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About Medford mail tribune. (Medford, Or.) 1909-1989 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 11, 1960)
o MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD. ORE. THURSDAY. AUGUST 11. 19SS Puzzle of Molecular Forces Solved By Russian Scientists New York, ; N. Y. - (Sci entific American Feature) 'The nature of the forces that bind the material world to- gether, one of the long stand ing puzzles of science, has been solved by two Russians, Boris V. Derjaguin and Irene Abrikossova. Contrary to ear lier explanations of these forces, which ascribed them variously to electrostatic phe nomena and chemical interac tions, the Russian scientists have found the basic cement of the material universe to be electromagnetic, essentially radio waves of Incredibly short wave length. "One of the first workers to see clearly the implications of electromagnetic theory at the level of the molecule, states Academician Derjaguin "was the Russian physicist - P. N. Lebedev, best known as the first experimenter to measure the pressure exerted by light. In 1894 he wrote with prophetic insight: Hertz's research into the in terpretation of light waves as electromagnetic processes con ceals another problem of radiation source, of those proc esses which a molecular vibra tor undergoes when it emits light energy to its surround ings. On the other hand this problem leads into the field of spectroscopic analysis. Al most entirely unexpectedly, it leads to one of the most com plicated questions of modern physics, the science of . mo lecular forces.' Statement Ahead of Tim "Lebedev. came as close to the latest views on the nature of molecular forces as was possible before the develop ment of modern physics. But his statement, while ahead of its time, was very far from quantitative, law. The first quantitative theories . treated them as entirely electrostatic rather than electromagnetic. "This was the unsatisfac tory state of theoretical knowl edge when Mrs. Abrikossova and I set out in 1951 to meas ure the molecular attraction between a pair of solid ob jects. No investigators had suc ceeded in making this meas urement, principally because the molecular force falls to substantially zero when two objects are separated by more than about one thousandth of the diameter of a human hair. When they approach wunin this distance, however, a colleague at the Academy of Sciences in Moscow, how ever, we were able to design an apparatus that met the stringent, and in some ways contradictory, requirements of the job, "In the first place, we were trying to measure a small force - as little a thirty-thou sandth of an ounce. This in itself is not too difficult: mi crochemists routinely deal with far small forces. But in our problem the attraction to be measured shows up only when the two bodies are ex tremely close together. Fur thermore, the force varies enormously as the distance of separation in changed. It is precisely this variation that we wanted to determine be cause this information would provide us with a clue to the nature of the force involved "The requirements of sensi tivity, stability and rapid re sponse are not easy to recon cile. A sensitive balance tends to swing widely in response to a small change in force. Our apparatus achieved these diverse aims by means of automatic control, a solution unavailable to scientific work ers prior to the advent of mod ern electronic technology. Mathematical Formula Inspired by our experi mental work the theoretical physicist E. M. Lifshitz de rived a methematical formula for the force of molecular at traction from very general principles. As soon as Lifshitz announced his results, we ap plied them to a calculation of the force between the bodies we had used in our experi ments. The results, mathemat ical and experimental, match ed and this agreement be tween theory and experiment is particularly convincing be cause the theory contains no undetermined constants; the comparison is absolute and applies successfully to the sev eral materials we measured. "Although our experiments verify the Lifshitz formulas only for the special case of 'large' gaps they tend to sup port the whole theory. And so the electromagnetic nature of molecular forces and their relation to light spectra, so long ago postulated by Lebe dev, have now been demon strated. He would be slad to know that the attraction be tween molecules does not. as he feared, 'involve other the force mounts abruptly. forces whose source is still witn tne neip of fanny Leib, l unknown.' " Cancer Found To Be Contagious in Poultry Experiment Washington (Science Serv ice) Cancer has been proved contagious for the first time. Rous sarcoma, - a virus caused cancer found in chick ens, can be transmitted from bird to bird by direct contact, Dr. B. R, Burmester of the U.S. Department of Agricul ture's Regional Poultry Lab oratory, East Lansing, Mich,, has found. .: Until now Rous sarcoma, which has been used in re search for 50 years, was thought to be non-contagious. Studies to date suggest .that similar virus-caused cancers may also prove contnglous. Mav Aid in Fighting The new find not only lends weight to the belief of many scientists that Viruses cause some forms of animal and hu man cancers, but also may aid In fighting these diseases. The experiments that led to proof of the Rous sarcoma virus' contagious nature gave clear-cut results. Dr. Burmes ter inoculated a number of chickens with the virus, either under-the-skin Injection or intravenous injection, placed these birds in the same pen with healthy chicks and raised them to maturity, . In one test, 35 to 45 healthy birds raised in direct contact with birds inoculated sub- cutaneously died of Rous sar coma. Of 59 chickens reared in direct contact with 118 birds inoculated intravenous ly with a low dose of the vi rus, six developed tumors and died. Virus taken from the tu mors of contact-infected birds was found to be the same as the virus used by inoculation. The concentration of virus In tumors from contact-infected birds was directly proportion al to the amount used to in oculate the chickens to which the contact - infected birds were exposed. Tumors The Sam Under the microscope tu mors from chickens infected artificially or by contact were the same. In another experiment healthy chickens were put in the same cubicles with virus- contact is thus far superior to indirect contact for transmit ting the virus. How the virus is transferred from bird to bird is still unknown, but a few facts have been estab lished. Chickens made to breathe high virus doses in aerosol form did not develop tumors, but more than half developed tumors when he virus was artificially instilled In the nasal passages. No tumors resulted when virus was placed under the chicken's tongue or when it was applied to a nonfeathered area of intact skin. But 80 developed tumors when the virus was rubbed into a skin scratch or on an area where Immature feathers had been extracted. It has also been established that the virus can enter a bird's body through a feather follicle and cause lo cal as well as internal tumors. Masked Gunman Arrives Too Late St. Louis Carl Zlmmer mann, a service station own er, deposited his weekend re- cepits at a bank and walked onto the bank parking lot. A masked, armed bandit jumped from behind a car and demanded money. "Sorry, but I just deposited the money," Zimmerman said. Come on, hand it over." the bandit pleaded. Zimmerman showed him the two empty money baks. The man was convinced. 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MIDWAY MEAT SHANK HALF Jl HASViS Whole Hams . . . 53c lb. Butt Cut . ... . 59c lb. lb SWIFT'S PREMIUM Thick Sliced 2 lb. pkg. AM $19 SWIFT'S PREMIUM FRANKS O 0 Two 12-oz. Packages TILLAMOOK CHEESE Medium Sharp GROCETERIA'S LEAN IftjfftllllMIn) Many Advances in Electronics Said Due To Lodestones New York, N.Y. -(Scientific American Feature)- Many of the current advances in elec tronics that are responsible for improved TV reception, more effective computing ma chines, keener-eyed radar and accurately launched satellites owe their advent to the recent development of a family of magnetic materials closely re lated to lodestone, the first magnet known to man, accord ing to C. Lester Hogan, for mer professor of applied phys ics at Harvard University.' , Like tlie lodestone, Dr. Ho gan explains, the new mater ials, which are' called "fer rites,'1 consist largely of rusty iron compacted and fired into lumps of desired size and shape. They are not nearly as strong, magnetically, as the common horseshoe magnets used as playthings. But unlike magnets the ferrites function both as reasonably strong magnets and as highly effec tive electrical insulators. , Electromagnetism Why is this combination so potent? "The answer," ex plains Dr. Hogan, "is implied in the word electromagnetism, which indicates how intimate ly the phenomena of electric ity and magnetism are associ ated. On the one hand, the association is responsible for almost every useful applica tion of electricity. On the oth er, its very intimacy eventual ly sets a limit to what can be done. It, is by the partial iso lation of electrical and mag netic effects that the magnetic oxides have pushed back the technological limits." A great many electrical de vices that operate on alternat ing currents, according to Dr. Hogan, depend for their func tioning on so-called "electrical induction;' a current in one portion- of a circuit, causes a comparable current to flow in second circuit. The current flowing in the stationary part ways in which to capitalize on the remarkable properties of ferrites. Among the more promising ideas is one for an amplifier that will have sub stantially no noise and hence can boost the weak signals from outer space to practical levels. The field is still so new and so fertile that we can merely guess at the harvest it may eventually yield," Cigar Industry Worrying About Havana Supply New York -flJPB- The Amer ican cigar industry is worry ing about its supply of clear Havana tobacco. The growing bitterness be tween Washington and Pre mier Fidel Castro of Cuba could cut the tobacco supply supply off overnight. And in a few weeks,, several million American cigar lovers would -be reduced to smoking cheap domestic stogies exclusively. : A spokesman for the Cigar Manufac turers association said this possibility really has been causing his members some sleepless nights. . "All ' our , finest wrapper and filler tobacco is Cuban," he said, "and we don't know where we could replace the supply. Sumatra used to pro duce good cigar tobacco, 'but since the Dutch left Indo nesia, it is being neglected. Other Latin-American coun tries with conditibns some what like Cuba's, particularly Brazil and Peru; might pro duce good cigar tobacco, but it would take time. The United States takes 40 per cent of Cuba's tobacco ex ports and Spain is Cuba's next best customer, according to the clgarmakers' association. UiS. Imports of . Cuban to ot an electric motor, for , ex- bacco - last year were 30.46 ample, Induces a current in million pounds worth $27.89 . the part of the motor that ro-1 million at wholesale. A small tatcs and It, Is the reaction of I part of this was ' cigarette mis induced, current . that hlendlnif tobacco, all the rest causes the motor to turn. The! cigar wrapper and filler. . In. medium responsible for the addition, we Imported 23.5 transfer, is a magnetic 'field million finished cigars from. Cuba, worth about $2.5 mil- generated by current flowing in the first circuit:; The strength ot the field is greatly enhanced if the two parts of the circuit are linked by magnetic material, such as an iron core. Unfortunately, such cores also act as conductors of electric current "and a wasteful current is induced in the iron as well as in the sec ond circuit where it is wanted, The amount of the waste var ies in proportion ' to the fre-, quency at which current alter, nates. The waste Is not im portant in the range of low frequencies (60 cycles per sec ond) at which electric power is distributed. But at the multi-million cycle frequencies of television and radar most of the energy would be lost in cores of ordinary irorl. -i Cores Assembled ' J I . .To overcome this problem scientists in recent years have learned how to assemble magnetic cores on the sub-microscopic level of the mole cule. Atoms of iron, ' along with a few of nickle and cer tain other elements, are delib erately sandwiched .between atoms of oxygen according to a prearranged pattern, The combination is thus Impure Iron oxide, 6r "rust," 'and does not differ greatly from anqient lodestone. In effect, the oxy gen atoms act like, .insulators. Their presence dlminishes4he magnetic effectiveness of , the iron ' somewhat ' but this is more than compensated' by the fact that wasteful currents cannot flow in the material. Many atomic combinations have been developed for spe cific electronic 'applications, according to Dr. Hogan, .some, of them verging on the exotic, one kind, for example, takes the form of garnet. : ' "The small size . of today's radios is as much a product of these new ferrites as of other miniaturization techniques,',' says Dr. Hogan. "Every mod ern television receiver . con tains ferrite cores as do. the most effective radars and oth er microwave equipment. The ferrites are also being used ex tensively In large digital com puters as 'memory' units, in the form : of tiny ' cores ; In which Information Is Stored magnetically. Today designers are hard at work finding new lion at wholesale. -.".The 1 Cigar Manufacturers association said it had heard of no move in the United States to put a higher tariff on Cuban tobacco or to cur- ail imports on tobacco spe cifically in retaliation for th. C a s t r o regime's unilateral seizure of American property and. businesses without any realistic ' proposals for com pensation, r. ... What the clgarmakers fear a total collapse of political and economic relations be tween Washington and Cuba that will make it impossible for them to buy Havana to bacco, t ; ' s ; is, Million Dollar Motel Scheduled Portland -(UPB The Portland owners of - the m. sellers Building announced plana Wednesday to convert the 60-year-old downtown building to a million dollar motel. Simon - Director, president of the Oregon Investment Co., said financial details of the de velopments are in progress. Architects have begun preli minary plans on- the proposed 100 room hotel across tne street from the Multnomah hotel, he said. , :.: The firm purchased the six- story; structure earlier this year for $175,000. I Construction will probably begin late next year, Direc tor Indicated, . - Assault Charged . To Portland Man Portland (UPB Walter M. Miller, 4.1-year-old Portland restaurant operator,- was charged with assault with a deadly -weapon Wednesday in connection with the shooting of two P o r 1 1 a n d sisters Wednesday morning. e Wounded in the shooting were Mrs. Wilma Jackson, 41, and ' Mrs. Lula Parker, 43. Both were listed In satisfac tory condition at Emanuel hospital. ' - : , -.-. . Police 'said fre shooting ap parently climaxed a business arguments . ITS' PETS PREFER NEW VETS' KUGGETS OF KCOTJOT 1 ! TooauilitY. money-stvmg loin pncti, ; , , The BEST for LESS! H,lt tM t foe lh Hftirf-W rt' fco t ' t X
