
us". , . . . . . 1
Forcctt Tangle af Seven Pines
y MEftTON T. AKERS
UPI Correspondent
At the end of May 1862 - an
unusually rainy month in the
peninsula of Virginia - Gen,
Joseph E. Johnston, his army
backed up to Richmond, the
Confederate capital, saw a
chance to deal a blow to the
Union Army of the Potomac.
One corps of the Army of
the Potomac was isolated,
Now Johnston was in a posi
tion to slice off a big bite of
the 100,000 man Federal force
and chew it up before rein
forcements could arrive.
Johnston was being pushed
by his own government as
well as by the Army of the
Journalism Prizes
Given to Students
Eugene - (UPI) - A total of
$7,630 in scholarships, awards
and prizes was awarded Uni
versity of Oregon journalism
students and high school sen
iors who will enter the uni
versity this fall at the annual
journalism awards dinner Fri
day night. -
The sum was the largest
in the event's history.
Largest single awards were
two new scholarships given
by the Jackson Foundation
of Portland. Lloyd W. Pase
man, Eugene, and Philip A.
Cogswell, Portland, each re
ceived $1,000.
Cogswell received also the
William G. Gurney Memorial
award.
Kay Fraser, Portland, and
Joseph E. Berger, St. Helens,
received the Eugene Register
Guard Allen scholarships of
$500.
The Crown Zellerbach
Foundation gave $500 to Mary
Ann Dean of San Marino,
Calif., and Ronald A. Buel of
Tillamook.
The Bernard Malnwaring
Memorial of $300 went to
Martin Ketels of Alameda,
Calif. Two $200 and five $100
awards were presented by the
Oregon Newspaper Publish
ers Association, among oth
ers.
Potomac. President Jefferson
Davis kept prodding him to
fight or at least reveal hij
over -all plan of defending
Richmond. Johnston was tell
ing Davis nothing, conditioned
perhaps by earlier leaks of
military information to Rich-
mand newspapers which were
read every day by Maj. Gen.
George B. McClellan, com
manding the Army of the Po
tomac.
The Confederated comman
der ordered his troops into
action at dawn May 31.
Eait of Junction
The isolated Federal corps-
the IVth - was commanded by
Maj. Gen. Erasmus D. Keycs.
It lay east of a road junction
called Seven Pines, about six
miles east of Richmond where
Nine-Mile rd. and the Wil
liamsburg Stage rd., both run
ning southeast from Rich
mond, crossed.
About a mile north of Seven
Pines lay Fair Oaks, a village
station on the Richmond and
York River railroad. Two
miles north of Fair Oaks the
Chickahominy river, a slug
gish stream normally from 30
to 60 feet wide, ran eastward.
It was lined on both side with
bottom land which overflowed
in every heavy rain.
Three corps of the Army of
the Potomac lay north of the
river. Several bridges, both
permanent and pontoon, arch
ed the stream.
Keyes' IVth corps and the
Illrd, commanded by Maj.
Gen. Samuel F. Heintzelman,
were south of the river, the
Illrd well east of Keyes.
That was the setting John
ston chose for the battle which
would be called Seven Pines
Fair Oaks, the first of a
month-long series of bloody
fights for Richmond.
Johnston's battle plan call
ed for a double envelopment,
a complicated maneuver even
for veteran troops and a train
ed staff, neither of which
Johnston had.
One part of the Confederate
army under Maj. Gen. Gus
tavus Smith was ordered to
keep the three Federal corps
north of the Chickahominy
from going to the aid of
Keyes. The main part unofcr
Maj, Gen. James Longstreet
was to attack Keyes along
Nine-Mile road. Another p""t
under Maj. Gen. D. H. Hill
was to attack along the Wil
liamsburg Stage road. Maj.
Gen. Benjamin Huger with a
division was to guard the Con
federate right .Hank on the
south.
Rained All Night "
It rained all night on May
30-31 and the slow-flowing
Chickahominy ran over its
banks, further isolating the
Federal corps north of the
river and making General
Smith's part of the battle ap
pear comparatively easy.
But Longstreet failed to
move his troops along Nine
Mile rd. as verbally ordered
by Johnston. Instead he was
on the Williamsburg road part
of the time. All morning staff
officers galloped through the
mud and backwaters o the
Chicka hominy trying to
straighten out the commands.
Although the battle was
scheduled to start at dawn,
noon came and went without
action.
At 1 p.m. Hill attacked
alone. His brigade ran into
Keyes' forward division com
manded by Brig. Gen. Silas
Casey. The fighting was
fierce, the casualties heavy as
they battled in the boggy
ground and in the flood
waters sometimes waist deep.
Casey was severely wounded
in the fighting but won a ma
jor generalship. The Federals
were pushed back to their
second line, then to the third
before Brig. Gen. Phil Kear
ney's division came up from
the east and Maj. Gen. Edwin
V. Sumner succeeded in mov
ing some troops across the
Chickahominy on shaky pon
toon bridges.
Later in the afternoon when
Smith drove against Keyes'
right flank, it had been rein
forced enough to repulse the
attack.
All tile Confederate attacks
were delivered piecemeal de
spite Johnston's best effort to
strike both on the right and
the left at the same time with
all his forces. But amateur
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WAR HANGS IN BALANCE - The Civil
War seemed to hang in the balance in early
summer of 1862. The guns were silent on
the Tidewater Peninsula, but Richmond was
still under siege. There was quiet on the
the Chickahominy river, but there was no
silence in the West. Cornith, Miss., an im
portant railroad point, had been abandoned
to Union forces. Forts Pillow and Randolph
on the Mississippi river, guarding Mem
phis, were taken by the Union on June 4,
1862. The next Union objective was Mem
phis, the most important commercial city
on the river between St. Louis and New
Orleans. On June 6, 1862, a Federal fleet,
consisting of five ironclad gunboats mount
ing 68 heavy cannon and three Ellet rams,
moved on the Confederate ships guarding
Memphis. Between the rams and the Fed
eral gunboats, seven of eight Confederate
vessels were sunk or beached. In an hour
and 10 minutes, it was over. Memphis had
fallen and now only Vicksburg remained
as a stronghold to prevent complete Fed
eral domination of the river for its entire
length. Anaconda, the big border squeeze,
was working. This sketch, from Harpers
Weekly of the time, was taken from the
Library of Congress collection. It depicts
the naval battle at Memphis on June 6.
(UPI)
staff work, slow communica
tions between the Confederate
forces and lack of marching
skill by the green troops com
bined to bog down the Rebels
in the Chickahominy mud and
give the Federals time enough
to fight delaying actions and
form new battle lines.
At 7 p.m., Johnston, trying
to bring some order into the
attacks by riding over the
field, was hit in the right
shoulder by a musket ball and
a moment later knocked off
his horse by a shell fragment
in the chest. He was gravely
wounded. Smith took tempor
ary command.
The fighting ceased at dark.
Smith ordered his troops to
renew the battle the next day,
June 1, a Sunday. But fresh
federal trodps had crossed the
Chickahominy during the
night and two Confederate at
tacks were repulsed easily.
Smith called off the fight
about noon.
Of 41,797 troops in the bat
tle the Federals lost 790 kill
ed, 3,594 wounded, 647 miss
ing. The Confederates, of 41,
816 effective troops, lost 980
filled, 4,749 wounded and 405
missing.
President Davis and his
military adviser, Gen. Robert
E. Lee, were, on the field at
Seven Pines.
That Sunday night Davis
and Lee rode slowly back to
Richmond, threading their
horses through vehicles carry
ing wounded to the capital.
Somewhere on that ride, in
words which history failed to
record, Davis appointed Lee to
command the Confederate
Army in place of Johnston.
But at this point in his
career, Lee was regarded as a
failure. He had lost in West
Virginia and had failed to stop
the Union Army on the south
cast coast.
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