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About Medford mail tribune. (Medford, Or.) 1909-1989 | View Entire Issue (March 23, 1961)
MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD, ORE THUSDAV, MARCH 23, iSSi A Future Space Ship May Glide on. Electrified Gas New York, N, Y. Scien tific American Feature) - In contrast to the roaring booster rockets that now put artifi cial satellites into orbit, the cruising space ship of the fu ture may glide to its cosmic destination on thrust devel oped by a small jet of elec trified gas, according to Ga briel Giannini, head of Gian nini Scientific Corporation of California. A lighter-than-air ship such as a blimp, Dr. Giannini ex plains, moves itself forward by thrusting a mass of air backward. A space ship, on the other hand, has nothing to push against once it passes the limits of the earth's at mosphere. It has no outside mass to thrust and so must carry some mass for this pur pose. It cannot accelerate, that is, alter its motion, unless it ejects a portion of its own substance. . Depends on Velocity The amount of thrust de veloped depends not only upon the amount of substance jettisoned, but on the velocity of the jet. In other words, the propulsive force is proportion ed to the rate of mass flow and to the velocity with which the mass is thrown. This fact provides the engine designer with an opportunity to trade mass for velocity when the nature of the voyage indicates a preference in one direction or the other, the compromise posing a choice between large thrust of short duration or low thrust of long duration. Chemical engines, such as those that launch satellites, eject mass, measured in tons per minute, at velocities up ward of 10,000 feet per sec ond for short duration thrusts amounting to millions of pounds. Forces on this scale are essential for blasting multi-ton vehicles into space. But once in orbit the need for great thrust disappears. The vehicle then moves in an al most frictioniess environment. Thereafter, sustained thrust of low force may best serve the navigator's objective and dictate an engine of radically differing design. Several are already on test in the laboratory, Dr. Gian nini states. Unlike the chemi . cal engines, in which the en ergy source and the mass re quired for propulsion are com bined in the fuel, the new engines rely for energy on electric generators and on a light gas, such as hydrogen, for the mass. Two Problems "The developers of electri cal propulsion systems face two problems," says Dr. Gian nini. "One is to develop sources of electrical energy that are sufficiently light; the other is to feed the energy into the propellant in such a way as to provide higher ex haust velocities than are now . attainable. The second of these problems has been solv ed, at least in the laboratory. One method takes advantage of the electrical conductivity of the gas stream that can be produced by an electric arc. Streams of gas can be readily heated to between 20,- 000 and 30,000 degrees if., to produce proportionately high exhaust velocities. "As to power sources, the nicture is much less clear. Chemical batteries would ap pear to be out of the question. The process of converting chemical energy into electri' cal energy and then into ener gy of motion is not likely to be competitive with the single conversion carried out by chemical rockets. I From Nuclear Sources ; "Inevitably, then, the en ergy will have to come from nuclear sources. Here there are only a few possibilities. One would be a nuclear pow er plant; a fission reactor driv ing a turbogenerator. These are heavy installations and would be suitable only for a large vehicle that was blasted free of the earth s gravity by a chemical booster. Alterna tively, sunlight, itself a prod uct of nuclear processes, could be substituted for convention al nuclear fuel. Outside the atmosphere sunlight delivers a steady stream of energy amounting to more than a kil owatt per square yard. This could be collected by a light weight parabolic reflector and focussed on a steam boiler for driving the turbogenera tor. Finally, it is possible that sufficient energy could be converted from sunlight di rectly into electricity by solar batteries." Until adequate energy sources have been developed, however, electrical propulsion in space must remain specu lative, according to Dr. Gian nini. "So far as propulsion ..units themselves are concern ed " he declares, "we can al ready build them lo perform beyond the requirements of any space mission presently envisioned." LIVESTOCK FEED Des Voines - About 85 per cent of the multi-million bush el corn crop in a normal year is used to feed livestock . STAMPS l' Jcreen ISTAMPSl PIGGLY WIGGLY jjj' jwps PIGGLY WIGGLY jW jjtjj stamps! 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