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About Medford mail tribune. (Medford, Or.) 1909-1989 | View Entire Issue (March 23, 1961)
t ft f THURSDAY. MARCH 23. 1961 MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORD. ORE IU v ' Adolf IHichmann Goes on Trial for Life April 11 in . - ....i. By ELIAV SIMON United Preii International Jerusalem, Israel (UPD The Jewish state of Israel is about to place on trial lor his lite in this ancient biblical city a ' man It regards as one of his- tory's vilest criminals, pos sibly second only to Adolph Hitler. He is Adolf Eichmann who, as chief of Hitler's "Jewish ' Program", is accused of being responsible for the torture, degradation and murder of ', millions of European Jews during the years 1939-45 the i crime of genocide. Israel wants to hang Eich mann, now 03, ana proouoiy will. But first, through the trial, scheduled to open April ' 11, it wants to spread before the world the whole ugly story of what the Nazis did to the Jewish people. The Israeli government has prepared a 15-count indict ment against Eichmann, whom its agents found living a grubby, masquerading life In Argentina in May, 1960, and spirited secretly to Israel to answer for his wartime crimes before a court of Jews. For 10 months Israel has prepared carefully for this moment. Thirty-nine witness es, about 4,000 pieces of docu mentary evidence and parts of the 4,000 pages of testi mony Eichmann has given Irsaeli investigators are ready to be introduced in what will be, perhaps, the most inter nationally covered criminal trial on record. 80 Newsmen A total of 80 newsmen have been accredited from 35 coun tries to report, photograph and film the proceedings. They represent six world agencies, including United Press International, 27 na tional agencies and news paper chains, 170 dally news papers, 38 weeklies, 3 radio and television stations or net works, and 8 periodicals of all kinds. ' Setting for the trial, expect ed to last at least two months or more probably five or six months, is the six-story, new community Center on Jeru salem's western hills. Judges, counsel and the prisoner will occupy the stage of the main hall. Because of the heavy nress representation there will be room for only about 300 other spectators in a bal eonv section. The seats there will be available to members of the Kneltet (parliament) and distinguished foreign ob servers including diplomats and Jurists. A few tickets will be available to local organi zations for public distribu tion. Extraordinary security pre cautions, have been taken. A 15-foot wire fence has been thrown around the Comma nltv Center and some adjoin ing buildings. The fence is ringed with guard posts and evervone entering will be utnrched for hidden weapons, The defendant will view the nrnrepdlnas and testify, if he does so, from a bullet-proof fflfiRft hox. The nation itself is In the ffrlo of strong and conflicting emotions, an atmosphere one Israeli commentator com pares to ' that which might exist if Pontius Pilate were on trial in the Vatican for the murder of Jesus Christ. To one-quarter of Israel's population, Eichmann is the alleged murderer of parents, brothers, sisters, a husband or wife, a child. The Nazi atro cities to be presented In evi dence are frightful personal history which many have tried to erase from memory. "I see Auschwitz plastered all over the newspapers and bookstores," cried one Israeli wife and mother whose arm still carries the blue, tattoo of that death camp. ' "How docs it help me if they hang Eichmann now that I have started to have night mares again?" Refuse to Type Some girl clerks In the Ministry of Justice, personal ly untouched by the terrible period and accustomed to criminal aberration, have re fused to continue typing, aft er a few pages, the detailed specifications against Eich mann. i The aovernmcnl reasons, however, that full knowl edge of the atrocities suffered by the Jewish people at the hands of the Nazis is both the birthright of the nation's children and the best proven- tlve for a repetition anywhere In : the world. It decided months ago, over considerable protest, to introduce the his tory of the period in the school curriculum, tempered with tales of Jewish heroism in the ghettos and the under ground. Israel accepts no argument at to its legal right to try a man of other nationality, whose crimes were committed in other places before, Israel Itself was a nation, and who was snatched without legal formality from a friendly country. The kidnaping of Eichmann by Israeli comman dos from a Buenos Aires sub urb, where he lived as Rlcar ', do Klement and worked in an auto Darts factory, Is defend ed as the end justifying the means. The trial of Eichmann is declared technically correct on the basis of Israeli law making Nazi membership and activity criminal offenses. The offenses arc spelled out in the 15 counts. They include "crimes against the Jewish people and against humanity, war crimes, and membership in hostile Nazi organizations." Eichmann is accused of caus ing the deaths of millions of Jews estimates have run from 3 million to 5 million between 1939 and 1945 by lage of Lidice which was means of torture, starvation wiped out and its entire popu and slavery in death camps, lation killed or deported in work camps, local conccntra- one of the most savage of all tion camps, and at the hands Nazi reprisals. Colorado Rockies Provide Clues About Life in Arctic High in the Colorado Rock ies (DPI) The whine o f an Army Weasel climbing through snowdrifts toward the timberline breaks the silence of Colorado's Rocky Moun tains. Once at the height where trees cannot survive, its bun dled occupants get out and begin hiking up the bare slopes, leaning into a 50-mile gale. They are rugged outdoor men, but iney dicin i go up in the hills for sport. It was all in the interest of science. The men s t u d e n t s and i staff at the University of Colorado were getting a sample of what it's like in the frigid Arctic region as they participated in the univer sity's Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. In reality, these men nave discovered the Arctic in Am erica's backyard, the Rocky Mountains. The higher one goes in mountain areas, me closer conditions approach those of the Far North. Institute Director John W. Marr estimates that each 1,000 feet up the mountains above mile-high Boulder, site of the university, is equiva lent to traveling 500 miles to the north. The mountain en vironment at 12,500 feet is about the same as that at the outer rim of the Arctic Circle 3,500 miles north of Boulder. The spruce and fir 'forests at 10,000 feet are the same as in northern-most Canada. Location Is Charm The charm of the Institute Is its location only an hour from civilization. It has saved time, expense and discomfort for the armed forces and other researchers who sought Alpine information, Marr, an Arctic specialist in the U.S. War Department during World War II, has set up a series of stations to mea sure environmental c o n d I- tions. The stations contain re cording instruments to meas ure soil and air temperature, humidity, wind velocity, soil Lenten, Message By The REV. WILLIAM H. ROBINSON Administrative Assistant to the President oi the National Baptiit Convention, U.S.A.. Chicago (Written for UPI) Mt. 4:1 Jesus was led up by the spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil. Jesus at the very outset of His spiritual preparation for His gallant ministry was led up bv the Spirit into the wil derness to be templed by the Devil. Look here and live; understand it and grow. The wilderness of temptation Is not localized; it Is interna- tionallzed for It covers the entire world. There Is here on every hand trial and temp tation, yet Jesus did not yield. He did find out of this quest for us as well as for Himself life - eternal life. Conflict, as you know, Is not new to life or to living. It is as old as the world, anil dating civilization. With In dividuals, with animals, or with plants, conflict was, Is, and ever will be at work. What appears to be negative if used constructively, that is wisely, will push life up rath er than break it down. Truly, this principle was made real in the life of the Master when his total being was challenged by the throngs of people. This Is constantly being expressed In the daily lives of literally millions of people over the world today. Eternal Dlmemions It is this new approach to life that has eternal dimen sions. When life is lived on an eternal plane, nothing earthly can stop it nor destroy it for It is of God and for God and with God. Our need, then. Is not to pray for nor to seek escape from conflict, but to greet it with understanding and use it as a growing and vitalizing fact. It is out of this that love glows, that patience is born, that life is lhpd. Un derstand It; use it and you too of special detachments in cluding the Gestapo in 21 European countries. Inhuman Treatment Under the heading of crimes against humanity he is charged with similarly in human treatment of civilian Poles, Czechs, Yugoslavs and gypsies in the path of the German war machine. One of the grimmer speci fic charges places at Eich munn's feet the murder of 100 children from the Czech vil- moisture, plant growth and animal use of plants. They are scattered around the area, spotted in varying altitude belts corresponding to specific kinds of vegetation 7,000 to 8,500 feel, ponderosa pine and Douglas fir; 10,000 feet, spruce and fir; l'i.,500 feet, tundra. The missions of the institute arc several, but the main project Is to determine the ef fect of environment on living organisms. The institute also has col lected data essential to the Quartermaster Corps' studies of warfare in severe weather regions. From this Information the Army has set up tables to enable airborne observers to determine weather conditions in an unknown area merely by spotting the kinds of vege tation growing there. Thus, the clothing a soldier must wear and the equipment he will need can be deter mined from a single aerial photograph of an unfamiliar region. Another subject study is the effect of vegetation on the drifting snow in the moun tains. This has an important bearing on irrigation and water supply. Better Control By learning what types of Security Tightened Along Iron Curtain Vienna (UPI). The Iron Curtain is being given the "New Look" treatment. Even the watch towers along the tense border between Austria and Hungary have been reno vated. The reason for the renova tion is security rather than spring. Barbed wire fences are now seven feet high Instead of four feet high and topped with eight rows of barbed wire'. Ironically this is strung in a V form. In place of the bare wooden posts, the streamlined "cur tain" is supported by narrow concrete girders sunk more than a yard into the earth, and topped by wooden logs which jut out, now left, now right, supporting the top rows of wire, The old wooden towers, for merly 24 to 30 feet high, have been replaced by bigger mod els with sturdy steel scaffold ing. Telephones connect eacli tower with the next central station. Renewal Process This renewal process lias been in progress since 1957. Now, along the 250-mile-long border between Austria's Bur- genlnnri and Hungary, there are few places where the "old curtain" extends for any dis tancc. In many places the evi deuces of the old wire en tanglements can still be seen in the grass. In some places the old and the new stand side bv side. That the "curtain" has been strengthened Is unquestioned. Now wire entanglements arc extended lis far as 50 yards from the actual border to in sure against blind spots where a man could cross unnoticed by Hungarian border guards. To guard against the danger of tlie unsuspecting tourist wandering Into Hungarian ter ritory, Austrian authorities have erected six-foot-tall posts. striped red and white along the border. They are boldly lettered ill red: "Attention Horder." Replant Fields The Hungarians also are replanting the mine fields which lie just beyond the barbed wire. The old mines, set to explode with the slight est movement, have been ex ploded and replaced by tread- shall live abundantly. II o w did the Master put It? "1 am come that they may have life and have it abundantly. Turn your dark wilderness of dis pair Into the green meadows of hope." There Is herein a universal principle (or good and healthy living. Hug It and pull it closer lo you than breath it self until your entire being pulsates from this health-giving, universal principle. Eichmann is charged with, the murders in his role as Chief of Hitler's Department for Jewish Affairs of the Ges tapo in Berlin, and as head of the Eichmann Special Op eration Unit in Budapest in 1944. He will be tried by a three man court. The presiding judge is Moshe Landau, a member of Israel's Supreme Court, apopinted for the trial by Chief Justice Isaac Olshan. The other two judges are Ben jamin Halcvi, president of the Jerusalem District Court, who raised a storm of con troversy by appointing him- trees grow best in certain kinds of soil,' the institute is aiding in more successful re forestation. And with better forests, the mountain states will have better flood control, a steadier supply of water from the mountains and con tinued lumber resources. The institute has had prob lems in adapting to the severe climate of the mountain range. Its field headquarters is the University's Science Lodge, 20 miles west of the Boulder campus at the 9,500 foot level. Marr and his as sistants travel from one sta tion to another in their weasel during the winter months. By trial and error, the men have developed ways of keep ing the wild, blowing snow out of the weather mecha nism, keeping the charts dry and preventing ice formation. Recently the Atomic Energy Commission added $17,000 to an earlier grant of $30,000 for research in environment of four mountain regions, radia tion ecology, interrelations of plants and animals in tundra and characteristics of the tree limit region. The National Science Foun dation also has provided money to improve roads near the Science Lodge. mines of the type which ex plode only when disturbed by a weight of approximately 80-00 pounds. Formerly, the sound of mines exploded by a wild hare was a common occurrence which kept the guards busy investigating. Now their soli tary existence in their new reinforced steel watch towers is seldom disturbed, except when a man stumbles onto one of the wires attached to every mine. The only remnants of an era of "freedom and friend ship" arc the simple stone border markers bearing the date of the freedom treaty of St. Germain, 1921. But, as one Austrian border Inspector noted, "There was once an other reich which was built to last 1,000 years." Osteopath at Canyonville Loses Court Decision Salem - (UPli - A woman who complained that treat ment by an osteopathic sur geon shortened her leg won $11(1,148 in damages Wednes day from the Oregon Supreme Court. Hose M. James sued Rollin L. Falk, who practices at Can yonville. The yuting woman had been injured in a car accident and taken, to Falk's hospital. She was treated by him for about two months after which she was moved to a hospital in Eugene and put under the care of another doctor. She later charged that her leg, which was fractured, did not heal correctly and It was shortened. Falk appealed a decision in Douglas county circuit court by the high court upheld Judge Eldon Culey. Direct Evidence Justice Gordon Sloan wrote that "there was direct ' evi dence that the defendant had failed to exercise that degree of care, skill and diligence and knowledge which is or dinarily possessed by the av erage of the members of his profession . . ." Folk contended that since all of her witnesses at the trial were medical doctors, they were not qualified to testify to the standard of prac tice by an osteopath. But Sloan said both schools follow "the same precepts In treating a fracture of the kind in question . . ." SHRIMP DEMAND New urlenns - Americans consume aooui iiu minion pounds of shrimp each year. self, and District Court Judge Tizhak Olsan of Tel "Aviv, also named by Halevi. Halevi was criticized for his own ap pointment because he had participated in an earlier highly controversial trial in volving Eichmann's activities. Chief defense counsel is Dr. Robert Servatius, a 65-year old Cologne lawyer and one of Germany's so - c a 1 1 e d "Nuernberg group" of law yers who defended Nazi war criminals during the post-war Nuernberg trials. Chief prosecutor is Israel's attorney general, Gideon Hausner, a balding, 45-year-old Polish-born lawVer who pledged before Eichmann went into the dock that this would be no "lynch trial," but an orderly, careful and legal "presentation of the facts that is Israel's duty." Procedure for the trial was established in eight special laws enacted by the Knesset. These laws among other things provide that any death, sentence in the case be car ried out by hanging, and that no guilty plea will be ac; cepted. 39 Witnesses The prosecution has an nounced the names of 39 wit nesses, all Jews residing in Is rael or European countries. Many of them had personal dealings with Eichmann in his Nazi role. The first will be Inspector Abner Loess of the Israeli Police who took Eichmann's 4,000 pages of pre trial testimony. Another will be Joel Brand, who during the war negotiated with Eich mann on behalf of the Jewish Agency for Palestine in an at tempt to exchange 1 million Hungarian Jews for 10,000 motor vehicles. Brand's wife, Hansi, who also took part in those negotiations, will testi fy. Another major witness will be Phillip von Freudiger, who headed the Jewish com munity of Budapest at the time of the Nazi conquest. Other witnesses will in clude Jews who were ex pelled from Hungary and Czechoslovakia into work and death camps, Jews who suf fered at Nazi hands in Ger many and elsewhere, and per sons who are prepared to tes tify as to first-hand knowl edge, of acts carried out on Eichmann's orders. Documentary evidence will include copies of 120 specific orders issued by Eichmann dealing with extermination of Jews. Also to be introduced are minutes of a Nazi meeting on Jan. 20, .1952, at which Israel charges the decision was taken to destroy all Jews in all countries occupied by the Germans. A major point of the evi dence, Hausner has said, will be to prove that Eichmann did more than simply carry out the orders of his superi ors, one of the claims it is anticipated his defense will make. Eichmann, it is believed will not disclaim knowledge of final fate of people he sent to death camps. It is thought, however, that he will claim what happened to such people was not his responsibility, that his responsibility was simply to organize expulsions from ghettocs and provide ex pellees with suitable trans port. According to advance indi cations, Eichmann also will claim that he concentrated Jews in camps and ghettocs for their own protection and to enable them to "maintain an autonomous existence." He is expected to try to . prove that he actually meant to spare the 1 million Hungar ian Jews in return for 10,000 trucks. He will claim, it is further believed, that at the time of the charged crimes the Jew ish people were an "enemy" of his country and as such subject to treatment as foes. The trial procedure wiil be roughly the same as that in American criminal courts. There will be no jury and the verdict will rest with the three judges. But witnesses may be called by both sides, and will be liable to cross examination by opposing counsel. There will be a morn, ing session from 9 o'clock to noon daily and an afternoon session from 3 p.m. to about 5 or 6 p.m. The language of the court itself will be Hebrew, but running translations via ear- phones will be available to everyone present, including the defendant. In a choice of three other languages - Eng lish. German and French. Eichmann is expected to be his own chief witness. What other witnesses the defense may call is not known. Delicate Question The question of witnesses for Eichmann is a delicate one. Israel has refused to guarantee immunity to any persons of Nazi background! coming Into the country. Ser vatius is believed to have jbeen told, however, that test l Imony from any such witness es will be accepted by sworn i written statements. Up to sitortiy oeiorc the trial whs to begin there whs no public , Knowledge o( any persons volunteering to lestuy on Eichmann's behalf. Eichmann will be under heavy guard throughout the trial and between court ap pearances kept in a special cell in the Community Center. The bullet - proof glass and plastic box he will occupy in the court room is fitted with earphones through which he may follow the proceedings, land is open on the side facing the bench so that he may ad dress the court. Two armed guards will be at his side at all times. The trial is the climax to an intensive 15-year manhunt. Eichmann had been Jewry's "most wanted" man since the end of World War II. At that time he held the , rank of colonel in the S.S. ! and on or about May 8, 1945,' was captured by American : forces in Austria. But he hadi succeeded in changing into, the uniform of an air force! private, gave a false name and explained away his lack of' identifying documents by say-j ing he had destroyed them in keeping with orders of the German army. For some rea son, the S.S. tattoo mark on ; his left hand was not noticed. Later his first captors sent him to another prisoner-of-! war camp and then he chang-. cd his name and identity again, and assumed the rank of a lieutenant to explain his S.S. tattoo. In mid-1946 he es caped from a camp in .Ger many. At that time Eichmann's wife believed he had been killed in the final days of fighting. He did not commu nicate with her, but made his way to northern Germany where he made contact with the brother of an S.S. man he met in prison camp. Laborer's Job This man was a forest war den and he gave Eichmann a job as a laborer.. He lived in a hut and worked at cutting wood. For three years he liv ed that life without notifying his wife, then living in Aus tria. In 1950 Eichmann got out of Germany. Israeli sources say his trail was next picked up in Argen tina in 1952. He then was re ported to have lived briefly in Brazil and Paraguay. But in 1955 he was back in Argen tina as Ricardo Klement. It was there three young Israeli special agents tracked him down last year working at a cheap job in an auto parts factory and living with his wife, Vera, and three of their four sons, the youngest born in South American exile. The eldest son, Klaus, 24, went to Europe after his father was seized and was re ported seeking, unsuccessful- Itow How is it you know you're taking no chances when you let a youngster take your shopping list? Isn't it for the same reason that you buy 70 of your family's food without actually seeing it? 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