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About The gazette-times. (Heppner, Or.) 1912-1925 | View Entire Issue (July 16, 1914)
ITOME A"NTD FARM MAGAZINE SECTION Marvels of Everyday Science Competent Scientists Apply Their Skill to Problems of Agriculture' Housekeeping, Schools, Business and Governmental Activities. L are the dimensions of the smallest object which could be perceived by the human eye sruaying the moon through a tele scope! Laymen ask tho astronomer this question' frequently, and it is - not bo easily answered as might be supposed. lhey ask, "How near do the most powerful telescopes bring us to the moon J Would we be able to see humau being9 if they were- walking around tnereT" The scientific, question is, "What is the size of the smallest object that wo could distinguish on the surface of the moon?" Arago states in his "Popular Astron omy" that as the moon is 238,850 miles away, a ; telescope magnifying it ten times ought to bring it with 23,885 miles, a magnification of 100 times within .2,388 miles and a magnifica tion of 1,000 times to within 238 miles of tho earth so far as vision is con ccrucd. " What could we sec on the moon at distance of 238 milesf Hardly anything in detail, for all would be beyond the power of sight. And besides where is tho astronomer who can hope to ob tain a magnification of 1,000 tiniest Tho conclusion must bo that we can hope to distinguish upon the surface of the moon only very large objects. such as mountains or huge craters. According to Arago 's reasoning, if we could secure a magnification of 2,000 times it would be as if we were looking at somo object on earth re moved to a distance of 119 miles Hut this reasoning is all wrong when applied to "a star high above the horizon near tho zenith of the heavens. In this caso our eyesight ha to .pass through layers of air equal only to that between us and an object, five miles away on earth. Ihe problem must mere foTO bo attacked from another, niore scientific side, before the question can be properly answered. On account of tho limitations of vision of tho human, eye, even when aided by tho most powerful telescope, tho figures given before must be" cor rected. If wo get an enlargement of 90 times the amateur can sec objects 1,800 feet in diameter. If our eye could use a telescope magnifying 1,000 times the object seen on the moon might ne onlv 100 feet in diameter : and 2,000 times only 81 feet in diameter, this is only theoretical. ... But Practically the case is quite different, fnr the imwer of tho eve is now the main consideration. The' eye" may be trained even for astronomical observa tion, so that it seesmore, than the un trained eye. But then we are face to face with another difficulty, that of tho atmosphere. The wider the opening' of the telescopo the greater are our difficulties with the atmosphere. The imago becomes so trembling and in distinct when looked at through the larger telescopes that we see hardly anything. Theoretically we should have to se euro an enlargement of 3.000 times to see an object 54 feet in diameter, and if wo wanted to see something a yard in diameter tho enlargement, would have to bo 54,000 times. Kveu if we ever get a telescope of this power the human eye will not be able to see through it, even though we place the telescope upon the highest mountain so as to escape the thickest layers of the atmosphere. Tho greatest nstronomers, liko Sir William Herschel, have made tneir most valuable discoveries by comparatively low-power telescopes. The eyd'of man, unless somo new laws of optics are dis covered, will never bo ablo to sco any email object on tho moon, no matter how powerful our telescopes are made. Wo may see mountains and craters that is about all. Shoe-Box Closets. For the living room the housewife bought a wooden box for 10 cents at tho shoe store. She had two shelves put in and covered it with an old single length of Japanese curtain material. Stood on end it served the purpose of a cupboard admirably. - For tho two bed rooms two more shoe boxes were bought, but only one shelf was put in these. Tho tops were cov ered with white oilcloth and tho sides and fronts with silkolinc. The latter was cut in three lengths, tops turned W in for gathers; lower edges hemmed to make it easy to put shoes on the lower part and towels or other small pos sessions on the shelf. Each box was nailed to the floor bo it would not be unsteady or upset; the top served as washstand. Boiling Egg on Ice. This Bhows how an interesting experi ment was performed by Emil Bachc let, inventor of a train without wheels which goes 300 miles an hour. Backe let's "flying train" is forced to move by a series of electrical magnets. The inventor's great secret is in the way he controls tho -electrical currents. While he has refused to explain, this, he has furnished illustrations of how tho principle works. For instance, he boiled an gg in water in an-aluminum kettje .which .was 'separated from the Making Milk and Butter Yellow Kind of Feed More Important Than the Kind of Breed, Experi- ' - ments Show That the rich yellow color .cmanded by the public in dairy products is pri marily due to the character of the cow's feed is demonstrated by recent experi ments carried on by the, IT. S. Depart ment of Agriculture in cooperation with tho Missouri .State Experiment Station. For some, yeais dairy experts have been studying this question. Their conclus ion is that; altlio gli 'to some extent a breed characteristic, tho intensity of this yellow, color . ;nay, within eprtain limits; be increased or diminished at will by changing the animal's rations. Chemical tests show that the yellow pigment in milk consists of several well- known pigments found, in green plants. Of thesv the principal "one is carotin, so called because it constitutes a large part of the coloring matter of carrots. Tho other yellow pigments "in the milk are known as xanthophylls. These are found in a number of plants -including grass, but nro especially aounaanc in yellow autumn leaves. These pigments' pass directly from the feed into the milk. Thi3 explains the well-known fact that fresh freen grass and carrots increase the yellow ness of butter, tho only standard . by which the average person judges its richness. On the other , hand, a lar,;e proportion' of these pigments is de posited in .the. body fat and elsewhere n the cow. . When the ration is changed to one; containing fewer . carotin and xanthophyll constituent's, this hoarded store is gradually drawn upon and in conscquenca tho yellowness of tho milk does not d.miliish So rapidly as it other wise would. This yellowness increases, however, the instant tho necessary plant pigments aro restored to the ration. Green grass is probably richer in cartin than any other dairy feed. Cows fed on it will therefore produco the highest colored butter. Green corn, iu vhich xanthophylls constitute tho chief pigment, will also produce a highly col ored product. On the other hand, a ration of bleached clover hay and yel low corn is practically devoid ot yellow pigments and the milk from cows fed upon it will gradually lose its color. It is, of course, indisputably truo that the breed does influence the color of the milk fat; but vary the ration and there will be a corresponding variation magnet by a block of ice. The ice was seemingly not affected by the currents passing through it from the magnet, yet the "harnessed" electricity set the water to boiling within an incredibly short time. Revolving Ladders for Use in Picking Oranges. Ordinary ladders when used for pick ing fruit from a tree often damage the tree, and to overcome this a new form of ladder has been adopted by some orange growers of California. A cen tral shaft is lashed to the trunk of the tree, while horizontal arms are fitted at the top and bottom so that they may be swung about in all directions. Notches cut-in the tops -of the arms provide support for tho rungs of the ladder at varying distances from the tree. With this device, every part of the tree may be picked without disturb ing a branch. in the color of the milk fat in each breed. In cows of the Jersey and Guernsey breeds the body fat is frequently of such a deep yellow color that some butchers and consumers look with dis favor upon beef from these breeds. For this prejudice -there is absolutely no jus tification. The yellowness of the fat springs from tho same causes as the yellowness of the milk and there is no reason for objecting in one caso to the very thing that is prized ,in the other COMING EVENTS. Tillikum Potlatch, Seattle, Wash., July W-18: Society of Montana Pioneers, Boze man, Aug. 6-8. Everett Chautauqua, Everett, Wash., September 12-20. Frontier Days, Walla Walla., AVash., September 17-19. Washington State Fair, North Yakima, September 21-27. Round-up, Tendleton, Ore., Sept. 24-26. Oregon State Fair, Salem, September 28-October 3. National Apple Show, Spokane, Wash., November 16-21. Northwest Live Stock Show, Lewiston, Idaho, November 30-December 5. Pacific International Live Stock Ex position, North Portland, Ore., Decem ber 7-12. . " ' W. E. Adams, of. Farmington, Me., has several russet apples which were (crown in Ihe summer of 1912 and have been in his cellar through two winters. The apples, are perfect in every way, not even withered. The music originating in this country is not popular abroad. I have on hand some of the best Violins that can be bought for tke prices charged. If iutcrested, write for prices, and send this ad. I Handle All Musical Instruments and Sheet Music. N. Hodson . Ill Twelfth Street, Portland, Oregon. J i-'A Forest Fires TWO convictions in Washington for burning slash without permit from, a fire warden, damage amounting to perhaps $5,000 to logs and logging equipment in the same state through fires in slashings, but no loss of green timber, is the Pa cific northwest record for June, the first month of the 1914 forest fire sea son, according 10 Duiieuns receive from several states by the Western Forestry and Conservation Association, All protective agencies were placea .. . ... 1 MX on the alert at tne ciose oi dune ojr the prospect of a drying interior wind, but the new forecast service especial ly for forest fire conditions which it supplied by the V. S. Weather Bureau soon reassured them that the threaten ing high wind pressure in Western Can ada had split into two areas and the danger was for a time averted. Never theless all patrol forees are being rap idly recruited for the season and about 2,000 men will be on duty in a few dayi in Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Mon tana. About 500 patrolmen are em ployed in these states by the timber owners' protective associations, near ly 200 by the states and the Govern, ment iointly outside the National For ests, and the others by the Forest Ser vice within the National iorests. ine British Columbia Government also has 225 men on duty. Julv hazard to be guarded against, other .than from camp fires, is reported to lie chiefly in slash burning to dear land and rights of way and in leaving fires thus started to smoulder in logs and stumps to break out later when the inevitable hot and windy weather arrives. Forest officers announce that state laws, regarding burning without permit and precaution will bo enforced rigidly and also warn summer camping parties to be extremely careful with camp fires. Mineral oil has been discovered in Sonull and, and tho British government is investi gating tho extent of the discovery. 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