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About The gazette-times. (Heppner, Or.) 1912-1925 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 7, 1915)
nOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION United States Department of Agriculture Special Page Bulletins and Special Articles Issued by the Government, of Interest to the Northwest; Suggestions Covering a Wide Eange of Activities; Results of Federal Investigations, Etc. 8 Wood Pipe Should Last 20 Years As prartlrally all the wood pine made if fir conies from the North west, the interest of the Government In the durability of wood nine should encourage liinbermen in Oregon, Wathliiicton and Idaho. There Is lit tle question of the superiority of wood pipe over steel in the majority of eases, as is testified to by the mil lions of dollars invested In wood pipe lines in America. 0V long will it last?" is a question asked perhaps more than any other con cerning the use of wood pipe for ir rigation. That the life of such wood pipe should be at least 20 years if the pipes are fully exposed and support ed free from all contact with the soil; if the material is either fir or redwood; and If the pipe has been properly maintained, is the conclu sion of a specialist ot the United Statp! Dpnartmpnr nf Aorlpnlrura In a professional naoer on it professional paper on vooa npe for Conveying Water for Irrigation" (Bulletin No. 155). Irrigation en gineers and the owners of irrigation works will be particularly Interested ln this new pamphlet, which may be nl ( f(C1Se1t,y.alfly"1B ,-thke principally where the coating ls ab- stave pipe and machlne P.?t"tnkenn 0f Asrlculture, Wash- gent though less perfect Baturatlon are described in great Many millions ot dollars are al ready invested ln wood pipe lines in the United States and this amount is being increased annually. Protection of these investments demands that existing pipe lines be maintained and operated in accordance with what experience has shown to be the best practice. Future investments should also be safeguarded by designing, maintaining and locating new pipe lines according to the best known practices. Life Short for Buried Tines. The length of life of wood pipe is dependent on the life of the wood rather than on the life of the bands, although contrary theories were held 30 years ago. Only in rare instances have the bands failed first. Corro sion ot the bands being a chemical action, requires the presence of mois. ture and oxygen most rapidly where pipes are buried and the backfill ls wet, under condi tions which, as a rule, are most fa vorable for the life of the wood. Cor rosion is greatly accellerated by the presence ot alkali in the soil. The decay of wood pipe ls due pri marily to the growth of fungi, though possibly certain forms of bacteria may assist in the final destruction of the wood cells. The growth of fungi to an extent detrimental to the life ot the wood requires a favorable combination of moisture, air and heat. The exclusion of any one of these beyond certain limits inhibits their growth. Exclude Air. It follows that with pipes buried in the ground the wood will endure longest where the air is most nearly excluded either by a high internal pressure wnich completely saturates it or by a deep covering of very fine soil. s.atLnTHen'cehots1in statement experience snows tbat in contact with the soil wood pipe de- cays more rapidly under a light head than t does under heavy pressure, M1 " 1 L u lluJO 0f thin work In afrorded bv the Maine shinment nf livpsrnplr nt.t fn immo nnH r,thor. thwa how ,.ai if .,o.. until all danger to the consumer was 01 ""B w? is aiiorata Dy me iwaiue Biiipmi.ni oi nvestocK out lor lmme and other things being equal, it usu- 6 . sard ne Industry. As a resu t of d ate s aughter, at p aces where the ally decays more rapidly in a porous open soil, such as sand or gravel, than It does ln a fine soil of silt or clay, because the finer soil ls more effective in excluding the air. Experience appears to indicate also that wood decays more rapidly in a loamy soil, rich in humus or par tially decayed organic matter than it does ln one containing little or none. This is probably due to the fact that of Pers,ns we Indicted for conspl tno nr-pcn nt nrOTnin motro. of- racy. In another case a manufac- fords more favorable conditions for Foment f fUDSUS 6rWthS Fungi Cause of Decay. Pipes fully exposed to the atmos- phere and free from contact with the soil will, as a rule, be too dry on the exterior to favor the develop- ment of fungus spores, and so long as the outside of a pipe remains dry no appreciable decay will occur, even though the internal pressure is very light. Decay of exposed pipes al most Invariably starts at the ends of staves, as a result of leaky joints. Where water leaks out and runs' down over the outside of the pipe favorable conditions are afforded for thn crnwth nf the niroa wMMi ...... Biiv irpr a otorr thon tr.o.n. h. gin to grow in' the soil that collects adjoining staves. 4? tne value oI 8uch treatment, and areas In the forests ln Colorado, Ari Bruising the staves in handling or the effectiveness for the purpose in- zona and utah- A large I)roportlon injuring by too tight cinching of tended may depend also greatly on of the pralre doga were kllled by bands renders them more susceptible hat ls used and uPn now and w"en poison and predatory birds and ani to infection by the spores of wood- " " aPP1'ed- mals exterminated those remaining, destroying fungi, thus hastening de- 0n exposed portions of new pipes The burrowing rodents in the .cay. The life of exposed pipes may tne United States Reclamation Serv- Strawberry Valley of the United be prolonged by promptly stopping lc0 nas used a paint consisting of six states Reclamation Service near all leaks as they develop and by Pounds of red oxid mixed with one provo, Utah, which have caused ex keeping the exterior dry. The decay gallon of boiled linseed oil. One tensive washouts ln dikes and fills, of buried pipes has also in some ln- gallon of the paint was sufficient for have, it is believed, been dealt with stances been arrested by removing two coaU on 125 square feet of pipe. m such a way that little further the covering and leaving them ex- 0n top of the pipe where exposed to trouble will be experienced, posed. the sun and where water from leaky in the states of Oregon and Wash The asphaltum or tar coating ap- Joints runs down over it this pajnt ington investigations are being made plied to machine-banded pipe, while des not last long, much of it being with a view to dealing effectively Intended primarily as a protection Bne in two years. Repainting while -with moles, which Interfere materi against corrosion of the bands, the pipe ls In use ls usually not prac- any wim the cultivation of crops, doubtless helps also to some extent ticable, because oil paint will not As a result of campaigns against In n.o.nU t.A .1 TT-tll -.. Qnhpip PAnn'tltr tn Wof mntPrlnl Thfl .V l u M u i"cocli"5 nuuu. uuiu re- cently the practlce has been to leave ihn nf wnnjpn ,i.wi .M,iin untreated. These couplings almost Invariably The new bulletin, which consists also to carry on Independent cam decay long before the main pipe, of 37 pages, contains a number of palgns. As a consequence on thou This may indicate that Infection by figures and tables ot practical use to sands of acres which once supported wooa-aestroying organisms starts of the wood ln the sleeves may be many specific Instances are given to the more largely responsible for the show how long wood pipe may be early decay, as It may be noted also expected to last under special condi that decay occurs at summits of pipe tions. Government Drug and Food Work XHB false and fraudulent labeling of medicines and mineral waters has recently received a great deal of attention from the Bureau of Chemistry, according to the bureau's report for the year ending June 30, 1914. A large number of instances have been found ln which Impossible apples. One is the manufacture of tensive damage. In one restricted claims for the preparations ln ques- apple syrup by clarifying and boiling region, by the use of extermination tion have been made and ln these down apple juice. The syrup ob- baits, over 50,000 rabbits were de cases steps have been taken to com- tained promises to be a welcome ad- stroyed. pel the owners to alter the labels, dltlon to diet as well as affording a Experiments also were carried on This is true ot a large number of new market for the apple-grower. in dnstrovlnir crawfish which rii it usually occurs veterinary medicines and ln particu- The other method of disposing of the grcat damaso in Mississippi and Ala it Ublldliy OlXUrS . , t.n--nA n, t.nr nV.nl. anvnlita r.f nnlo Is (.,. mnnt.Mra ? " lar of (so-called) cures for hog chol era. As for mineral waters, the po sition long held by the bureau, that so-called lithia water must contain enough lithia to produce an appre ciable therapeutic effect, has now been sustained by the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and in consequence action has been taken to enforce this ruling, Measures are being tanen to pre- radio-active waters in which the amount of radium ls negligible. Fur thermore, mineral waters to which has been added carbonic acid gas or mineral salt are not any more sold as "natural," but are properly la beled. Oyster Regulations. In connection with the bureau's work of food inspection, two Im portant sanitary surveys have been made of oyster growing localities, one in Chesapeake Bay and one in Jamaica Bay, N. Y a. TOited in the discovery ol ,,..-. .. , "xr". iD?"" LV.J cvrJ :..:, Altogether there were nearly 12- 000 samples of food and beverages collected and analyzed The co- operation of other branches of the Government has been secured for the prosecution of cases not fully covered by tho food and drugs act. For ex ample, ln one case connected with illegal traffic in bad eggs, a number turer of beverages received a long ?orhSo0,n,nBehn.tsenp?od,u0crtsPUtUng W0d Important Discoveries, addition to this regulatory connected with the enforce of various laws, scientists of ln work ment the bureau have been carrying on lm- portant investigations. The report makes pactlcular mention of the study of the subject of potato drying. Dried potatoes may be kept indefi nitely for stock feed and are of course much less bulky and, there fore, less expensive to transport than ordinary potatoes. This Investiga tion will ultimately be extended to other uses for potato products, such lines where air accumulates much sooner than at depressions. The practice ot coating continuous stave pipe has not been common, but In a considerable number of cases some treatment has been applied for the PurPse of preserving the wood. There is wide difference of opinion as -j - US2,f PaInt "e,tnosed undf ordlnarv conditions Drobably adds very little to their lite. irrigation engineers. uonunuous banded pipe detail and as the manufacture of starch and glucose, in order to encourage the production of potatoes as a regular part ln crop rotation in sections where this could be done with bene fit. Two new ways have also been dis- covered of utilizing surplus and cull surplus ot apples ls the manufacture of concentrated cider. Concentrated Cider. Hitherto the market for cider has been limited, due to the fact that it can only be kept sweet a short time and that Us bulk makes Its trans portation too expensive when long distances are to be covered. The con- centrated cider ferments verv slowlv when kept at a low temperature. When diluted with water it has prac tically tho same flavor as the orig inal apple juice from which it was made, and its condensed form makes it much cheaper to ship. Considerable attention has also been devoted to the fish industry, which up to the present time has been a study of much less scientific study than meat packing. With the growing scarcity of meat, however, It seems obvious thit fish will come to play a more important rtart ln the Nat.inn'R fnnd Riinnlv and Qtlon8 as the best means of storace. transDortat on and the ure- vention of waste deserve careful ln- vestieation. An instance of the value Government investigation a marked Improvement has taken place In the Quality of American sardines put up establishments along the coast of Seeking Von. Into the shades of the forest I followed the call of the wild; And over the verdant valleys, - Abloom where the south sun smiled. Then the city's light and glamour My senses enthralled, and I ran Tbu?,feP Ambition came, and she swept me With her flame and my blood leaped high I sacked the storehouse of knowledge with a will to know or diet After weary years love whispered Very tenderly, then I knew The winding roads of life had led, Dear, over the miles, to youl Jo Hartman, Puffer. That Puffer ls a tiresome chap, There's not the slightest doubt; He's blowing now of how much he Blew ln at his blow-out! Harold Susman, In Lippincott'e. Government After Rabbits and Rodents in Northwest ACCORDING to the report ot the Bureau ot Biological Survey of the United States Department ot Agriculture, prairie dogs have been comnletelv exterminated over larea iuo biuuuu suuureia m portions 01 California National forests, ranch- mon and i.,,h n,.,- aged to co-operate with the bureau. squirrels in abundance it is now dlt ficult to find more than an occasion al animal. Similarly, successful poi son baits were prepared for the Rich ardson ground squirrel, which has become so destructive in North Da kota. Other experiments dealt with the extermination of rodents which hin der reforestation by digging up and devouring seeds or gnawing the bark of saplings. Special experiments were conducted in the National For est near Ocala, Fla., and at the Con verse nursery in Southern California. In response to requests for aid from farmers in Southern Idaho and Eastern Oregon and Washington, the Department assisted In destroying lackrabblts. which had heen dnlnir ex- bama. Modified Quarantine to Allow Cattle Shipments SINCE the publication of various orders modifying the Federal quarantines declared on account of the foot-and-mouth dlspasn thn authorities havo rrcpivp,! nnmprnna Inquiries with regard to tho exact meaning ot the regulations now ln force. Tho quarantines which were de clared at the beginning of the out break prohibited the shipment of cat tle, sheep, other ruminants and swine into the quarantined area for any purpose save that of Immediate slaughter and prohibited absolutely the shipment of such stock out of the quarantined area, Since then the quarantines In parts of some states, notably Mlchl- iran. Itllnnln Tnrifnnn Pnnnu.-Wor.ia Kentucky Iowa and Wisconsin, have been mod f ed so that thpv nnw nor. mit the shipment of livestock into these areas for all nurnnsen. nnrt th federal meat Inspection service Is maintained. Certain counties, however, have been exempted ln each ot these states from the privileges granted bv the modified quarantine. Into these counties no stock can be shipped for feeding purposes and no Btock can be shipped out except after a pre liminary inspection and certification by the Federal authorities. In the areas under modified quarantine various restrictions governing the shipment of carcasses, hides, hay, straw, etc., have also been removed. It ls probable that further modifi cations of the quarantines will be made in the near future. In these cases it ls expected that the same procedure will be followed and the counties into which feeding stock cannot be shipped and in which In spection is demanded before export shipments are made will be specific ally named In each order. Nobody ever hurt anyone with a smile, and that ls just the reason gome folks wouldn't wear one for anything.
