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About Medford mail tribune. (Medford, Or.) 1909-1989 | View Entire Issue (Nov. 18, 1956)
C O o oO TOVn MEPFOFO tOMGOW) UKt Evrvrm la Southern Orwoa 7ubTni E:! fsxeot Saturday MCSrOAD FK1TLNG CO r-9 North rir St Phona t 6141 KOEtST W RUHfTaMitor KRB GREY Artvartiainf Mangr GERALD LATHAM Buaineai MetnagW ERIC ALLEN JR. MrU.in(f Editor IARL H AJJAMS Citv Editor fARY CifTPMA. Ttteffraph EditO fllCHARD JEWETT ioorta Editor OUVE STARCHER Socwtv Editor ' VAL.Z fcitlCKSO.N, Circulation Mgr. An Independent Newspaper Entered as aecond cLaaa matter at Mad ford Oregon under Act of March 3. 1897 suBscRimoN rates B9 Majl 4n Advance Per Copy iJc. Daily and Sunday On rear 15 00 Daily and Sunday Six months B OO Daily and Sunday Three moa 4.23 Sunday Only One year (4.20 By Camer In Advance Medford. Ashland Central Point Eajfle Point. Jacksonville Gold Hill. Phoenix. Shad? Cot Rorue River. Talent and on motor route: . Daily and Sunday One year $18 00 Daily and Sunday One montti 1.30 Carrier ami Dealers JOc per copy All Teriajt Cash in Advance CfrTriai Papr of the City of Mfdford OiJaUl Paper of Jackson Ceunty fnited Press Full Leased Wire J-UiALBER OF AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATION Advertising Representative: WEST-HOLJDAY COMPANY tNC Office In New York Chicago, de ' troit. San Franeiaco. Lo Angel e. Seattle. Portland St. Louis Atlanta Vancouver B C H ATIONAI EDITORIAL ASOCl-ATLN NEWSPAPER PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION Flight o' Time Medford and Jackson County History from the files of, The Mafl Triftune 10. 20, -30, 40 ad 50 years ago. 10 TEARS AGO f Not. 18. 1946 (Monday) Medford is one of nine Oregon localities in which rent control offices will remain open after Dec. 1. From Arthur Perry's Ye Smudge Pot column: The Strang Buys and OSC defeated Califor nia on the gridiron Saturday. 20 YEARS ASO Mot. 18. 1938 (Wednesday) Medford's growing earwig problem placed before the city council last night by the Med ford Garden club. 30 YEARS AGO Not. 18. 1928 (Thursday) L. J. Harris leaves for his home in the south after spending day hunting ducks with A.-B. Cunningham, Medford. Ralph Wayne, tenor, to hold a concert at the First Methodist church Friday. 40 YEARS AGO Not. 18. 1916 (Saturday) ' The Southern Oregon School masters' club meeting will be held early in December. Shipping bills for five carloads of machinery for new mill of Ap plegate Lumber company re ceived. What's the Answer? Can Too Get 4 of the IT Opr. 1951 EdltorliJ. Reiearch Report 1. The social security tax rate goes up or down next Jan. 1, or stays the same? 2. Christmas sales are expect ed by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce to be higher or lower this year than last, or about the same? 3. "Of making many books there is no end" is from the Old Testament, New Testament, Koran, Shakespeare or Publish er's Weekly. 4. The U.S. auto' industry pro duces every year- more echool buses or general transit buses, of about, the. same number of each? 5. Most typical salary for state university football coaches is about S5.000, $8,000, $11,000 or $14,000 a year? . 6. Full professors in U.S. col leges and universities average about S5.500, $7,f)0, .58,600, $10,000 or S11.500 a year in salary? ; ' 7. "Our Sunday Visitor" is a widely read religious .weekly: Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Jew ish. Episcopalian or Baptist? The Answers: 1. Goes up. 2 Higher. 3. Old Testament.' 4. More school buses. S. $11,000 is most typical. 6. About S7.000 is average. 7. Roman Catholic Auxiliary Suggested For Young Republicans ' Portland 'U P.' A prominent Oregon Republican woman rec ommended Friday that a state GOP women's organization be come an auxiliary to the Young Republicans to better coordinate and increase the political efforts of the party in the future. Mrs. George T. Gerlinger, for mer GOP national . committee woman. . told v the Republican Council of Oregon Women that she expects to make the recom mendation to the State Council Board at its Dec. 1 meeting. Tile women's organization was forjned in 1945 and has 515 member. MAIL TRIBUNE The Public Power Mandate If there was any one clear-cut issue, sustained in Oregon and the northwest, on November 6, it was the issue between public and private power. Oregon, Washington and Idaho reelected public power advocates by large majorities to congress over the strongest sort of opposition on the part of the private-power advocates. One might have reason to assume this popular and decisive verdict might have settled the controversy for a few weeks at least. But no taking the recent annual forecast by the Bonneville Administration regarding northwest pow er, as a text, the Oregonian in a lead editorial of considerable length, declares the report makes out a good case for the "Eisenhower PARTNERSHIP pro. gram !."- Now the partnership the standpoint of cheap made toupee. The Oregonian practically admits this when to ward the end of the editorial it states, quote : '.'Higher freight rates, more efficient coal-fired steam generation in the East, higher COSTS OF NON-FEDERAL POWER in this area all tend to slacken industrial expansion in the northwest." IN OTHER words, as has this department, what the northwest needs is not only MORE power but CHEAP power, and the only way to get both is to eliminate as far as possible the higher costs, as the federal power, and develop multiple federal project at ple. AS FAR as we have observed, no informed source has questioned that public power projects like the one proposed on the Snake, would give more power and cheaper power than two or three projects being developed by the Idaho Power company. The chief objection has been NOT a denial of these facts, but the familiar "scare cry" of "creeping socialism." However, if the Oregonian has failed to leam the lesson of the recent Democratic vote in Oregon and the northwest as far as public power is concerned, there is growing evidence the Eisenhower adminis tration has NOT. AT LEAST the Eisenhower administration went "all out" for the huge federal development on the Upper Colorado river and now, according to no less an authority than A. lans ashington correspondent. Secretary of the In terior Seaton, and .Secretary McKay's successor, or his assistants are seriously considering the con struction of a HIGH FEDERAL dam on the Snake at Pleasant Valley. More than that : only a few days after the presi dential election it was reported from ' Washington that an "agonizing reappraisal" of the administra tions private vs. public power policies had been placed by presidential advisers on the White House agenda. TN VIEW of all this it is hard to believe that this A "reappraisal" is going to add up to nothing but a reaffirmation of the G.O.P. "partnership plan" as the Oregonian indicates. For as stated before that proposal, as far as more power and cheaper power is concerned, is a "phoney." At least all the plans we have seen would amount to little more than giving the private power interests a huge federal subsidy, tne bill lor all features of a multiple project EXCEPT the one profitable item, namely electric light and power. This would be given to the private "partner" as .a monopoly for half a century, and judging the future by the past this would not only make cheaper power impossible but wrould merely increase the controls and profits of the private companies that now monopolize from 75 to SO per cent of the national output. Who Wants that? Certainly the voters of the northwest don't. " And the claim that this partnership plan would be voted by the congress while a high dam project would not, doesn't hold water either. No partnership plan has ever passed the congress, and our prediction is none ever will, at least as long as the present political complexion of that body re mains as it is. - Whereas, as everyone knows, many federal multi ple projects have been passed and financed, all the way from Grand Coulee and Bonneville, through Mc Nary, The Dalles, Chief Joseph, Cougar, Ice Harbor and many others. ' If this is "creeping socialism" and spells the "doom of the American way of life" then the rivers of the northwest must be teeming with traitors and communists and a hurry-call should be put in, not for the Secretary of the Interior but for the National Guard, with an assist from the Secretary of Defense! DUT, of course, that sort of talk is nonsense and .. everybody or nearly everybody knows it is nonsense. What is NOT nonsense, is the plain mandate of the voters of the northwest issued on election day, that as-far as multiple power projects are concerned they don't want private, but public development. They feel this way because only by such a program can they secure what is this section of the country's greatest-need, namely: more power and cheaper power so that "industrial expansion" will not be slackened but stimulated and increased. R.W.R. Sunday, November II, 1918 program is as phoney from public power, as a home been so often stated in Oregonian states, of non- public power, such as a Hells Canyon, for exam Robert Smith, the Oregon- making the taxpayers foot V , if, m ELECTION NOTED This cartoon, which appeared in the Nov. 10 issue of the York, Pa., Gazettes and Daily, is an indication of some eastern reactions to the Democratic congressional victory in the races for Congress. It appeared on Page 1 of the Pennsyl vania paper, and was sent to the Mail Tribune by the cartoonist, Walt Partymiller, who was pleased by the election of three Dem ocratic senators, Morse of Oregon, Magnuson of Washington and Clark of Pennsylvania. Matter of Fact WHY A SILVER PLATTER? Washington It will take a long time .to add up the full cost of the disaster in the Middle East, but its chief effect is already pretty clear. The most strategi cally vital re- g i o n of the modern world has been hand ed to the Kremlin on a silver platter with the American govern ment as a rather conspicuous platter-bearer. Or, putting it another way, the American government has en ergetically assisted in installing Egypt's Presi dent G a m a 1 Abdel Nasser as the Soviet viceroy of the Arab lands. That is almost sure to be the pract leal re sult of recent events. There is no Stewart Alsop use complaining, any longer, about the unwisdom of the Anglo-Franco-Israeli intervention in Egypt. The important thing, now, is to realize the effects of the Anglo-Franco-Israeli failure to attain their aim. Their true aim was to topple Nasser from his position of vast influence and power throughout Pan-Arabia. Nasser was in fact toppled for he could never have Survived his humiliating military defeat by the Israelis without active Amer ican and Soviet help. BUT the Egyptian Humpty dumpty was put back on the wall again, partly by parallel Soviet and American action in the United Nations, partly by in tense American pressure on our allies, and partly by the appar ent Western surrender to loud Soviet threats. The last factor is the most significant, since all Arabs are now convinced that the Egyptian cease - fire was granted in response to the Bul ganin ultimatum to Britain and France. The State Department, which used to call Nasser a Soviet stooge, now portrays him as full of gratitude to us. He has, it ap pears, been very nice to our new ambassador to Cairo, Raymond Hare. But in fact everyone with first hand knowledge of the Middle East is convinced that the Department's former view of Nasser is now more correct than ever. Nasser's psychology is such that he will surely consider re cent American actions were largely motivated by fear of the Soviets. He will feel that this country and the other leading Western powers turned and ran as soon as the Soviets began fingering a gun. Far more than in the past, he will look to the Soviet Union as his guide and protector. 'M'OR is this any more than the ' beginning of the story. Nasser both symbolizes and leads the predominant National ist movement throughout all the Arab lands. There is very little of the Spirit of '76 in this Nasser brand of Arab Nationalism. It is neurotically hate-ridden and viciously anti - Western. It is marked, above all, by the con viction that old grudges can now be vented on the Western powers with perfect safety, be cause the West is now too weak- willed and impotent to respond to any provocation. If Nasser had been toppled, it would have been 'like the slap on the face that doctors recom mend as a cure for hysteria. The Arab Nationalists would have stopped screaming and drum ming their heels on the floor, and would have started dealing with hard realities. They might then have begun to act as serious Nationalists, offering construc tive programs for their own r3 v z i I By Joe and Stewart Alsop countries, and forthrightly seek ing a constructive accommoda tion with the Western nations. But since Humpty-dumpty has been put back on the wall again, the opposite effects can be an ticipated. Nasser's followers in other Arab lands will of course take notice of the Israeli's bril liant victory. They will be chill ed by demonstration that Nass er's vaunted military power is a busted flush. But this setback for Nasser will be more than balanced by the enhanced pres tige of the Soviet Union, and the reflected glory of Nasser as the Kremlin's special Middle Eastern favorite. XTTHAT must now be expected, therefore, is the progressive collapse of every remaining Western position in the Middle East, under the assault of the Nasser - led Arab Nationalist movement. Arab Nationalism will now be more inflamed than ever because of the fruitless at tempt to topple its leader. It will be more confident than ever because of the apparent Western surrender to the re cent Soviet threats. It will be more Soviet - influenced than ever because not only Nasser, but the Arab Nationalists every where will now tend to accept the Soviets as their guides and protectors. And the Soviets will use the Arab Nationalists, cooly and ruthlessly, as instruments to cut the Western alliance's oil jugular in the Middle i.ast. There are other probable con sequences of the Middle Eastern disaster, such as the replacement of the present British govern ment by a strongly anti-American Labor cabinet, the onset of political chaos in France, and so on. But this storm which is shaking the whole Western Al liance to its foundations still chiefly centers in the Middle East. lyfAYBE the British, French and Israelis were wrong to try to topple Nasser at all, and certainly the British and French played their part in the opera tion as badly as possible. But once the attempt had been started for good or ill, the fate-( of the Western Alliance auto matically hung upon its success. That is the point the American government has refused to recog nize. Maybe it is not too late, even now, to recognize this central point and thus salvage something from the ruins. Copyright 1956 New York Herald Tribune Inc. Redwood Highway Thought Nearer Grants Pass Development of the new Redwood highway over former C and OC Railroad right-of-way as considered a step near er last week when the Inter state Commerce commission granted to the city of Grants Pass the right to abandon the railroad. The ICC granted abandonment permission last Thursday. Ship pers who oppose abandonment of the railroad have a right to ap peal the decision. A hearing was held in 1955 on a petition of the receiver for the C and OC, Charles Demaray, to lease the facilities to a group of shippers and others interested in operation of the line. Decision on the petition was withheld pending word from the ICC on the city's abandonment request. A damage suit against the re ceiver and the city of Grants Pass, as owner of the railroad, has been filed by shippers claim ing damages for lack of opera tion of the line. The suit is still pending in federal court and no date for the trial has been set. The National Park service es timates that 54 million people one third of our population visit our national parks every year. Today and By Walter OUR U.N. POLICY For the U.N., which finds itself attempting to deal with the two great crises in Hungary and in the Middle East, the criti cal fact is this: the United States is acting wholly within the legal sys tem of the United Nations w h e r e as the Soviet Union is in the main acing outside that system. The heart of the difference is that the Kremlin is using military force as the instrument of So viet national policy. The United States, on the other hand, has gone further than any great pow er has ever gone before to re nounce the use of military force except as it might be called for and authorized by a majority of the United Nations. In both crises the course of events is being shaped by this novel, this wholly unprecedent ed difference in the military philosophies of the two dom inant military powers. . fpHUS, the United Nations, or at -"- least a substantial majority of them, have called upon the Soviet Union to desist in Hun gary. But as it was certain that they would not oppose the Red Army, the Kremlin has used the Red Army to achieve the Soviet objective. The Red Army, we have seen, is not subject to any of the limitations which the U.N. has wished to impose. In the Middle East the United Nations have called upon Britian France, and Israel to desist. They are desisting and they are ac knowledging the authority of the U.N. But here again the Soviet is using its military power out side the U.N. It is making threats of military intervention which have never been considered, much less authorized, by the U.N., and it is, unless the avail able reports are wrong, building up a military bridgehead of its own in the Middle East. The U.N. is being passed by. THE first conclusion to be drawn from all this is not Communications Letters to the Editor must bear the name and address of the writer, although under certain circumstances the use of a pen name or initial for publication is permissible. The Mail Tribune reserves the right to edit all letters with a view to clarification and- condensation. Letters submitted for publication must not exceed 400 words. Letter Box Appreciated To the Editor: It is with the greatest of pleasure that I type you this 'To the Editor' letter. It is, indeed, very seldom that ANY newspaper opens its pages to the 'inarticulate'. By 'inarticulate' I mean the general public, to express an opinion that may be in opposi tion to the views held by the paper's management. This you have done, and are doing, that the 'people' might also be known as having a 'say' in what is hap pening or about to happen. It permits the average person to do something to sway the 'other fellow' to believe as he believes. If he can do so he may be able to have some effect in persuad ing others to vote or to form an opinion similar to his own and so gain his desires. I am quite sure the public ap preciates the facilities you have given it and I hope you will re ceive my thanks in the spirit in which they have been extended to you. Keep on as you are now doing and I am very sure you will lose no friends and will make many new ones. So now I say Thank You' again. A. L. Unger 634 Pennsylvania Ave. Medford, Ore. England and Franca To the Editor: Some days ago I read an article in your column about England and France want ing everything and giving noth ing in return, and believe me Mr. Walker hit the nail on the head. So now I read another article in tonight's paper ' of the exact words that he wrote. I think it is about time we here in the United States put a stop to all of this give away. I think we should condemn England and France as much as the Russians for the way they at tacked Egypt, and then say, "Please forgive us," after all the bloodshed they did. They are as bad as the Communists who at tacked Hungary. Now they want us to help them. What a-laugh. I'd help them alright by not let ting them land on our soil. Eng land claims to be civilized, but to most of us they are savages too. And I quote: "The British and the French are frightened by the conse quences of their ill-starred lone wolf foray into Egypt, whose purpose was to humiliate and discredit Nasser. So Prime Min ister Eden and Premier Mollet. want to come to Washington to ask President Eisenhower for help. "If they come, this is about what they will have to say: 'May be we were WRONG when we thumbed our noses at the U.S. Tomorrow Lippmann that the United States should decide for a free land, should in its turn cast off the United Na tions, and proceed in its own way to use the influence which its military power can exert. Our first business is to explain to the United Nations this fundamen tal problem the problem .of the Soviet Union's unilateral use of force as the instrument of its national policy. This should be done, if necessary to give it prop er emphasis, by the President in person. For it this problem is not understood by the govern ments of the world, and its grave potentialities taken to heart, we may all find ourselves on a slip pery slope where events are out of control. In adhering to "a United Na tions policy, we must realize clearly that there are two very different ways of acting on such a policy. One is the way the Ad ministration fi.r'st took, then modified somewhat, but has nev er seriously reconstructed. This was in essence to treat Britain France, and Israel as aggressors to treat Eyypt as the innocent victim, and to commit the whole United States influence to the single issue of the withdrawal of military forces. The .other way, which in view of Nasser's record should have been the oricinal way, is to com mit our influence in the U.N. insistently and decisively to a so lution of the problems which caused the explosion. The U.N is now being put to its severest test. It is being tested at its weakest point. Its inherent weak ness is that it Is not, or least that it has never been, an agency for making peace. It has been only an agency for the making and keeping of truces. TN the Middle East another -- truce will be good enough now that the Soviet Union is by way of establishing itself as a pri mary military power. We should not leave it to Britain and to France, or to Israel, to argue this crucial issue. We should argue it ourselves, remaining within .the limitations of the U:N. but refus ing tn acceDt and to compound its characteristic impotence" to deal wijh the solutions oi great and waded in on our own. Won't you PLEASE help us out of the mess we go ourselves into?' " Unquote. Wouldn't it be nice if all we in these United States would have to do is say -we needed financial help and - get it, like England and other countries are doing? What -a wonderful place this would be to live in. But this is too good to be true. I always thought charity started at home. John J. MonteU Gold Hill, Ore. A Word To Nature Lovers To the Editor: Horseracing ih Britain, Australia, Jamaica, (perhaps even in U.S.A.), finds a parallel in racing camels. This writer had a rare glimpse of the sport when he once occupied, for' a brief period, a throne in Camel Land. (That, as Kipling would say, is another story.) Is the camel, however, slowly moving toward, if not extinction, the status of today's horse under automobile competition? In Mor occo, this writer saw a wife and a camel harnessed, side by side, to a plow. Beyond the Cactus hedge, the next farmer had a small, tractor. Many mammals have a trend toward what someday may be as complete extinction as that of the Dinosaurs. These reptiles lost out because even a 30-ton Thunder-Lizard had a brain no bigger than a man's. LOW "IQ" WAS FATAL! One wonders what kind of a-circus we would have if the kiddies could enjoy live StegSsaurus. Triceratops, He perornis. With no humans m the Jurassic, hence no National Parks, these reptilian giants were not preserved. Today's National P.arks have helped save a number of species from being erased. That National Park concept grows steadily overseas. The new Queen Eliza beth II National Park-in Uganda helps Belgian Congo's King. Al bert N.P. to protect eveh the African elephant. This was threatened by the now-exploded peanut boom. By it, Europe's fat shortage was to be solved almost overnight. Great areas of jungle thus fell to bulldozers and erosion. Meantime, elephant food was destroyed . as was U.S.A.'s buffalo range. The solution of -saving wild life depends upon the next ten years. Who will po.ssess our Na tional Parks? .Will it tie "the Litterbugs? Or will ft be those who enjoy natujre under the Ranger Naturalists? Is not Di rector Wirth's "Mission 86", aiming at the Semj-centenniaL in 1966, worth every -nature lover's help? C. M. Goethe Crocker-Anglo Bank, Bfdg. Sacramento, Calif. f O L5 P (y ttf Ct Contributor! " 1 After th un brbfe thxpugh following long J!rid "of iqy recently, friendly s.ujcriber called in to euggesl we put a O banner headluie acroM tfeepp of Page 1. "Welcome0 BWc, Prooiigal Sun." w . o A. deputy sheriff recently pur chased a new home in the coun try, and now "commutes" to work. Last week as he was pass ing a car while en route to -frk, the accelerator Jammed and he kept roaring down the road. He finally got .tit ca? stopped, but only by turning off 'She ignition. Investigation revealed that a pack-xat had built rs nest on the motor block, o and sticks had caused' the gas-feed mechanism to become stuck. It was fixed. The next morning, he checked Uie raotor before leaving for work, and sure enough, there was another nest. He said he was glad it was a pack-rat, not a trade rat, or he might huve lost the carburetor in exchange for twig. o O At a Weal service station the ther day. a driver completed his business and started to climb into the car, his mind on other things. He climbed into the0 back seat and sat there a second before he real ized he couldn't drive from x there, and sheepishly ot out and into the driver's seat. o Pjippiesjare wonderful things to watcft fpr those, anyway, who can put up with occasional messes, and wiyi youthful exub erance and lack of discretion, i Puppies will try ignything once, it seems, particularly when it comes to eating. Wenow of one .which tme tearing happily into the house, napped for a while,0 then had S spell'-bf ga ging nd retching, finally got rid of his latest SeaWtwo large pebbles and a long piece of string. Col. Jaclcsorf Graham of the O . Army corps of ngineejV (who o conducted a tearing in Gransj Pass last week) should be pro moted to general, a femal re porter on out staf? believes. C "He's such - a handsomeQ mtus.'- she leys. Mrs, Helga Mitchell, the Mail Tribuht's efficient correspondent for the Applegate-Jacksonville area, was being interviewed at her home on the top of the Jack sonville hill above Ruch by a local" radio station announcer one day not long ago. The announcer, obviously from the Bear creek section of the Rogue basin and perhaps some what disoriented on top of the hill, asked her how she liked "this Applegate fog.". There was a moment of stunned silence, e are informed by a friend who knows, and then Mrs. Mitchell informed, him firm ly, "There is sunshine tin the Ap plegate." O Our informant report that Applejate-valley folk that eek were delighting in temperaurfjg in the 60s, with Sowers, cov ered with snow a few weekj be fore, continuing to bleom "Le- neath the blaze of autumn glory in a second Indian summer. A cohtetnporary r e p o r i that after an accident it if not who is right that cgunts it's who's leftl o Two newsroom functionaries dined oa wilcl foods in Shady Cove a week or so ago the guests f Mr. and Mrs. Carroll Watson -hogave a big banquet in honor of his parents. Among the many pieces de resistance was porcupine, which, the brave reporters assured an other, non - porcupine - eating member of the staff, wasn't half bad a littfe "gamey," perhaps, but really edible. The doubter remains uncon vinced, either by them or by recipes for baked or barbecued porcupine, clfpped from the Ore gonian and sent to him by still another Mail Tribuneaemployee, this one in the business office. O The recipes sound suspicious to him, ior they have such taste killing spices as vifiegar, sugar, olive oil, garlic, lemons, Wor cestershire &uce, mustard, on ions and pepjper. If it takes these to make something edible, it shouldn't be eaten in the first piece, he says glumlv, O e The grandson of Mrs. Mar Norvell, second grade teacher at Lincoln schoci, Jad an ex perience which was recounted recently in that school's ex cellent periodical. He -gent to ' 'the doctor, & swms, ( a somewhat painful treatment, but when tUe doctor asked is?) he was crying, he inggnantly denied it: "Of Course I wasn't cryisicj."' It was just my eye ball swaaled." P conflicts. 0 It must be said that for a task of this kind the j&nerican rep- resentation at the U.N. needs to be strengthened by the addition of an advocate of the highest ability by sonone 9.ho iS the realm of advocacy can take fee place 6f Sgnetary Dulles. Q' 1956 New Jpcic Herigi tribSne Inc. Connecticut is from W Indian word "Quonecktacut" meaning Jong river. oQ n 1
