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About Albany daily democrat. (Albany, Or.) 1888-192? | View Entire Issue (Jan. 26, 1920)
'EVENTS OF 1919 World Found Great Difficulty Returning From War o Peace Conditions. in MAK'NG THE GERMAN TREATY lurop In 8UU of Farmant, Whll th UniUd Sutai Wit Struggling With Qrava IndutUlal and too nomlo Problama. By DONALO f. 01008. A ftcr iiit l II. v.iim filaliifiil waifaic. In wlil.li ull lit il' (irnl pow er ami tunny of Hie smaller iiniloiia hail Iiivolw.t. Ihi- rlil f Mitt I It dllU.ull In return ii anything 1 1 a. nor mal ripinlllli.il. ilnrliu Hi" year I1"1' While tin' aniilnhv whlrh wat signed la tli' iilnK wok i.f HUH brought fcttatloii of hottilltlct w !! tin two ifiutiia if liittliilia Itml had bce.i engaged In the great atruggle. II did lint bring peace In nil the M-oplca In vottrd. Tcchnli ul!v !' world allll n at wur throughout praetleiilty nil of the ycur Jual rl'tM-il at tin pence treaty which waa framed In I'nrla after mntitha of negotiation could tn't li made fully effective mull ratHlcd by tin- great poneri ami formally pro mulgated ly the peace conference. Failure r Ihe fulfill Stulc aclinic ! ratify the treaty, hrrauac of nppotllloii In tin covenant of the League of Na tlnna. which mi made a iart f the peace treaty, prevented thr fnrinnl declaration nf M-ace until more than year after the arinlttlce aa signed. Internal disorder anil territorial dlapulea arUlii frum Ilia ealnhllth inriit of inmiy new nallntia kept a large pari nf l'.ur..c In turmoil. Such complete remaking of III" map f i:nmw aa rctullrd from the gn at ' naturally could not In Bccouipllth.-d without friction. The great emplrr of Auatrla Hungary ha'l fallrn to plec-a Kith Ihe defeat of Ilia cvntral aiwera ami nut of l In- wreckage new state arose. These new nattoiia Anirla. Hungary. Poland nnd tlir Cxrch and Jui-oalnv alalia roulil not ratnlillnli their nrw iMiumlarlo without friction iiwni themselves ami with llirlr ncighbora The new government of tirruiany. which had hern transformed Into a republic, waa trtrlnc In main tain Itaelf agnluat thr nttnrka of radl rat elements Itutala wa lorn by civil atrlfe. with half a dnxen groupa fighting fur the mattery. At lime world pence seemed 'till far off. hut aa h year paaacd condition bream more settled and It wemrd probable that with tha fnnunl promulgation ' the peace lrty tha rhaoa Into whlrh Kurniw had hr-n thrown would paa In tha I'nltad Htntra nindltlona wira nnt an unwttlnl aa In tha nation" that bad bri-n loner Miraa"d In lh war. Imt hir. aa In Kurope. thr tranaltlon from a war In rarr lial waa not ray. Nrw Indmtrlal prnldrma had hrm rrrntrd. Thr hleh rot nf living rnuard Inlmr In mnkr Inalatrnt and rr prntrd drinanda for hlirhrr wasra and rraultrd III numrrnm atrlkra nmonit all rlaaa-a nf wnrkrra. Itadlrnl lend rn tnik adranlagr nf thr uurrt thai Tlatrd In rrcrult thrlr forrra and Ihry hiHitiir ao actlva that thr cinv atltutnl nullinrltli-i nf thr nation Anally found II nwrannry In tal:r ila trrnilnrd alrpa to auppn-aa dNloal iropat:anda. The Making of Peace. Thr flrat alrpa tnnnrd thr ortnnl mitlon nf thr prnrr rniiKrvaa worn tukrii on Jnniniry 12 whrn thr tirmr wnr roiiurll. inrmlirra of which wrrr I'ri-nliliMit WlUnn nnd SiiTiMnrjr I.iiiiilim of tlir I'nllrd Mtntra, nnd Ihr irrmlrra and forrlgn inliilxtrra of litrnt llrllnln. Krnin-r and Itnly. tn-g.-lli.-r with Mnmlinl K"h and mili tary p'prrai-nlntlvra of tint ai'vrrnl fMtwrra. lii'Kiin ni'lunl ronld'-rntlon of thr ttrm of prnrr to lir ImiHiartl upon Ihr ri-ntnil powrra. Thr pi-nrr ron-cn-na llni-lf. without iMi'Kati-a from thr dffriilril powura or IIii'mIii. met In tlir inliilnlry nf forrlirn affiilra at I'nrla on Jnnunry IS. I'rr-lil.-m Wil son propom-il rrrmtrr f'lrmi mrnii for M-rinanriit elmlrmiin of thr confi-r-nrr nnd Ihr ifl'li'Kiiti-a pliftr.l him hy oniitilmoiia vnto. It wna ilrtormlmil at thr lii'itlnnlim Unit only thr Ave itn'iit lirlllKrrrnt powrra, thr t'nltml Stntra Clrrnt llrllnln. Prntirr. Itnly nnd Jiiinn. hntild tnko purl In till hirrtlnita of tlir confrrrnrr nnd rotnmliMlon to he np poliitrd; thin othrr liidllirwnt nnd na. nrlntrd powrra ahould pnrtlt'lpnti) only III nirrllnira M whlrh quratlona coni-rrnlnie llirin wrri to hr dlxruaied. Aa thr rrprrnrntntlvra of thr mnny tirlllgrrrnt nnllona rnlrri'd upon Ihr tnak of lirlnclnil prnw to Ihr world Kurope ni In Inrmnll. I'lilnnd wna brlnii rn'oiiolllutrd nnd thr IliliiK ' krr lioumlnrli a Kiivr rlar to mnny con troTrmlra lirtwrrti Ihr I'oliw nnd aur rotindlim proplra. The qnrtloii of Ahrlhrr l.i'iiRiin of Nntliuia alinulil br crenti'd na n mrnna of prrvriitlnu futnrr wnra wna onr of Ihr Hrm to ha takrn up h.v Ihr prarr conference. On Jnnunry 2.S tlir conference fnrmnlly drrlnred III fnvor of Ihr eatnlillshiiienl of n Lrntfue of Nntlona. and n com mlaalon. nf which I'realilent WIHon wna chnlrmnn, wna nppolnled to prc 1iar n di'llnllr plnn. Thr l.euitiir of Kntlona roninilaalnn held lla flral meet- ' Inn on Krlirunry S nnd on Kelitunry 14 I'rraldelit W'llaon rend mill CXillilllei: to the pence conference a drnfl of the rnnatliutlon for Ihel.niKUr of Nnllona. The plnn provided for an executive council to be eoinnnaeil or rrpreaent tlei of nine nation and for an Inter- Mllonnl aecrrlarlul. It waa proving 'tint deeUloua of ha rir-utlvr coiinell ahould hr rhforcrd, If nreranury, liy "the preveitlloii of all ftmiitrlnl. coi.i iiirrclul or prraotiiil liit-r'oure" be 'WiH'ii Ihr niilloli fnllllitf In iililile bv the itei lklnii nnd all oiln-r in mbn alillea of tin I.eiik'Ui of Nnlloiii. On Ihr Miiinr dii llml In- pr-i.i'tiiri thla pllill tn It pi-new collferem-e I'ret Ml' III Wllnoli an 1 1 I'll fur the I'nlle.l hlulea to iitteud Ihr eloktiiit ih'-Ioii of cohere at ViiHliltii;toii tippoii tlon to the llli'tirlHirillloii of Ho I.euKU' of Niilloli covrmilit In the ..tn-e tien'v nlrrmly bud ilevelopril In thix emitrry nnd I'rexiilent WINon. upon hl reiurn ilt-ll vt'i no udilreMt in I'.iiNiou In olili ll he emililiaUei Ihr mri lt) ' Die llill.il hlutea tiikllm li . ii. Una luirt In Hie orifiiulxiitlou of thr l.cni;iM- of N'nIIoIi.. .Meiinllmr the peun. ciinferi'lice wn rfeleiivolliiK to ri-io ll a oluili.li of cwml nlher i-XlliK prolilelil". A bli li-r lIlMplltr hnd lirlH.-ll l.rl.'rll lllllv lllnl the new Jiil'oSIuv titr n to lli I oi'loii of the riMterii i-oiil of III illiilli'. "I 1 1 o lliilliinii l-1 1 in 1 1-1 I poa Ri'Mnlon nf the dty of I'luiue on tin ..'mm.. I l Ihi l Ita piipiiliilloii huh lurfi-U 'liilirn. Mhlte the .lilk-o Slnv iiiiln IHlned tlltil t.iai'Hi.lou of Itllx iori HI eu'lil!.il If their Itilly orinnl.'d tlu (loll Hut to hnvr aei'eaii to llir a-il. 'Hie JiipiuoHir ili'irpile iiImo rave im rnrlv lii'll.nlli.ii of iln-lr attltuilr l.y liiHlMnif iiMiri mi it'4 rl'lif to re lillll the .Miirbnll nnd I'-irotlnr IIimiiIn h1fi thr bud tnken from tiermiinv. I'l-elldi-llf WIImoii relurui'.l to I'lirl nfter api'iiilliiu little more tluin a wrek III the l ullrd Hlnlea. With hla arrival 111 I'miM'e on Mnri-tl II llle ienre coll fi-rence bei;iiu eoniileniilon of recoin in leliitlolit by vnrlou committee and the pace irrttty lieunn to tnk di'tlliltr haie. On Mur.ii 14 thr coiinell of ten whlrh bad been colili1erln tin chief probteuia before the IM-ui-e ci.lifer lice na replai-eil by a council of four, con aUtlujf of President U'IImiii and Pre mlera l.loyd lieorife. t'lemein'tflii ami Orlando Krom that tlmr up to Ihr artual alirnlnc of Hie p.-ner treaty all of the problrma tirl.lnr were i1IomhI of by llil. ciiii. II of four. Hi hlch at tlm-a. the prrmlrr of Jnpan alao Mtrtlii.n:d. I Ttie revUrd covelianl of the l.enetl of Niilli.nt waa pre.iiti-il at a pleimrv aeawlon of thr ieaer conferencr on Aicll 2S. I'realdrui W'llaon. a rhnlr limn aif Ihr cnmmUalon which fniinnl the cotriiniit. rxpialiinl thr chnnrrea that had hren inadr. nioatly aa a rreult of rrltlrlKui In the I'nltnl Statea. On of thr moat Important of thr amend uieiila made that providing thnt Ihr covenant ahould not affect rxlmlni und.TPilanillntrt for maintaining -nc'. While It waa not ao atatrd p- inrally. thla amendment waa ilralgiuil to pre vent Ihr league of Nnllona mveiinlit from Intrrferlng with the Monroe doc trine. Thr rrvlaed covenant wn adopti-d by the unanltnnua voir of thr peace confcri-nce. On April ) the council of four, which by tMa lime had been reduced lo a council of thrre by thr with draw a I of thr Itallana nerccd to transfer to .tnpnn the (lennan oae tlon of Klan tliau. Thr Oilnene dele ration objix-tiil atrrnuoualy to thla art tleinent. although Japan nereed tilft- matrlv to rratore the territory to fblnn. On May the nnincll deter mined Hint Creat llrllnln and her colo nlra and dominion ahnuld become mandatory for the lalnnda norh nf the rquutor. Ily Mny S the trrnty had flnnlly lei-n rompleled and on thnt dnte II wna prraeiite.l to the tiermnn plcnlpotcn- tlarlea at Vemulllea. The pact, while It reiirernlrd chiefly the deliberation" nf thr oiun.il of four, had been adopt ed by a eonfrrence In which 27 nlllrd nnd aiaoclnled powera were rrprearnl rd. At Ihr annir time It wna an nounced that I'rraldenl WINon and rremlrr l.loyd CeorKr hnd neitotlntrd t rem let with France providing thnt thr riillcd Stnlra mid fin nt llrllnln would come Imincdliilrly lo the naalat- nnce of France In caae of any future unprovoked attack hy fiennnny. When the cncc trenty wna auhmltled tn the Ceruintia the Itnllnn delet-ntea were preaent. hnvlng rctumrd to I'nrla In rciponae to nn Invltntlon extruded by I'nuldent W'llaon nnd I'remlera l.loyd flcorge nml riemencenil. The tiermnn delcttitea were not per milled to dlMCu the pence tnn'y with thr conference but were Riven fifteen dnya In which lo auhmll their reply In writing. Announcement of the terma of Ihr treaty canard a ntnnn In (irr many. The tnrma were rirnounced by I'rraldcnt Klirrt of Oeriniiny na being the moat aevero ever "ImpoHed himiii a vnnqulahrd people." Severn! coinmii nlcntlona n-queailng rhnncea In l'ie trenty were anhmltted by thr tiermnn delegntiK nnd theae were Riven ronald enillon by tbe council of five. Aa a reaull aome pnrta of the trenty were nmdr more lenient tnw-nni flerinnny. The rcvlard terma were presented to fount HrockdorlT-ltiintr.iiii. hend of Ihr fieriniin delemillon on Juti" M nnd the Oennnn were given aeven dnya In whlib to aliin, Thr llennnn nntlonal naaemlily on .tune 12, by n vote of 2.'t" tn Y.'K. nulliorl7.rd Ihr government to algn the Irenty. On .lime 2S thr trenty wna algned at Vorsnlllen hy rep rreriilntlvra nf Orrninny and of the Billed nnd naaoclnted powrra. The riilneae delegntea nlone refnard lo algn hiM-iiuio of thr Blmntunc aeltln nirnt. Il .lime 20 I'realdelit W'llaon Bulled fr 1'i-rnee nnd returnnl tn the I'nllid Hi.. 'a nfler nn aharnce of more linn l inoulha. On July 10 hr preneutrd Hie trenty to the aenntr nml there nl oner developed hitter oppn, altlon lo Hi adoption without ehmiKr or rerrvntlon. On rVpicmhcr 10 Renntnr Ixlge auh nillted the innjnrltjr report of the coin Inltte on foreign retntlona. proMMIn amemlmenla and four reaervatlont t'. Ihr peiii-e trclltv. Kelinlor llltehcoek fireaeni.-d a minority report, reeorn Biriidlng ihr ndopiloii of the treaty Without l-ea.-rviitlon. There begun lln-l. a determlm-il lliflit between thr oppria log f.iri'ea III flit, aelilllr. which elided rlmilly In a ili-iidloi-k thnt preventn' the rnlllli'iitloii of the treaty either with or without reaervatlona. I'reldt nt Wilton hnd continued to comlinl everv aitgl'ealloii of a ehai'g- In li ir-n'v or the covenant of tin' l.eii.ue of Nnili.tii nnd In nti effort tr force It nitilli'iilloti hnd und rtiikrti an extenhr tour of the country br ginning on Sept' ti.ber t. After d"llv eriini more limn forty aiM-echr- tlimtif bout the Went br brol;e down under Ihr atrnln nml wna forci-ii to t etiirn to the White llolHe. 1 1 ' con tliilon wna regnrdi'd aa very aeriniit end hr e na iimil.te to fill r a hii-Hni.' nnri In Ihr buttle fr Ihr treaty w'i.-i. the e. ntet rifii-ln-d lla clluinx. 'lin I I -'il.-tlf taf III lntited, houever. Ilooti tin- loloMtoii of the trenty without ria i-niltloiiN and v.lo-n the qileatloli eilllle lo ii fir i at I vote In the aetintr oti N'oveui b.-r I! thr liipioeriitle minority, nlied by a iiniuhi-r of ll. .iil.llrnn oi.;'e-l lo Ihe letlglle In nil V form, defeliled the uinjorlty renolutlon of the Itepiilillcmit wlil.il Mould biitr i-iirrled Willi II Ihe ri-rulli.n inlo.ied by hr tenale Seluitor HlteheiM-k thereupon offered a ri-olutlon providing for rnllfl.at'oti of the tn-iily without revervatlotiN. and tnta. In turn, wna ib-ferited. a numle-r of I ilium-mile Kcnntora voting Willi tlir KepiiMlf-aiia. With a coiniromlae belw.HMi ilie o.poii!ng groupa appiir elltlv lui.olble. Ihe a-ntlte ad Jourticd. Ill the nieniiflme the ence trenty had lie.-n mtlfli-d by the t.iher grent allied iiatlont and by many of the miiller nation iluit had he-n rnifageil in the war ngnlOMt fiennnny. Foreign Affairs. While the treaty waa being negoti ated con. III!.. n remained very un aettlrd not only In thr territory which had been Itiiiuded In thr four defented oatlona but throughout Kurope. Km ala continued In a atate of turmoil throughout thr year. Although thr bolahrvlal gnvrrnmrnt Undrr thr direc tion nf lculn and Troliky malntalneil Ita control over a large part of Ihr former empire It waa hemmed In on all aldea by oppotlng groupa which attacked It with varying aurceaa. Th newly ronatltutrl nation nf Poland waa heart for a time on all aldi-a. but It, too. Buccredod In wratherlng thr ttnrtn and had rtahllahel a atnblr govrrnment before many month had lauiaed. Fnllure tn reach a aettlement of the Flume q,ncatlon continually threatened an armed conflict between thr Italian and thr nrw- Jugo-Stae atatr. Seiinu condltlona exlttnl In llungnry both br. cnuae of Internal dlaordera and le ranae of clahc with lloumnnla and with tbe new Czech government.. Tn Oertnnny a apllt atnong the Her man aoctallat leadera rrmiltrd on Janu ary 7 In aerltma atrrrt fighting. The government waa acrloutly threaten eil, but on Janunry H Ha trKpa In Tlerlln were re-rnforcetl nnd regained control of the aliuutlon. On January HI Or. Carl l.lrhknrcht. Iradrr of thr Spar tncana. or antlgovrrnment faction, waa killed while attempting to menpr after arreat In Itrrlln. Ill companion, ltoan Luxemburg, long known aa a radical leadrr both In firrmany and Ruaala. wna klllnl by a mob. Plaordera In fiennnny were auppreaaed and on Jnn unry 10 the pmplr elected a national aaarmtdy. the majority aoclnlltt led. bv Chancellor Kbert retaining control. Tlie nembly met a W'rlmar on Janu ary fl and on retininry it eiectcn Chancellor I'bert na flrxt pretldent of the fiermnn republic, nfter adopting a provlalonnl eonatllntlnn. In I'olnnd opivoalng faction renrhed nn agree ment on .Tnniinrr 17 whereby Ignncr .Inn I'nderevvakl became pn-mler. with fieneml IMNndakl a foreign minister and M. Detnoakl aa prealdent. Oppoaltlon to Jnpnnrar control had been developing rapidly In Korea nnd on March 12 Korenn nnllnnnllata l aueil a declnnitlon of Independence, di-clnrlng themaelvea ready to "fight to tbe Intt drop of blond." Sertoli disor der also were reported In Kgypl In aupixirt of the nntloimllst deinnnd for nutonomy mid on March 2-"i the Urlt lh aecretnry for wnr, Mr. Churchill, admitted thnt the whole of F.gypt win virtually In a atate of Insurrection. On March 1(1 a new- ficrmniin-Austrlnn government tAvn established at Vlennn Willi Poctor Itenner na chancellor. Count Karolyl hnd been mnde presi dent of the new lliiticnrlnn republic on Jnnnnry 11. hut on March 22 he wna forced lo resign mid there wna consti tuted a new government which pro claimed a dictatorship of thr prole tariat nnd nn nlllntica with the Itus slnn soviet government. A mliilsterlnl crisis nrose In Itnly a a result of the Koverniiient'a policy III connection with the pence conference. As n result Hie ministry of Premier Orlando wna unexpectedly over thrown on Juno 111 and two dnya Inter Francesco Nlttl, former minister of llnnnce, been me premier of Italy. At the annir lime the llennnn cabinet re signed because of thr det.rtnlnntlnn of Chancellor Seheldeinaiin not to recog- ulio the pence terma offered by the alllea. Ouatnv Adolph Itnuer, former minister of Inbnr. wna appointed chan cellor by I'realdenl Kbert and formed a new cabinet. A clnsh between the now Herman government and the allies wna Ihrenlencd on Juno 21 when the Herman ileet which had been Interned In Hrltltdi waters under the armistice jva acuttled by tiermnn crewa. twenty battleships nml cruisers being sunk. On August 1 llela Knn, who for fotn or five month bail hren dictator In llungnry, wat compelled to retlrt when soclallata aclied control of (lie gnart oienl. The all un Hurt la Irrlnnd Mher th SI ii ti Fein roiitlnued Ita efforta to -talillah a republic grew more aerloui. aa the year advanced. Kcpciitcd dl orilera occurred and on Kcpti-mber I'-1 Vlai-oiint Frenrh, lleulemiiil wovernoi of Ireland, prohibited further n 1 1 n i; - of tha ao-called Irlah parliament. dmi arietta were niuilr by thr military. The fighting In Ituttla hnd cintliim d without decided advantage lo any group until on October 2-' the force commanded by Oem-rat Yudeiittch. ad valuing auulim! thr boltluvi.M le.ivlieil a point wllliln llll.-. u mil.-- of relrogrtid. While other prol lemt growing out i f Ihr wnr were M-Iiig aiitled, tle ipie Hon 07 the dltpoMtl of l-iuiio' iiiied lo cnuav troulibv On Sej.-tcitilpMr n Olllirele d'Alinuiilo. the Italian led filer (met. enlereil Kililne at tl e lo-iid of teverul thoilalil tol'llert and tool; cotltrol of Hie l.rl In il.-tl-lloe of the Itnl.nu nml allied mllllur.t ail'horttle. On Heplember 111 Hie ri-lireteii'iillv.-t of th great powert haiel.-d u p. ac treaty lo lliilarla. I.'n.ler Hilt He;r wetterii Tlirai- wat tiiki-n from I'.ul giirla. I er army dm reduced lo 'J'l'iiti and the wat requlr.-d to pay $ll.'.it;. (ki at r-iHrnHou lor damai't done by tier armlet. Itevertea for all of the foreet o; liotlng Hie bolthevlkl wen- n-pr-i-d In Novemlier. On the loth t;-nerul Yu denlteh waa forced to retre.it to llir Ktthonlan border and n'':n'-l i-oi:i- mini. I of Hie Miilnn noribwetl army. On tl.e tame day ll wut repor.eii tl.nt the l.oltbev lid had eaptiir.-d OmtU. lb ai-nt of the K.iliiillk goteynmellt. I '"All rilllulo created a allll more aeciollt til- nation for Italy lo-n be a.-. zed Zia. Iulmutlu. on Novi-mlfer 14. Domestic Affairs ' The return of the tnlted .Stntea to a condition of peace waa . not accom pllthed enally. l'nutu.il ouidltloiia ex lated and the people of the country were confronted with problem that had Ix-cii unknown in Ihe day before the war. The adoption of nation-wide, prohi bition and the auhmlaalon hy cotigreat of the coiittltutlonal amendment for complete wonian'a auffrage were Im portant eventa of the year. Itatlflca- tlon of the national prohibition amend nitl, ,, Mri. i tiie year with a nl,MHy ,at urprll the nation. On i.nl.--. oil the atatr department uro- January 2U the ttr department pro claimed the ratification of the amend ment and art January 10, liTJO. as the date when It would become effective. On January 9 Attorney General Greg ory tendered Ida resignation, to become effective March 4. and A. Mitchell Pal mer wat appointed to aucceed him on Febniary 27. On January 11 Walker I). Illne was apH:nted director gen eral of railroad lo ucceed William O. McAdoo. The government' first blow at the radical during the year waa dellv ered on January 8 when Congressman Victor L. Berger and four other 8o riallat leadrr were found guilty by a federal Jury In Chicago of conspiring to Interfere with the successful con duct of the war. On February 18 they were sentenced to 20 years' Imprison ment. On March 2 Herbert Hoover wa appointed by the president to be di rector general of American relief among the population nf Kurope. Ilecause of the necessity for legis lation to meet the new after-war con ditions. President Wilson on May 7. by cable from Parla, called a apeclal e alon of congress to convene May 19. On Mny 10 the campaign for the Vic tory Liberty loan, the last popular war loan, closed with a heavy oversub scription of the 4..VJ.(K.l.tK0 bond Issue. The special session of the Slxty- slxth congress opened on May 19 with he Krpuhllcnn In control of both house and senate for the first time since UH2. The house of representa tives was orgnnlied by the election of Congressman C.lllett of Massachusetts as speaker. In the aennte f-enntor Cummin of Iowa wn elected presi dent pro tern. One of the first acts of the new house wn lo pns the woman suffrage amendment to the Constitution hy a vote of Sl4 to S!. The nmendtnent was again brought up In the sennte on June 4 nnd this time win adopted by a vote of RtJ to 25. The actlvltlea of anarchistic ele ment were mnnlfested on June 2 when bombs were exploded simultan eously at the residence of ten men In eight Knstern cities. On July 1 'he wnr-tlme emergency nrohlbltlon net went Into effect nnd for the llrst time In history the onle of liquor wna Illegal throughout the I'nlted State. On July 12 President Wilson vetoed Ihe agricultural appro priation bill because of a "rider" re pealing tbe daylight snvlng law. Con eross promptly passed a scpnrnte bill repealing the daylight saving Invv and when President Wilson vetoed this measure, both houses passed the bill over his veto on August .11. The country wna aroused during the .iimnicr bv a terles of race riots, the first of which occurred In Washington on July 21. Four persons were killed In the rioting at the capital. On July 27 the most serious nice riots of the year begun In Chicago. It waa found nccessnry to call out stnte troops and before order hnd been restored 3.1 persona hnd been killed and hundreds Injured. In recognition of the aervlcoa which he rendered a cominander-lti-chlef of the American expeditionary forces, tieneml Pershing was made a general for life tiy act of congress. Ilia coin- million wis handed to him aa he landed on September 8 at New York witbith Flrat division. Tli t'nllrd llatis entertained number of distinguished ultliiHla ftm. abroad during Hi- latter purl of tin rear. Ili.iii.1mg ('nr.lli.til Merrier o llelgluiu. King Albert and Qneet Kllr-alieth of llelgluiu. and the priori of Unlet. I'lirllig the lint fig Meek of Hi' year a detmnlm-il attack upon Miir-ilm prohibition ai hold the at teutlon of the country. On let nber 2. President Wilton vetoed the atrlng'n' prohibition enforcement bill pac by congrett on the ground that Hi. eliierfc'eni-y for vMiii ll.r prohlliltloi law h.id l.e.-n eioiefeil. bad pasted Congress limned'aiely jsitteii Hie nil1 over the pretldent's veto und II be came a law. A!i:n ks were made unot the prohibition la III fede.-lll I'llll! In all sections of iSc country and viu Ifi2 di-cltlotis were irlvi-fl. Ap'r-nl wn taken to Hie Fnlied Suite Snpnii-' court which on lleceuiliel l. Upbel III. act. Labor and Irrjjstria'. Krrloua Ifiduttrtnl diaiurbnin.es i prevalent during the greater purt 1 Hie eur in all coiintrlet Hint bud beei rngaged in ur. The series of greni strikes In the I'nlted State was In augurated on January 9 by a walk out of marine workera In New- York Thla strike was of abort duiotlon. how ever, as It ended on January 12. pend lug an arbitration of the lltpuie by tl.e war lalM.r trwrd- .South America apparently was affected also by new condition as great atrikes were In progress during January In Argentina and Peru. On February 0 thr country waa atartled hy aniiouncrtnetit of a g'"i eral atrike In Seattle called In sup port of striking shipbuilders. Au'bor II Irs announced that thla atrike wat forced by tbe radical labor element and prompt measure were taken by Mayor Ole Hanson to auppresa It. As a result thr atrike ended on February 10. On February 10 a nation-wide atrike of building trades worker was atarted and on Marcb 4 the marine workera In New Tork again went out. On April 15 a trlke of girl operator tied up the telephone arrvii-e through out the New Kngland atate. but thla waa ended on April 20 by a compro mise wage Increase. On July 18 the Building Employer association nf Chicago, combating a atrike of building worker, locked nut 20.n0 employee. On the same day Iloston street car employee went on atrike. Chicago aorface and elevated car men truck on July 28 but the trlke ended three day later with a compromise wage agreement. Rail way shopmen throughout the coun'ry at nick on August 1 for an Increase from 08 cent to 85 cent an hour, but the atrike waa called off on August 14. On August 7 there was Inaugurated In New York one of the most unusual atrike on record a walkout of actor. The atrike spread to Chicago and was not settled until September o when the actor won. On September 9 the largest pat of the Roston ollce force went on strike after the suspension of patrolmen ac tive In forming a union. Itlotlng fol lowed In which aeven persons were klllrd. The striking policemen voteo on Septetnlier 12 to return to duty. On September 22 teel worker throughout the country went on atrike. demanding wage Increase and shorter hours. Many plants were closed for a short time t.ut the striker soon wenk ened and within a few weeks prac tically normal condition were re stored. On October 6 an Industrial confer en re callrd by Prrsldent Wilson, rep resenting labor, capital and the public. opened Ita session In Washington hut after Ineffectual attempts to agree upon a proposal to recognlie the prin ciple of collective bargaining, the in bor members withdrew on October 22 and two dnys Inter the conference came to an end without having ac complished nny result On October 15 bituminous coal min ers were ordered to quit work on Oc tober SI upon failure of the miner and operator to agree upon a new schedule of wages and hour. Tbe lenders of the miner refused to con sider nn appeal by President Wilson to call off the strike, pending nn ef fort to effect a cotnpnimlse, and the government proceeded to take vigor ous step to prevent the shutting of the mines. The department of Ju Hce obtained an Injunction from Fed eral Judge Anderson at Indlnnaimll to prevent the leaders of the union fnm directing the strike, widen, how ever, began ot November 1. Thr shortage of coal, especially In thr middle and western stntes. became nlnrmlng and the situation was ren dered worse by a severe cold wave. The fuel administration nnd local commissions put Into effect drastic onlers for conservation of coal. I'rf Itlent Wilson then proposed thnt the miner accept a wage Increase of 14 per cent and return to work at once nnd that a commission of three to he appointed by him Investigate and set tie wnges nnd condltlona for the fu ture. This plan was accepted by the miners on Pecemlirr 10 nnd coal pro duction was resumed. Mexico and the United States. Condition In Mexico continued to provide a perplexing problem for the United State government during the year lll). . A report on July C thai nrmed Mex ican had attacked and robbed a hont load of American sailors near Tain pIco caused bitter feeling nnd on Au gust 17 thla waa Intensified by the cap Hire of two united Stnte army avln tor by bandit, who held them for U5.000 ransom. The ransom wn paid by the I'nlted States government August 19, and a troop of cavalry, ac- -1 ' rompaaled by alrplaiiea, rroaaed ItM border In aeareh of tha hnndlt. Pre idenl Cnrrenta dc-.tianded the with drawal of tbe I'til! d U nlet troops, hut hit demand wa Ikiion-d. The punitive expedition iinn.k.il a bandit stronghold en An :u-t 21. kJllug fouit lorn but on Augiit 24 ihe pnrtiilt wal abandoned and Hi - troop returned to the I'nlled Statea. The roliitlon between Mexico and the Frilled States reached a crltla on November !U Mhei, s-'cretary of State Lansing dlipnf-hed a note demanding the Immediate nncondlflonnl relent of William o. Jenkins. I'nlted State cotitiilnr agent at I'uebla. who had been firrented on cbargi-a of complic ity with bandiia who kldnn'ied him r.nd held I.Iiii for ll.Vl.ntl ransom. A few day later Jenkins was released o.i ball, but this did not relieve tbe ktrnlhed relations. Aeronautics. As a retuit of the great develop ment of aviation during the war. rapid progre, an made lltirlng the year In the ne of both dirigibles and henvler-Hiiin-alr uia.ii lie for coijiiuerc.ul pur poca On May 8 three Tniied Stales navy Bf-aplum- started from N-w York on tbe tlr-it tniiis-AHuntle flight by way of Halifax. N. 8.; Trcpassay P.ay. New follllillalld. and tbe Azores, one of these liiacblttes. tbe NC-4 arrived at LltlHin. Portu-rnl. on May 27. hav ing conrpleled tbe first flii-ht arrow thr Atlnntlc In actual (tying time of id hour. 47 minutes from Newfouml- laml to Portugal. Fog caused the otb- er two planes to lose their course. Two liritish aviators. Horry O. Hawker and Lieutenant Commander Mnckenzle fiiieve, left Newfoundland on May 18 in the first attempt to ctim the Atlantic without atop. Knglne trouble forced them lo descend 8T miles from Ireland and the aviators were picked up by a passlnx vessel. The first non-stop Right across the Atlantic was made on June 14 and 15 hy Capt. John Alcock. P.rltish flyer. and Lieut. Arthur W. llrown. bla American navigator, who covered tbe 1 !X) miles from Newfoundland to Ire land In 10 hour and 12 minute. The IlritUb dirigible it -34. carrying 31 persons, atarted from Kdinhurgh oa a trans-Atlantic flight to New York on July 2 and reached It destination oa July 8. It made the return trip with out mishap In three day and three hour. Roland Rhotfs, In a Curtis tn plane. made a new altitude record on Sep tember 18 by ascending 34.010 feet. A transcontinental airplane race was started simultaneously at San Francis co and New York on October 8 with IVi competitor. Five aviators were killed during this race. Lieut. Alexan der Pearson was declared the winner. On Pecember 10 Capt. Rosa Smith of Australia completed an airplane trip from England to Port Darwin. Australia, Id 30 days. Necrology. Death took a heavy toll among the leaders In many fields of world activ ity during 1919. Tbe most prominent of Americans who passed sway during the year was former President Theo dore Roosevelt, who died suddenly at hi home at Oyster Bay on January 6. Tbe following are among the more prominent men and women who died during the year: January 4. Count George F. too Hertllng. former German chancellor: January 8. MaJ. Gen. J. Franklin Bell. V. S. A.; January 12, Sir Charles W'yndham. Kngllsn actor; January 31. Nathaniel C. Goodwin, famous American comedian; February 17. Sir Wilfrled Laurler, former premier of Canada ; February 22, William P. Bor land, representative In congress from Missouri; Dr. Mary Walker, former army surgeon and noted as an advo cate of male attire for women ; Febru ary 27. George F. Edmunds, former United States senator from ermont; March 10. Mrs. Amelia E. Bnrr, ao thor; April 4. William Crooke. fa mous British chemist and physicist; April !1. Sidney Prew. comedian; April 21. Jules Vedrlnes, noted French avia tor; May 10. Kilwnrd Pnyson Call, prominent newspaper publisher of Boston. Philadelphia and New York; Mny 20. Robert Bacon, former secre tnry of state and fonner ambassador to France: June ". Manuel Franco, president of Punisuny; June 11. John C. Spooner. former t'nlted States sen ator from Wisconsin; June 12, James A. Tawney. former representative In congress from Minnesota ; June 14. Ernest Lister, governor of Washing ton: July 2. Pr. Anna Hovvanl Shaw, former president of Nntlonal Woman's Suffrage association j July 26, Sir Ed ward John Poynter. English painter, president of the Royal acudetuy; Au gust 1. Oscar Hammersteln. theatrical and operatic producer: August 1L, An drew Carnegie, veteran steel mnnufne Hirer and philanthropist; August 28, Gen. Louis Botha, premier of the Union of South Africa: September 6. Admiral Baron Charles William Beres fonl. British naval commander and critic; September 9. John Mitchell, la bor lender; September 21. Theodore p. Shouts, president of the Inter borouch Rapid Transit company of New York and former clialnnun of the Is'hmlan canal commission; Septem ber 27. Adeltnn Pnttl. famous operatic singer: October 10. William Waldorf Astor, former American millionaire who became a British peer: October ,21. Alfred T. Rlngllng, head of the fa- . moos circus family; 'October 30, Mrs. Ella Wheeler Wilcox, writer i Novem ber 1. Col. J. D. Bell, commeJider. In chief of the 0. A. R.NovcmVr ;TV . Thomas 8. Martin. United W.rc wo- ator from Virginia : Decemler Henry CUT Frtck, steel magnate and pUllan tbropiat. . ....... 1 .J. . . V
