The Aurora borealis. (Aurora, Or.) 19??-1909, October 29, 1908, Image 1

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The Aurora borealis., October 29, 1908, Image 1

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Newspaper Page Textoreali VOL. I. AUUOUA, OUKC.OX, TIIUliSDAV, OCTOUKK iil, 1908. NO. 2" fl Aurora. BRIEF NEWS OF THE PAST WEEK Condensed Dispatches from All Pans of the Two Hemispheres. Interesting Events from Outside the State Presented in a Manner to Catch the Eye of the Busy Reader Matters of National. Historical and Commercial Importance. Cholera in Manila ha3 dwindled down to proportions of little importance. The Cleveland, Ohio, street railway company will sell seven tickets for 25 cents. There is still much unrest in Portu gal. During a recent review of troops by the boy king his life was saved only by the merest chance. Frank Pinkham, a trusted employe nf the Tacoma Mill company, of San Francisco, has disappeared with $30, 000 of the company's money. Two suit against Thaw for money have been stopped because the law re strains proceedings until 12 months after an application in bankruptcy. A plot has been discovered by which revolutionists intended to kill a num ber of high officials during the stay of the American fleet in Chinese waters A bomb thrown in the heart of Chi cago's downtown district practically destroyed one building. The police are unable to give any reason for the out rage and have made no arrests. Over 1,000 cases of Bocalled egg yolk have been thrown into the ocean at New York. The stuff was imported from China and was used in place of -crcra but could not pass wire food in spection. Senator I .a Toilette says the senate is going to be cleaned. The f.ite n( the Balkan conference depends on oermany s consent. Tun Mexican rebels have be in found guilty of fomenting a r on American soil. A premature explosion of dynamite at Douglas, Ariz , killed two men and injured eight others. Crcnt Northern earnings for th last fiscal vear show a decrease of $l,s:!H,()oo compared with the previou year. A German military balloon ex ploded a mile in the air. The occu pants fell in a tree and were unin jured. F.xperts who have been going over the hooks of San Francisco have found a shortage of $00,000 in the city treasury. Senator F.lkins says he knows noth iiifc about the marriage of his daugh ter to the Duke of Abruzzi and con siders the naval escort a good joke. During the reception of the Amer ican fleet at Yokohama all the Amer ican admirals were carried around the deck of their vessels on the shoulders of Japanese admirals and captains. Deaths iu Luzon from the storm will reach 500. Snow hn drifted to a depth of 13 feet iu Montana. An epidemic of typhoid fever pre vails at Montreal, (Quebec. A I ogus German baron has been vie tinii.ing .San Francisco people. (In., death has hern reported from Montana, following the severe blizzard. Keno gamblers are putting up a hard fight to prevent being driven from the city. lieutenant detwson. who has been King Edward's messenger since l'JOl is dead. John W. Kern, Jr., son of the Demo cratic vii-p presidential candidate, is seriously ill. A New York thief, after robbing a jewelry store. of valuable diamonds, es raped in an auto. The greatest celebration in the liis tory of Japan is being given in honor of the American fleet. Diamonds equal to those of South Africa are said to have been found in Death valley, Arizona. ()n. hundred and fourteen thousand applications were received for the 6o0 farms in the Kosebud, S. D , reservation just thrown open. Women suffragists will meet at Se attle in 1.9. Chii.ese in Canada arc raising a relict fund to send to China to help the starv ing. French troops have had another en gagement with Moors. The latter were di fcated. Immense crowds attended the funeral Service o f Bishop Potter. The services were ery simple. V.y the bursting of a sfeampipe four men were cooked to dca'h on a steam barge on Lake Michigan. MINING CONGRESS CALLED. Eleventh Annual Convention to Meet in Pittsburg. Denver, Oct. 20. The executive committee of the American Mining congress yesterday issued the official call for the 1 1th annual convention to be held in Pittsburg December 2, 3, 4 and 5, 1908. A special ctfort is con templated looking to the final enact ment of the bill for the creation of a bureau of mines, now on the calendar of the United States senate for third reading. Particular attention is called to the work of congress in making investiga tions relatinir to the protection of the lives of miners; projHisaH for the elim ination of fraudulent mining stock operations; the relations between cus toms smelters and the ore producer; Federal aid for mining schools and ex perimetit stations; the exploitation of the rare mineral resources of the coun try ; the conservation of mineral re sources; the timber and water supply, and the unification of the mining laws of the several states, are the particular subjects which will be under discus sion. It is announced the convention will be an open forum for the discus sion of all mining subjects. . The call invites the president of the United States, the governors and heads of commercial bodies to appoint dele gates. A special feature of the body will be a coal mine gas testing plant, now in course of construction in Pitts burg, under an appropriation made dur inir the last session of congress, which will then be completed. NEWS NOTES GATHERED FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF OREGON ENORMOUS LOSS IN COAL. Trade Loses $1,500,000 Weekly by Cotton Lockout. London, Oct. 20.-The shutting down of 600 mills as the result ouf the cotton trade lock out has reduced the consumption of engine coal by 700,000 tons per week. Calculated at f 2 pe ton. this represents a loss of trade amounting to $1,500,000 a week. Oldham, the center of the spinning industry, is. the first of the cotton towns to feel the pinch of the lockout Of the mills in the town only 20 are now working. It is not the opera tives who have their lock out pay from their unions to fall back on who are beginning to feel the pressure of th industrial warfare, but the shopkeep ers. particularly at the small shops who depended on the custom of the mill eirls. No one has the heart to buy anything Rhort of actual necessities. No new dresses are being made in Oldham jus now. and dressmakers are rcuucing u. number of their workroom hands, and the milliners' shops, of which the fe mala cotton operative was the generous patron, are deserted. The situation was discussed at meeting of the distress committee last nizht and the mayor has summoned special meeting of the council for to night, when a deputation irom ineais tress committee will make suggestions for providing relief work. GAMBLERS WIN. SOLDIERS ARE ATTACKED. SCAB NOT FUNGUS GROWTH. Agricultural College Profetsor Gives Opirion on Prunes. Salem - That scab on prunes, w hich is very prevalent this year, is not a fungus disease, but is caused by ad verse weather conditions, is the opin ion given by Professor Cordley, of the Oregon Agricultural college, in answer to an inquiry from James instanley, this city. It follows, therefore, that scab cannot be prevented by spraying. 1 rolessor coruiey s letter follows : Careful examination of the accom panying prunes shows mat me scao upon them is not a fungus disease. In other words, it is not the true prune or plum scab. 1 have observed this trou ble to a greater or less extent in other seasons, and have never been able to find any fungus or bacterial organism in connection with it. From what data have been able to cc 11 -ct regarding the prevalence of this trouble and associating it with the various seasons, I have arrived at the conclusion that it is cau-ed almost exclusively ly freezing or cold weather, at least at the time of blossoming or shortly af terwards. In other words, the trouble seems to be most prevalent in seasons following freezing weather at blossom ing time. A. 15. CORDLEY." Build Sample Good Road Hood River To build a sample sec tion of good road at Hood Kiver a sub scription is being taken and is meeting with popular approval. 1 he road will built from the city out the west side of the valley for four miles, and it is expected to commence work on it shortly. The worst piece of highway at Hood Kiver has been selected for the experiment, and its construction is expected to stimulate the good roads movement here and serve as a starter for other sections of the valley. GRFAT FRUIT STATE. Easterners Begin to Realize Poss'bil- i.ies of Oregon. Portland -That Oregon is the com ing fruit district of the country is re cognized in the current issue of a na tional fruit magazine. The Fruit Grower, published in St. Joseph, Mo, Revolutionists Start Guerilla Warfare on Austrian Troops. London, Oct. 23. Open warfare has leen in progress in Bosnia and Her zegovina for 10 davs, and scores have been killed, ace Irought here yesterday by the Monte- ncgran agent. More than 120,000 Aus trian troops have been attacked by In surroctionist in the annexed territories and the fighting has been continuous. So far as is known no pitched battle has taken place, as the insurrectionists The publication devotes more than half are greatly outnumbered by tho Aus it ism to describing the fruit coun- I trians. Put their guerrilla tactics uae try tributary to Portland and has Bomet.,.u Very effective. excellent photographs of Hood Kiver, Tno situation is so serious that the Kogue Kiver and other orchards. Mistrial government has rushed rein nnouur important ini ui sun' iinK ,n- . of th- tne state w in nave u mi aiui'ievu Ori'imn tn aratcnr in Harper a Weeklvl" i in 11.,....,, ,..r I k Mnmf.ird in agent saiii. ino .vusiriai Kovcrmiieiii 1111 suppressed ail reports or me. situation it really is. Anarchy exists in tlie eastern and southern sections 01 tin Annexed territory. Thu Montenogran agent came here yesterday to investigate closely tho ex net situation with a view to learning what course Kngland will pursue in the event that Servia and Montenegro le hire war on Austria. The agent de ares that tho action of Austria amounts to an attemnt to terrorize Bos ida and Herzegovina into submission bv force of arms. Tho temper of ths people, ho asserts, is such that they wil, HUNDREDS DROWN IN LUZON FLOODS fording to information mphoon Swells Rhcrs to Torrents In Tew Hours. Sweeps Away Whola Towns Dead Number 300 in Cagayan Province Alone Americans Drag Natives From Roofs of Houses Floating Down Swollen Streams. No Empty House in Roseburg. KosL'burg The shortage of suitable house for renting has been seriously felt in Koseburg. During the past summer no less than 100 residences have been built, but the demand has been so great that the additional ones built have made no perceptible lessen ing of it. Several intended residents of Koseburg have been forced to go elsewhere, for no other reason than that they could not secure suitable quarters in this city in which to live. Find Gold on Burnt River. Sumnter Considerable excitement was created here by the discovery of a free gold ledge in the Burnt Kiver country by William Kobinson and his partner. This find has been made in a territory practically unknown hereto fore as gold bearing, and has awak ened much interest in consequence. The scene of the recent strike is Bull Kun mountain, a locality devoted to cattle and sheep grazing and lying in the watershed of Burnt Kiver. Portland recently looking over the city and getting data on the resources and attractions of the state, which he will embody in this article. Requests Delegate of Portland Portland -Portland is one of the 32 cities in the United States that have been asked to send a delegate to a pre liminary conference of the Merchant's association of the city of New York to discuss reforms in the currency system and the advisability of holding a na tional convention to discuss currency reform. The preliminary conference is to be held in New York City November 18, and will decide as to the advisabil ity of holding the convention and, in case it in found advisable, to decide the question of place, date and pro gram. Out of 777 replies that were received in answer to Merchants' asso ciation's letters 732 advocated the holding of a conference and 45 prefer red the consideration of currency re form through commission. Butter Creek Ranch Sold. Pendleton By the sale of the Sloan ranch, on Upper Butter creek, for $30, 000. was consummated one of the larg est transfers of real estate in this vi cinity recently. The ranch comprises about 1.400 acres, of which 1,200 acres are tillable and the rest pasture. Of the part that is in cultivation, 1,000 acres are suitable for wheatraising, Torrents of Ram Swell Rivers ar.J Flood Country Oklahoma City, Oklu., Oct. 23 Peri our floods threaten portions of centra' nnd northern Oklahoma, the result of a steady downpour of rain that has pre vailed for tho past threo days, and still continuing. In some portions the rainfall has amounted almost to the pro portions of a cloudburst. Numerouf while 2(0 acres are seeded to alfalfa. I reports of loss of life, made yesterday Frank and Claud Sloan were the former rtre unconfirmed, and they are believed owners, and they have sold to hphraim to ll0 without foundation. - No single L. Smith, of Echo, rennet of loss of lif has been verified nil SfriWn Renorted. At Tulsa and vicinity tho Arkansas . -i :.. l liu risen ten reel in I lie - Hours eixieu lllldl!im. nil VII DU.nv iu t.p , T rnirio Hi mil.. Mlllthflf that 1 ' r" '""L"'". citv. on the holdings of the Portland Manila, Oct. 22 Belated reports in- Ucate that the storm of October 12 in Through strict censorship, the I ti,e ragayan valley was the worst and most destructive wit hi-, the memory f living inhabitants of tho valley. Tho official figures nro not yet available, is many places have not yet been heard from, but it seems certain that the number of dead will reach 300. There was a heavy typhoon and tor rential rains throughout the valley and the mountains. The rivers were flooded nnd iu ninny places rose to a icight of 30 feet, sweeping everything before them iu their rush to the sea. Hundreds of animals nnd houses were swept away by the waters. At Aparri, winch was almost com pletely under water, tho American resi- lents, headed bv Lieutenants 1 roadway ind Clark, Postmaster Foss ami Engl- neer ( lark, formed a reseuo nngaue, hieh rescued scores of natives, taking nany off their houses while floating town tho river. Tho government has dispatched a oast guard cutter to investigate coa litions anl organize relief. It is reported that cholera has broken nit among tho refugees. never submit to annexation. The detention of Envoy Vuketitch by tho Austrinn authorities at A gram Tuesday was merely a pretext to allow them to search his baggage, tho agent declared. For this reason, he said, the apology offered bv Austria was not ac opted, and Montenegro will insist upon the payment or an indemnity. OKLAHOMA UNDER WATER. WAR CLOUDS THREATEN. Reno Votes to Continue Wide Open Town as Before. Reno, Nov., Oct. 2C Kcr.o will re main a wide open town for some time Big Sheep Shipment. North Powder-One of the largest sheep firms in Oregon, that of Lee t-.. oKir,t....l 90 rnrlnnds nf sheen to come, according to the result of the from"iaker City to Chicago. E. Lind city election held here Saturday, when . & ng sheepman, and P. L. th cramblinir element won by a major- c. ... t u v..-fh Pnurdcr M & M. lty oi Dto votes out ui i-. n,v,Uv Cq l)()th of ;orln i'0wdcr, accompan 3,100 votes cast. The election was on h J Daye L junior partner, in a citv ordinance to forbid the lunning of gambling games under license in the tity of Keno. The ordinance was put to the city vote upon the petition of the Anti-Gambling league, who made a red hot fight at the polls. The league opened headquarters about two months ago and has worked diligently ever since, holding mass meetings and spreading literature broadcast and through the mails. The gambling fraternity worked quietly, i.n t th result shows they worked effectively. The defeat of the ordi nance is partly due to th feeling that gambling should be stopped throughout the state and not alone in Keno. The fight will be carried into the legislature at the coming session. charge of the shipment. Coal & Development company, lhe company began Binking the present well three years ago, and has been working continuously. It has options on about 500 acres of land. The well is 1,1)00 feet down. Loans From State Fund. was then still coming up. I his brought tho stream to within threo feet of tho highest stage reached in tho flood of last spring Manv farms around Tulsa were flooded, and farmers and their families were iiinnelled to move out. The town of West Tulsa is threatened with munua tion. In tho vicinity of Perry Inst night al! streams rose suddenly, and hundreds of Snlpm Loans were approved by the I acres of crops were flooded. Pr,,t tw.-.rd nt ta last meet lncr to the I A third of the town or rawnee, win amount of $40,275. An unprecedented 1S00 inhabitants, was covered last night .,f f o,,.,li.Q r,a u..uro reo Vfd I WITH SIX icei OI wuier. au...u.it -IT - -v.- f.i; ,it 111 llie vniK-jr ui ............... ..... the valleys for several miles between Shawneo and MeLoud aro inundated. CI 11(1, : 40- Plowing at Monroe. Monroe The recent wet spell has set things to moving amongst the val lev farmerr. The plough is at work, gras3 has started and altogether new life has been put into all farm opera t ions. The ground i9 wet down to a depth of from five to seven inches, so that thoe w ho wish to do deep plowing are enabled to proceed with their belated fall work. Tomatoes in Spite of Frost. Monroe Despite the recent freeze, quite a quantity of fairly good toma toes have been ripened ana are new ready for canning. W. C. Belknap, from west of town, was delivering be lated orders during the last of the week, and the tomatoes, while not as smooth or large as those of the crop that was frozen, were of fair size and good flavor. Salmon in Kamchatka. San Francisco, Oct. 2fi. According to II. Plaun and O. E. Thielman, two Danish business men who arrived here today from the Orient on the steamer China, a Danish syndicate has secured a 12-year concession from the Kussian government to operate a salmon can ning establishment in Northern Kam- chatka. Siberia. The Danes, wno nae 1...1.1 m tmir r,f tVio irrminfl embraced in the concession, declare '. Oregon points have been stalled at the emoraceu m I f . f s w j The gtorrrn that the waters iairiy i--m ! ini aav that the riant will have a tre- of the past week have had the effec Seven-Mile Hill Bad. Sweet Home It is reported by peo- Iple coming into Sweet Home from the mountains that a number of teams tour of 'the ground bound for Prineville and other Fatern mendous outpuL Nicaragua Is Laid Waste. Managua, Nicaragua, Oct. 26. A great storm has prevailed throughout Nicaragua sir.ee yesterday morning. Heavy losses are reported, but. as all ' the telegraph and telep hone communi of making the mountain read impasst able for heavily loaded teams. Wallowa to Have Courthouse. VntTf.rip Th eour.tr court has acrer.tf.l i.lin f r a e.nirthmne, tn rnt nn.oon. Bids f'r foundation and rrert wi l le a Wertid fftr immMiat i It in cations nrler that th fovinl-ttion at l'ist Valbwa fotiB- l. ;,.,miT,twi ami th. i. ..... ; fill Chinese have started a tvctt on tne , . Hu0(r-(i irr.rx.ssi- 1 1 v V,,. I tpn .et mrt from T'nion roun Hamburg-American steamship line, and -"' iih.rm1.. o ., Id this will h the first rMi:v to ntlicr s no l v tnis line or riuc - i I.eu) urrii. Je'uurth iuse erected ia the eouotj. by the land board recently from citi zens of Oregon, but all funds that are available for several months have been loantd. The state loans its money at 6 per cent interest. PORTLAND MARKETS Wheat Blucstcni. tirptf.Olc; ytc. : fife, Mic : red Russian, S( fold. !Mic. ; valley. JiOc. Barley- Feed. $:Mi -7 per ton; rolled, $J7..V)"i .' ; brewing, $-'. M). Oats No. 1 white, $:jKr(;31.50 per ton: gray. $:o(i .",(). :.0. Hay Timothy. Willamctto valley, $lt per ton: Willamette valley, ordi nary, $11; Eastern Oregon, $1.MK. 17.r.i; mixed, $Kl: clover, $'.; alfalfa, $lt; alfalfa meal, $B. bruit Apples, 7.V'.i f I..10 per Imx ; peaches. 4lfVi line per box; pears, 7Vi. $1.L'.' pi r box; grapes. .VCV; $1.2.' per , crate: local Concords, l-'c per half , basket; Eastern Concords, 37 J 'n 40c per basket: ht'.ckh berries. 9'nHlC lb. J piinccs, 5-1 o i I per oox ; rrainirrrirs, $10 per Parrel ; prunes, a''U5C per in. , nutmeg melons. $l.'J' per box ; casa l,.i fi :i ier doen. Potatoes mi i '."( per hundred; sweet potatoes. S'iC'IC per ll. Onion Oregon. !KK-i$t per 100 lbs Vegetables Turnips, $1 2i per sack; carrots, h .c : parsnips, l .'.; oecis, ! ..., r.rticl.okes. 7.".c per do.; beans, 10c it il ; cabbage, lie per lb.; cauliflower T.'.C $1 per doz. : celery, IV'tHZc per lor; cMciimtx ts. $-' per lox ; Kg plant $2 per crate; l'ttuce. 7'c($l per box; nars ev. 1 "C Per do.: peas. 10C per It) peppers. $17.V'i'i per kjx ; pumpkins I'lil r per lb.: radi-tirs, 1.'C per spinach. 2c per lb.; sprouts, Kr".10c per lb.: sriuasli. Ijc per lb.; tomatoes, 40', .oc. Butter City creamery, extras. r.r.c : f.mev outside creamery, 32ri3..c per !!.: More. c. I.gcs Oregon selects, 37r'. !'ic; f-ast rrn. per ii"'. Poultry Hens. 127 P.C per lb. pnntr, 12 J 'Vine; dinks, old. 121712k vounir. li'ol'c: ceesc. f.ld. 81,'JC vnurir. If'ioc: turkeys. ti 17c. Veal Extra. ''! '.c ptr lb.: ordi nary, Tjc; heavy. Sc. Fork Fancy, 7k per lb ; large, $Y t,r Hops Orceon. 1Vs. rz per lb p.'or. tc ; r.Mi, 1 'o i c. W'v.l F.atern Orrtron, average best 10'; He per lb. according to shrinkage v a! !'. '''i lr'C Mohair Choice, ISc per lb. SEND WATER FROM ALTON. Situation in Balkans Far From Being Peaceably Settled. Paris, Oct. 22. Tho feeling in French lovernment circles is ilintinctly nerv als, poth Willi regarii to tne situation tho Balkans nnd tho proposed inter national congrcHS. Advices are that he Turkinli government is Impatient because Bulgaria has failed to present official communication since Tur key received t no rrencn HKHurance id he name of Emperor Ferdinand, whilo from Sofia comes Information that the Malinoff cabinet stid refuses to accept ho advice of Ferdinand, who advocates i peaceful settlement imd ins'iHts that t would bo preferable to go to war han li p'iy nn indemnity. I'ntil tho Bulgarian ministry yields lefinitely it is considered by tho of- ieials of tho French government that ho danger of war has not been dis iclled. Keports current in Paris that Baron on Bieberstein, tho (lerinnn ambasMa lor at Constantinople, has been couu- .eling war, whilo not confirmed, caused disquietude, especially BS tiertliany'S ittitudo grows more and more enig matical. CONTEST LAND PATENTS. One Illinois Town Supplies Drouth Stricken Sections. Alton. 111.. Oct. 23. The eontinuou rotith of more than .10 days in the in anl towns of Illinois tributary to Al ton, has forced tho resident: oi hum section to send away for water foi ooking and drinking purposes. Each day a train of five cars is be ing sent out from Alton, loaded with water for the various towns in the lighted district. Largo steel coal cam have been pressed into service, and ari laded with 15,000 gallons each. Most of the water is sent to (ullespie and hipnian, but others towns receive their junta. there is dancer, Becoming xo non Water company officials, of the supply ,eing cut off if tho Mississippi river falls much more. The stago or tne stream is lower than it has been before in 2l years, and the intake pipe or un company is now oniy ' men water. I nless the river rise will soon bo short of water. lindei Alton Nevada Miners Will Attack Southern Pacific Land Grant. Keno, Nev., Oct. 22 Colonel Win- 'ield Scott Prosky, a mining man own- ng property in a number of districts, yesterday announced that on January next the stntuto of limitations will IHVO applied 10 lli paierns Kriinien n ears no to tho Southern Pacific to a argo area of mineral land extending nun Winneiniicca to tho .Nevada tali orniit line and affecting rights of hun- Ireds of prospector and miners. The men have luen patiently waiting for a number of years, thinking a do- on in tho one ease decided would dinilarly affect them all. Now it I liscovered thnt each disputant must file a separate protest to establish hi right. The railroad company hoped hi would be overlooked. However, very effort will le made by the de .artment lit Washington to give a'l laimants an opportunity to present their cases anil have a hearing. Czarina May Lota Reason. St. Petersburg, via Eydtkuhnen, Oct 1'3. I nless the pyarina Jca soon ror a sea voyage to the Mcditerrau'an she will lose her mind, according to inmr mat ion conveyed yesterday to the ern peror by her physicians. Iteduee.i to i rveus wreck iy terror or revolution iirv violence, Uie rnpres is suneruiK most constantly from hallucinations. 1'i.r davs she refuses to utter a word lelievini? that she is a victim of .o?.! d'-fect making speech Impossible Attain, she thinks herself enjipled an lemand to be wheeled in an invalid r hair. Electric Power Ovtr SUrra. Han Francisco, Oct. 2.1 W. A Worthington, assistant to the director of maintenance nl operation 'he Harriman bnes, is conferring with of firials of the Southern Pacific system reifsrling the proposed ehsnges nf th motive power to electricity in the Hi rras, Mth to facilitate shipments an reduce the cost of hauling. Andertonville Monument Project. White Hall, 111., Oct. Tl The annual convention of the Illinois Association nt t'nion ex Prisoners of War met here yesterday and will remain in session over today. The principal matter to receive attention is the project for tho erection of a monument st Anderson- ville, for whi-h the last Illinois legis lature appropriate! fl.'i.OOd. The asso ciation will have a leading part in tar rying out tho project, a many or its members were among the prisoner eon fined at Anderonvi:ie during the war. New Rout for Smugglers. Han Bicyo, Cnl., (let. 2'! Although the smuggling of Chinese coolie across th. Mexican border ha been practically ended, it is acknowledged by the immi gration authorities that many Asiatics are being illeg-jly brought into this country l.y water. Commissioner Wed die sav hi office is badly handicapped by not having a fast boat in which to pursue craft bringing coolies tip the coast. on its vessels.