'EVENTS OF 1919
World Found Great Difficulty
Returning From War o
Peace Conditions.
in
MAK'NG THE GERMAN TREATY
lurop In 8UU of Farmant, Whll
th UniUd Sutai Wit Struggling
With Qrava IndutUlal and too
nomlo Problama.
By DONALO f. 01008.
A ftcr iiit l II. v.iim filaliifiil
waifaic. In wlil.li ull lit il' (irnl pow
er ami tunny of Hie smaller iiniloiia
hail Iiivolw.t. Ihi- rlil f Mitt I It
dllU.ull In return ii anything 1 1 a. nor
mal ripinlllli.il. ilnrliu Hi" year I1"1'
While tin' aniilnhv whlrh wat signed
la tli' iilnK wok i.f HUH brought
fcttatloii of hottilltlct w !! tin
two ifiutiia if liittliilia Itml had bce.i
engaged In the great atruggle. II did
lint bring peace In nil the M-oplca In
vottrd. Tcchnli ul!v !' world allll
n at wur throughout praetleiilty nil
of the ycur Jual rl'tM-il at tin pence
treaty which waa framed In I'nrla
after mntitha of negotiation could tn't
li made fully effective mull ratHlcd
by tin- great poneri ami formally pro
mulgated ly the peace conference.
Failure r Ihe fulfill Stulc aclinic !
ratify the treaty, hrrauac of nppotllloii
In tin covenant of the League of Na
tlnna. which mi made a iart f the
peace treaty, prevented thr fnrinnl
declaration nf M-ace until more than
year after the arinlttlce aa signed.
Internal disorder anil territorial
dlapulea arUlii frum Ilia ealnhllth
inriit of inmiy new nallntia kept a
large pari nf l'.ur..c In turmoil. Such
complete remaking of III" map f
i:nmw aa rctullrd from the gn at '
naturally could not In Bccouipllth.-d
without friction. The great emplrr of
Auatrla Hungary ha'l fallrn to plec-a
Kith Ihe defeat of Ilia cvntral aiwera
ami nut of l In- wreckage new state
arose. These new nattoiia Anirla.
Hungary. Poland nnd tlir Cxrch and
Jui-oalnv alalia roulil not ratnlillnli
their nrw iMiumlarlo without friction
iiwni themselves ami with llirlr
ncighbora The new government of
tirruiany. which had hern transformed
Into a republic, waa trtrlnc In main
tain Itaelf agnluat thr nttnrka of radl
rat elements Itutala wa lorn by
civil atrlfe. with half a dnxen groupa
fighting fur the mattery. At lime
world pence seemed 'till far off. hut aa
h year paaacd condition bream
more settled and It wemrd probable
that with tha fnnunl promulgation '
the peace lrty tha rhaoa Into whlrh
Kurniw had hr-n thrown would paa
In tha I'nltad Htntra nindltlona wira
nnt an unwttlnl aa In tha nation" that
bad bri-n loner Miraa"d In lh war.
Imt hir. aa In Kurope. thr tranaltlon
from a war In rarr lial waa not
ray. Nrw Indmtrlal prnldrma had
hrm rrrntrd. Thr hleh rot nf living
rnuard Inlmr In mnkr Inalatrnt and rr
prntrd drinanda for hlirhrr wasra and
rraultrd III numrrnm atrlkra nmonit
all rlaaa-a nf wnrkrra. Itadlrnl lend
rn tnik adranlagr nf thr uurrt thai
Tlatrd In rrcrult thrlr forrra and
Ihry hiHitiir ao actlva that thr cinv
atltutnl nullinrltli-i nf thr nation
Anally found II nwrannry In tal:r ila
trrnilnrd alrpa to auppn-aa dNloal
iropat:anda.
The Making of Peace.
Thr flrat alrpa tnnnrd thr ortnnl
mitlon nf thr prnrr rniiKrvaa worn
tukrii on Jnniniry 12 whrn thr
tirmr wnr roiiurll. inrmlirra of which
wrrr I'ri-nliliMit WlUnn nnd SiiTiMnrjr
I.iiiiilim of tlir I'nllrd Mtntra, nnd Ihr
irrmlrra and forrlgn inliilxtrra of
litrnt llrllnln. Krnin-r and Itnly. tn-g.-lli.-r
with Mnmlinl K"h and mili
tary p'prrai-nlntlvra of tint ai'vrrnl
fMtwrra. lii'Kiin ni'lunl ronld'-rntlon of
thr ttrm of prnrr to lir ImiHiartl upon
Ihr ri-ntnil powrra. Thr pi-nrr ron-cn-na
llni-lf. without iMi'Kati-a from
thr dffriilril powura or IIii'mIii. met In
tlir inliilnlry nf forrlirn affiilra at
I'nrla on Jnnunry IS. I'rr-lil.-m Wil
son propom-il rrrmtrr f'lrmi mrnii for
M-rinanriit elmlrmiin of thr confi-r-nrr
nnd Ihr ifl'li'Kiiti-a pliftr.l him hy
oniitilmoiia vnto. It wna ilrtormlmil at
thr lii'itlnnlim Unit only thr Ave itn'iit
lirlllKrrrnt powrra, thr t'nltml Stntra
Clrrnt llrllnln. Prntirr. Itnly nnd Jiiinn.
hntild tnko purl In till hirrtlnita of tlir
confrrrnrr nnd rotnmliMlon to he np
poliitrd; thin othrr liidllirwnt nnd na.
nrlntrd powrra ahould pnrtlt'lpnti)
only III nirrllnira M whlrh quratlona
coni-rrnlnie llirin wrri to hr dlxruaied.
Aa thr rrprrnrntntlvra of thr mnny
tirlllgrrrnt nnllona rnlrri'd upon Ihr
tnak of lirlnclnil prnw to Ihr world
Kurope ni In Inrmnll. I'lilnnd wna
brlnii rn'oiiolllutrd nnd thr IliliiK
' krr lioumlnrli a Kiivr rlar to mnny con
troTrmlra lirtwrrti Ihr I'oliw nnd aur
rotindlim proplra. The qnrtloii of
Ahrlhrr l.i'iiRiin of Nntliuia alinulil
br crenti'd na n mrnna of prrvriitlnu
futnrr wnra wna onr of Ihr Hrm to ha
takrn up h.v Ihr prarr conference. On
Jnnunry 2.S tlir conference fnrmnlly
drrlnred III fnvor of Ihr eatnlillshiiienl
of n Lrntfue of Nntlona. and n com
mlaalon. nf which I'realilent WIHon
wna chnlrmnn, wna nppolnled to prc
1iar n di'llnllr plnn. Thr l.euitiir of
Kntlona roninilaalnn held lla flral meet-
' Inn on Krlirunry S nnd on Kelitunry 14
I'rraldelit W'llaon rend mill CXillilllei:
to the pence conference a drnfl of the
rnnatliutlon for Ihel.niKUr of Nnllona.
The plnn provided for an executive
council to be eoinnnaeil or rrpreaent
tlei of nine nation and for an Inter-
Mllonnl aecrrlarlul. It waa proving
'tint deeUloua of ha rir-utlvr coiinell
ahould hr rhforcrd, If nreranury, liy
"the preveitlloii of all ftmiitrlnl. coi.i
iiirrclul or prraotiiil liit-r'oure" be
'WiH'ii Ihr niilloli fnllllitf In iililile bv
the itei lklnii nnd all oiln-r in mbn
alillea of tin I.eiik'Ui of Nnlloiii.
On Ihr Miiinr dii llml In- pr-i.i'tiiri
thla pllill tn It pi-new collferem-e I'ret
Ml' III Wllnoli an 1 1 I'll fur the I'nlle.l
hlulea to iitteud Ihr eloktiiit ih'-Ioii
of cohere at ViiHliltii;toii tippoii
tlon to the llli'tirlHirillloii of Ho I.euKU'
of Niilloli covrmilit In the ..tn-e tien'v
nlrrmly bud ilevelopril In thix emitrry
nnd I'rexiilent WINon. upon hl reiurn
ilt-ll vt'i no udilreMt in I'.iiNiou In
olili ll he emililiaUei Ihr mri lt) '
Die llill.il hlutea tiikllm li . ii. Una
luirt In Hie orifiiulxiitlou of thr l.cni;iM-
of N'nIIoIi..
.Meiinllmr the peun. ciinferi'lice wn
rfeleiivolliiK to ri-io ll a oluili.li of
cwml nlher i-XlliK prolilelil". A bli
li-r lIlMplltr hnd lirlH.-ll l.rl.'rll lllllv
lllnl the new Jiil'oSIuv titr n to lli
I oi'loii of the riMterii i-oiil of III
illiilli'. "I 1 1 o lliilliinii l-1 1 in 1 1-1 I poa
Ri'Mnlon nf the dty of I'luiue on tin
..'mm.. I l Ihi l Ita piipiiliilloii huh lurfi-U
'liilirn. Mhlte the .lilk-o Slnv iiiiln
IHlned tlltil t.iai'Hi.lou of Itllx iori HI
eu'lil!.il If their Itilly orinnl.'d tlu
(loll Hut to hnvr aei'eaii to llir a-il.
'Hie JiipiuoHir ili'irpile iiImo rave
im rnrlv lii'll.nlli.ii of iln-lr attltuilr
l.y liiHlMnif iiMiri mi it'4 rl'lif to re
lillll the .Miirbnll nnd I'-irotlnr IIimiiIn
h1fi thr bud tnken from tiermiinv.
I'l-elldi-llf WIImoii relurui'.l to I'lirl
nfter api'iiilliiu little more tluin a wrek
III the l ullrd Hlnlea. With hla arrival
111 I'miM'e on Mnri-tl II llle ienre coll
fi-rence bei;iiu eoniileniilon of recoin
in leliitlolit by vnrlou committee
and the pace irrttty lieunn to tnk
di'tlliltr haie.
On Mur.ii 14 thr coiinell of ten
whlrh bad been colili1erln tin chief
probteuia before the IM-ui-e ci.lifer lice
na replai-eil by a council of four, con
aUtlujf of President U'IImiii and Pre
mlera l.loyd lieorife. t'lemein'tflii ami
Orlando Krom that tlmr up to Ihr
artual alirnlnc of Hie p.-ner treaty all
of the problrma tirl.lnr were i1IomhI
of by llil. ciiii. II of four. Hi hlch
at tlm-a. the prrmlrr of Jnpan alao
Mtrtlii.n:d. I
Ttie revUrd covelianl of the l.enetl
of Niilli.nt waa pre.iiti-il at a pleimrv
aeawlon of thr ieaer conferencr on
Aicll 2S. I'realdrui W'llaon. a rhnlr
limn aif Ihr cnmmUalon which fniinnl
the cotriiniit. rxpialiinl thr chnnrrea
that had hren inadr. nioatly aa a rreult
of rrltlrlKui In the I'nltnl Statea. On
of thr moat Important of thr amend
uieiila made that providing thnt
Ihr covenant ahould not affect rxlmlni
und.TPilanillntrt for maintaining -nc'.
While It waa not ao atatrd p- inrally.
thla amendment waa ilralgiuil to pre
vent Ihr league of Nnllona mveiinlit
from Intrrferlng with the Monroe doc
trine. Thr rrvlaed covenant wn
adopti-d by the unanltnnua voir of thr
peace confcri-nce.
On April ) the council of four,
which by tMa lime had been reduced
lo a council of thrre by thr with
draw a I of thr Itallana nerccd to
transfer to .tnpnn the (lennan oae
tlon of Klan tliau. Thr Oilnene dele
ration objix-tiil atrrnuoualy to thla art
tleinent. although Japan nereed tilft-
matrlv to rratore the territory to
fblnn. On May the nnincll deter
mined Hint Creat llrllnln and her colo
nlra and dominion ahnuld become
mandatory for the lalnnda norh nf the
rquutor.
Ily Mny S the trrnty had flnnlly lei-n
rompleled and on thnt dnte II wna
prraeiite.l to the tiermnn plcnlpotcn-
tlarlea at Vemulllea. The pact, while
It reiirernlrd chiefly the deliberation"
nf thr oiun.il of four, had been adopt
ed by a eonfrrence In which 27 nlllrd
nnd aiaoclnled powera were rrprearnl
rd. At Ihr annir time It wna an
nounced that I'rraldenl WINon and
rremlrr l.loyd CeorKr hnd neitotlntrd
t rem let with France providing thnt
thr riillcd Stnlra mid fin nt llrllnln
would come Imincdliilrly lo the naalat-
nnce of France In caae of any future
unprovoked attack hy fiennnny. When
the cncc trenty wna auhmltled tn the
Ceruintia the Itnllnn delet-ntea were
preaent. hnvlng rctumrd to I'nrla In
rciponae to nn Invltntlon extruded by
I'nuldent W'llaon nnd I'remlera l.loyd
flcorge nml riemencenil.
The tiermnn delcttitea were not per
milled to dlMCu the pence tnn'y with
thr conference but were Riven fifteen
dnya In which lo auhmll their reply In
writing. Announcement of the terma
of Ihr treaty canard a ntnnn In (irr
many. The tnrma were rirnounced by
I'rraldcnt Klirrt of Oeriniiny na being
the moat aevero ever "ImpoHed himiii a
vnnqulahrd people." Severn! coinmii
nlcntlona n-queailng rhnncea In l'ie
trenty were anhmltted by thr tiermnn
delegntiK nnd theae were Riven ronald
enillon by tbe council of five. Aa a
reaull aome pnrta of the trenty were
nmdr more lenient tnw-nni flerinnny.
The rcvlard terma were presented to
fount HrockdorlT-ltiintr.iiii. hend of Ihr
fieriniin delemillon on Juti" M nnd the
Oennnn were given aeven dnya In
whlib to aliin, Thr llennnn nntlonal
naaemlily on .tune 12, by n vote of 2.'t"
tn Y.'K. nulliorl7.rd Ihr government to
algn the Irenty. On .lime 2S thr
trenty wna algned at Vorsnlllen hy rep
rreriilntlvra nf Orrninny and of the
Billed nnd naaoclnted powrra. The
riilneae delegntea nlone refnard lo
algn hiM-iiuio of thr Blmntunc aeltln
nirnt.
Il .lime 20 I'realdelit W'llaon Bulled
fr 1'i-rnee nnd returnnl tn the
I'nllid Hi.. 'a nfler nn aharnce of
more linn l inoulha. On July 10 hr
preneutrd Hie trenty to the aenntr nml
there nl oner developed hitter oppn,
altlon lo Hi adoption without ehmiKr
or rerrvntlon.
On rVpicmhcr 10 Renntnr Ixlge auh
nillted the innjnrltjr report of the coin
Inltte on foreign retntlona. proMMIn
amemlmenla and four reaervatlont t'.
Ihr peiii-e trclltv. Kelinlor llltehcoek
fireaeni.-d a minority report, reeorn
Biriidlng ihr ndopiloii of the treaty
Without l-ea.-rviitlon. There begun lln-l.
a determlm-il lliflit between thr oppria
log f.iri'ea III flit, aelilllr. which elided
rlmilly In a ili-iidloi-k thnt preventn'
the rnlllli'iitloii of the treaty either
with or without reaervatlona.
I'reldt nt Wilton hnd continued to
comlinl everv aitgl'ealloii of a ehai'g-
In li ir-n'v or the covenant of tin'
l.eii.ue of Nnili.tii nnd In nti effort tr
force It nitilli'iilloti hnd und rtiikrti
an extenhr tour of the country br
ginning on Sept' ti.ber t. After d"llv
eriini more limn forty aiM-echr-
tlimtif bout the Went br brol;e down
under Ihr atrnln nml wna forci-ii to
t etiirn to the White llolHe. 1 1 ' con
tliilon wna regnrdi'd aa very aeriniit
end hr e na iimil.te to fill r a hii-Hni.'
nnri In Ihr buttle fr Ihr treaty w'i.-i.
the e. ntet rifii-ln-d lla clluinx. 'lin
I I -'il.-tlf taf III lntited, houever. Ilooti
tin- loloMtoii of the trenty without ria
i-niltloiiN and v.lo-n the qileatloli eilllle
lo ii fir i at I vote In the aetintr oti N'oveui
b.-r I! thr liipioeriitle minority, nlied
by a iiniuhi-r of ll. .iil.llrnn oi.;'e-l
lo Ihe letlglle In nil V form, defeliled the
uinjorlty renolutlon of the Itepiilillcmit
wlil.il Mould biitr i-iirrled Willi II Ihe
ri-rulli.n inlo.ied by hr tenale
Seluitor HlteheiM-k thereupon offered
a ri-olutlon providing for rnllfl.at'oti
of the tn-iily without revervatlotiN. and
tnta. In turn, wna ib-ferited. a numle-r
of I ilium-mile Kcnntora voting Willi
tlir KepiiMlf-aiia. With a coiniromlae
belw.HMi ilie o.poii!ng groupa appiir
elltlv lui.olble. Ihe a-ntlte ad
Jourticd.
Ill the nieniiflme the ence trenty
had lie.-n mtlfli-d by the t.iher grent
allied iiatlont and by many of the
miiller nation iluit had he-n rnifageil
in the war ngnlOMt fiennnny.
Foreign Affairs.
While the treaty waa being negoti
ated con. III!.. n remained very un
aettlrd not only In thr territory which
had been Itiiiuded In thr four defented
oatlona but throughout Kurope. Km
ala continued In a atate of turmoil
throughout thr year. Although thr
bolahrvlal gnvrrnmrnt Undrr thr direc
tion nf lculn and Troliky malntalneil
Ita control over a large part of Ihr
former empire It waa hemmed In on
all aldea by oppotlng groupa which
attacked It with varying aurceaa. Th
newly ronatltutrl nation nf Poland
waa heart for a time on all aldi-a. but
It, too. Buccredod In wratherlng thr
ttnrtn and had rtahllahel a atnblr
govrrnment before many month had
lauiaed.
Fnllure tn reach a aettlement of the
Flume q,ncatlon continually threatened
an armed conflict between thr Italian
and thr nrw- Jugo-Stae atatr. Seiinu
condltlona exlttnl In llungnry both br.
cnuae of Internal dlaordera and le
ranae of clahc with lloumnnla and
with tbe new Czech government..
Tn Oertnnny a apllt atnong the Her
man aoctallat leadera rrmiltrd on Janu
ary 7 In aerltma atrrrt fighting. The
government waa acrloutly threaten eil,
but on Janunry H Ha trKpa In Tlerlln
were re-rnforcetl nnd regained control
of the aliuutlon. On January HI Or.
Carl l.lrhknrcht. Iradrr of thr Spar
tncana. or antlgovrrnment faction, waa
killed while attempting to menpr after
arreat In Itrrlln. Ill companion, ltoan
Luxemburg, long known aa a radical
leadrr both In firrmany and Ruaala.
wna klllnl by a mob. Plaordera In
fiennnny were auppreaaed and on Jnn
unry 10 the pmplr elected a national
aaarmtdy. the majority aoclnlltt led.
bv Chancellor Kbert retaining control.
Tlie nembly met a W'rlmar on Janu
ary fl and on retininry it eiectcn
Chancellor I'bert na flrxt pretldent of
the fiermnn republic, nfter adopting a
provlalonnl eonatllntlnn. In I'olnnd
opivoalng faction renrhed nn agree
ment on .Tnniinrr 17 whereby Ignncr
.Inn I'nderevvakl became pn-mler. with
fieneml IMNndakl a foreign minister
and M. Detnoakl aa prealdent.
Oppoaltlon to Jnpnnrar control had
been developing rapidly In Korea nnd
on March 12 Korenn nnllnnnllata l
aueil a declnnitlon of Independence,
di-clnrlng themaelvea ready to "fight to
tbe Intt drop of blond." Sertoli disor
der also were reported In Kgypl In
aupixirt of the nntloimllst deinnnd for
nutonomy mid on March 2-"i the Urlt
lh aecretnry for wnr, Mr. Churchill,
admitted thnt the whole of F.gypt win
virtually In a atate of Insurrection.
On March 1(1 a new- ficrmniin-Austrlnn
government tAvn established at Vlennn
Willi Poctor Itenner na chancellor.
Count Karolyl hnd been mnde presi
dent of the new lliiticnrlnn republic on
Jnnnnry 11. hut on March 22 he wna
forced lo resign mid there wna consti
tuted a new government which pro
claimed a dictatorship of thr prole
tariat nnd nn nlllntica with the Itus
slnn soviet government.
A mliilsterlnl crisis nrose In Itnly a
a result of the Koverniiient'a policy III
connection with the pence conference.
As n result Hie ministry of Premier
Orlando wna unexpectedly over
thrown on Juno 111 and two dnya Inter
Francesco Nlttl, former minister of
llnnnce, been me premier of Italy. At
the annir lime the llennnn cabinet re
signed because of thr det.rtnlnntlnn of
Chancellor Seheldeinaiin not to recog-
ulio the pence terma offered by the
alllea. Ouatnv Adolph Itnuer, former
minister of Inbnr. wna appointed chan
cellor by I'realdenl Kbert and formed
a new cabinet. A clnsh between the
now Herman government and the allies
wna Ihrenlencd on Juno 21 when the
Herman ileet which had been Interned
In Hrltltdi waters under the armistice
jva acuttled by tiermnn crewa. twenty
battleships nml cruisers being sunk.
On August 1 llela Knn, who for fotn
or five month bail hren dictator In
llungnry, wat compelled to retlrt when
soclallata aclied control of (lie gnart
oienl.
The all un Hurt la Irrlnnd Mher th
SI ii ti Fein roiitlnued Ita efforta to -talillah
a republic grew more aerloui.
aa the year advanced. Kcpciitcd dl
orilera occurred and on Kcpti-mber I'-1
Vlai-oiint Frenrh, lleulemiiil wovernoi
of Ireland, prohibited further n 1 1 n i; -
of tha ao-called Irlah parliament. dmi
arietta were niuilr by thr military.
The fighting In Ituttla hnd cintliim d
without decided advantage lo any
group until on October 2-' the force
commanded by Oem-rat Yudeiittch. ad
valuing auulim! thr boltluvi.M
le.ivlieil a point wllliln llll.-. u mil.-- of
relrogrtid.
While other prol lemt growing out i f
Ihr wnr were M-Iiig aiitled, tle ipie
Hon 07 the dltpoMtl of l-iuiio' iiiied
lo cnuav troulibv On Sej.-tcitilpMr n
Olllirele d'Alinuiilo. the Italian led
filer (met. enlereil Kililne at tl e lo-iid
of teverul thoilalil tol'llert and tool;
cotltrol of Hie l.rl In il.-tl-lloe of the
Itnl.nu nml allied mllllur.t ail'horttle.
On Heplember 111 Hie ri-lireteii'iillv.-t
of th great powert haiel.-d u p. ac
treaty lo lliilarla. I.'n.ler Hilt He;r
wetterii Tlirai- wat tiiki-n from I'.ul
giirla. I er army dm reduced lo 'J'l'iiti
and the wat requlr.-d to pay $ll.'.it;.
(ki at r-iHrnHou lor damai't done by
tier armlet.
Itevertea for all of the foreet o;
liotlng Hie bolthevlkl wen- n-pr-i-d In
Novemlier. On the loth t;-nerul Yu
denlteh waa forced to retre.it to llir
Ktthonlan border and n'':n'-l i-oi:i-
mini. I of Hie Miilnn noribwetl army.
On tl.e tame day ll wut repor.eii tl.nt
the l.oltbev lid had eaptiir.-d OmtU. lb
ai-nt of the K.iliiillk goteynmellt. I '"All
rilllulo created a allll more aeciollt til-
nation for Italy lo-n be a.-. zed Zia.
Iulmutlu. on Novi-mlfer 14.
Domestic Affairs '
The return of the tnlted .Stntea to a
condition of peace waa . not accom
pllthed enally. l'nutu.il ouidltloiia ex
lated and the people of the country
were confronted with problem that
had Ix-cii unknown in Ihe day before
the war.
The adoption of nation-wide, prohi
bition and the auhmlaalon hy cotigreat
of the coiittltutlonal amendment for
complete wonian'a auffrage were Im
portant eventa of the year. Itatlflca-
tlon of the national prohibition amend
nitl, ,, Mri. i tiie year with a
nl,MHy ,at urprll the nation. On
i.nl.--. oil the atatr department uro-
January 2U the ttr department pro
claimed the ratification of the amend
ment and art January 10, liTJO. as the
date when It would become effective.
On January 9 Attorney General Greg
ory tendered Ida resignation, to become
effective March 4. and A. Mitchell Pal
mer wat appointed to aucceed him on
Febniary 27. On January 11 Walker
I). Illne was apH:nted director gen
eral of railroad lo ucceed William
O. McAdoo.
The government' first blow at the
radical during the year waa dellv
ered on January 8 when Congressman
Victor L. Berger and four other 8o
riallat leadrr were found guilty by
a federal Jury In Chicago of conspiring
to Interfere with the successful con
duct of the war. On February 18 they
were sentenced to 20 years' Imprison
ment. On March 2 Herbert Hoover wa
appointed by the president to be di
rector general of American relief
among the population nf Kurope.
Ilecause of the necessity for legis
lation to meet the new after-war con
ditions. President Wilson on May 7. by
cable from Parla, called a apeclal e
alon of congress to convene May 19.
On Mny 10 the campaign for the Vic
tory Liberty loan, the last popular war
loan, closed with a heavy oversub
scription of the 4..VJ.(K.l.tK0 bond
Issue.
The special session of the Slxty-
slxth congress opened on May 19 with
he Krpuhllcnn In control of both
house and senate for the first time
since UH2. The house of representa
tives was orgnnlied by the election of
Congressman C.lllett of Massachusetts
as speaker. In the aennte f-enntor
Cummin of Iowa wn elected presi
dent pro tern.
One of the first acts of the new
house wn lo pns the woman suffrage
amendment to the Constitution hy a
vote of Sl4 to S!. The nmendtnent
was again brought up In the sennte on
June 4 nnd this time win adopted by
a vote of RtJ to 25.
The actlvltlea of anarchistic ele
ment were mnnlfested on June 2
when bombs were exploded simultan
eously at the residence of ten men In
eight Knstern cities.
On July 1 'he wnr-tlme emergency
nrohlbltlon net went Into effect nnd
for the llrst time In history the onle
of liquor wna Illegal throughout the
I'nlted State. On July 12 President
Wilson vetoed Ihe agricultural appro
priation bill because of a "rider" re
pealing tbe daylight snvlng law. Con
eross promptly passed a scpnrnte bill
repealing the daylight saving Invv and
when President Wilson vetoed this
measure, both houses passed the bill
over his veto on August .11.
The country wna aroused during the
.iimnicr bv a terles of race riots, the
first of which occurred In Washington
on July 21. Four persons were killed
In the rioting at the capital. On July
27 the most serious nice riots of the
year begun In Chicago. It waa found
nccessnry to call out stnte troops and
before order hnd been restored 3.1
persona hnd been killed and hundreds
Injured.
In recognition of the aervlcoa which
he rendered a cominander-lti-chlef of
the American expeditionary forces,
tieneml Pershing was made a general
for life tiy act of congress. Ilia coin-
million wis handed to him aa he
landed on September 8 at New York
witbith Flrat division.
Tli t'nllrd llatis entertained
number of distinguished ultliiHla ftm.
abroad during Hi- latter purl of tin
rear. Ili.iii.1mg ('nr.lli.til Merrier o
llelgluiu. King Albert and Qneet
Kllr-alieth of llelgluiu. and the priori
of Unlet.
I'lirllig the lint fig Meek of Hi'
year a detmnlm-il attack upon
Miir-ilm prohibition ai hold the at
teutlon of the country. On let nber 2.
President Wilton vetoed the atrlng'n'
prohibition enforcement bill pac
by congrett on the ground that Hi.
eliierfc'eni-y for vMiii ll.r prohlliltloi
law h.id l.e.-n eioiefeil. bad pasted
Congress limned'aiely jsitteii Hie nil1
over the pretldent's veto und II be
came a law. A!i:n ks were made unot
the prohibition la III fede.-lll I'llll!
In all sections of iSc country and viu
Ifi2 di-cltlotis were irlvi-fl. Ap'r-nl wn
taken to Hie Fnlied Suite Snpnii-'
court which on lleceuiliel l. Upbel
III. act.
Labor and Irrjjstria'.
Krrloua Ifiduttrtnl diaiurbnin.es i
prevalent during the greater purt 1
Hie eur in all coiintrlet Hint bud beei
rngaged in ur. The series of greni
strikes In the I'nlted State was In
augurated on January 9 by a walk
out of marine workera In New- York
Thla strike was of abort duiotlon. how
ever, as It ended on January 12. pend
lug an arbitration of the lltpuie by
tl.e war lalM.r trwrd- .South America
apparently was affected also by new
condition as great atrikes were In
progress during January In Argentina
and Peru.
On February 0 thr country waa
atartled hy aniiouncrtnetit of a g'"i
eral atrike In Seattle called In sup
port of striking shipbuilders. Au'bor
II Irs announced that thla atrike wat
forced by tbe radical labor element
and prompt measure were taken by
Mayor Ole Hanson to auppresa It. As
a result thr atrike ended on February
10. On February 10 a nation-wide
atrike of building trades worker was
atarted and on Marcb 4 the marine
workera In New Tork again went out.
On April 15 a trlke of girl operator
tied up the telephone arrvii-e through
out the New Kngland atate. but thla
waa ended on April 20 by a compro
mise wage Increase.
On July 18 the Building Employer
association nf Chicago, combating a
atrike of building worker, locked nut
20.n0 employee. On the same day
Iloston street car employee went on
atrike. Chicago aorface and elevated
car men truck on July 28 but the
trlke ended three day later with a
compromise wage agreement. Rail
way shopmen throughout the coun'ry
at nick on August 1 for an Increase
from 08 cent to 85 cent an hour, but
the atrike waa called off on August 14.
On August 7 there was Inaugurated
In New York one of the most unusual
atrike on record a walkout of actor.
The atrike spread to Chicago and was
not settled until September o when
the actor won.
On September 9 the largest pat of
the Roston ollce force went on strike
after the suspension of patrolmen ac
tive In forming a union. Itlotlng fol
lowed In which aeven persons were
klllrd. The striking policemen voteo
on Septetnlier 12 to return to duty.
On September 22 teel worker
throughout the country went on atrike.
demanding wage Increase and shorter
hours. Many plants were closed for a
short time t.ut the striker soon wenk
ened and within a few weeks prac
tically normal condition were re
stored.
On October 6 an Industrial confer
en re callrd by Prrsldent Wilson, rep
resenting labor, capital and the public.
opened Ita session In Washington
hut after Ineffectual attempts to agree
upon a proposal to recognlie the prin
ciple of collective bargaining, the in
bor members withdrew on October 22
and two dnys Inter the conference
came to an end without having ac
complished nny result
On October 15 bituminous coal min
ers were ordered to quit work on Oc
tober SI upon failure of the miner
and operator to agree upon a new
schedule of wages and hour. Tbe
lenders of the miner refused to con
sider nn appeal by President Wilson
to call off the strike, pending nn ef
fort to effect a cotnpnimlse, and the
government proceeded to take vigor
ous step to prevent the shutting of
the mines. The department of Ju
Hce obtained an Injunction from Fed
eral Judge Anderson at Indlnnaimll
to prevent the leaders of the union
fnm directing the strike, widen, how
ever, began ot November 1.
Thr shortage of coal, especially In thr
middle and western stntes. became
nlnrmlng and the situation was ren
dered worse by a severe cold wave.
The fuel administration nnd local
commissions put Into effect drastic
onlers for conservation of coal. I'rf
Itlent Wilson then proposed thnt the
miner accept a wage Increase of 14
per cent and return to work at once
nnd that a commission of three to he
appointed by him Investigate and set
tie wnges nnd condltlona for the fu
ture. This plan was accepted by the
miners on Pecemlirr 10 nnd coal pro
duction was resumed.
Mexico and the United States.
Condition In Mexico continued to
provide a perplexing problem for the
United State government during the
year lll). .
A report on July C thai nrmed Mex
ican had attacked and robbed a hont
load of American sailors near Tain
pIco caused bitter feeling nnd on Au
gust 17 thla waa Intensified by the cap
Hire of two united Stnte army avln
tor by bandit, who held them for
U5.000 ransom. The ransom wn paid
by the I'nlted States government
August 19, and a troop of cavalry, ac-
-1 '
rompaaled by alrplaiiea, rroaaed ItM
border In aeareh of tha hnndlt. Pre
idenl Cnrrenta dc-.tianded the with
drawal of tbe I'til! d U nlet troops,
hut hit demand wa Ikiion-d. The
punitive expedition iinn.k.il a bandit
stronghold en An :u-t 21. kJllug fouit
lorn but on Augiit 24 ihe pnrtiilt wal
abandoned and Hi - troop returned to
the I'nlled Statea.
The roliitlon between Mexico and
the Frilled States reached a crltla on
November !U Mhei, s-'cretary of State
Lansing dlipnf-hed a note demanding
the Immediate nncondlflonnl relent
of William o. Jenkins. I'nlted State
cotitiilnr agent at I'uebla. who had
been firrented on cbargi-a of complic
ity with bandiia who kldnn'ied him
r.nd held I.Iiii for ll.Vl.ntl ransom. A
few day later Jenkins was released
o.i ball, but this did not relieve tbe
ktrnlhed relations.
Aeronautics.
As a retuit of the great develop
ment of aviation during the war. rapid
progre, an made lltirlng the year In
the ne of both dirigibles and henvler-Hiiin-alr
uia.ii lie for coijiiuerc.ul pur
poca On May 8 three Tniied Stales navy
Bf-aplum- started from N-w York on
tbe tlr-it tniiis-AHuntle flight by way
of Halifax. N. 8.; Trcpassay P.ay.
New follllillalld. and tbe Azores, one
of these liiacblttes. tbe NC-4 arrived
at LltlHin. Portu-rnl. on May 27. hav
ing conrpleled tbe first flii-ht arrow
thr Atlnntlc In actual (tying time of
id hour. 47 minutes from Newfouml-
laml to Portugal. Fog caused the otb-
er two planes to lose their course.
Two liritish aviators. Horry O.
Hawker and Lieutenant Commander
Mnckenzle fiiieve, left Newfoundland
on May 18 in the first attempt to ctim
the Atlantic without atop. Knglne
trouble forced them lo descend 8T
miles from Ireland and the aviators
were picked up by a passlnx vessel.
The first non-stop Right across the
Atlantic was made on June 14 and 15
hy Capt. John Alcock. P.rltish flyer.
and Lieut. Arthur W. llrown. bla
American navigator, who covered tbe
1 !X) miles from Newfoundland to Ire
land In 10 hour and 12 minute.
The IlritUb dirigible it -34. carrying
31 persons, atarted from Kdinhurgh oa
a trans-Atlantic flight to New York on
July 2 and reached It destination oa
July 8. It made the return trip with
out mishap In three day and three
hour.
Roland Rhotfs, In a Curtis tn plane.
made a new altitude record on Sep
tember 18 by ascending 34.010 feet.
A transcontinental airplane race was
started simultaneously at San Francis
co and New York on October 8 with
IVi competitor. Five aviators were
killed during this race. Lieut. Alexan
der Pearson was declared the winner.
On Pecember 10 Capt. Rosa Smith
of Australia completed an airplane
trip from England to Port Darwin.
Australia, Id 30 days.
Necrology.
Death took a heavy toll among the
leaders In many fields of world activ
ity during 1919. Tbe most prominent
of Americans who passed sway during
the year was former President Theo
dore Roosevelt, who died suddenly at
hi home at Oyster Bay on January 6.
Tbe following are among the more
prominent men and women who died
during the year:
January 4. Count George F. too
Hertllng. former German chancellor:
January 8. MaJ. Gen. J. Franklin Bell.
V. S. A.; January 12, Sir Charles
W'yndham. Kngllsn actor; January
31. Nathaniel C. Goodwin, famous
American comedian; February 17. Sir
Wilfrled Laurler, former premier of
Canada ; February 22, William P. Bor
land, representative In congress from
Missouri; Dr. Mary Walker, former
army surgeon and noted as an advo
cate of male attire for women ; Febru
ary 27. George F. Edmunds, former
United States senator from ermont;
March 10. Mrs. Amelia E. Bnrr, ao
thor; April 4. William Crooke. fa
mous British chemist and physicist;
April !1. Sidney Prew. comedian; April
21. Jules Vedrlnes, noted French avia
tor; May 10. Kilwnrd Pnyson Call,
prominent newspaper publisher of
Boston. Philadelphia and New York;
Mny 20. Robert Bacon, former secre
tnry of state and fonner ambassador
to France: June ". Manuel Franco,
president of Punisuny; June 11. John
C. Spooner. former t'nlted States sen
ator from Wisconsin; June 12, James
A. Tawney. former representative In
congress from Minnesota ; June 14.
Ernest Lister, governor of Washing
ton: July 2. Pr. Anna Hovvanl Shaw,
former president of Nntlonal Woman's
Suffrage association j July 26, Sir Ed
ward John Poynter. English painter,
president of the Royal acudetuy; Au
gust 1. Oscar Hammersteln. theatrical
and operatic producer: August 1L, An
drew Carnegie, veteran steel mnnufne
Hirer and philanthropist; August 28,
Gen. Louis Botha, premier of the
Union of South Africa: September 6.
Admiral Baron Charles William Beres
fonl. British naval commander and
critic; September 9. John Mitchell, la
bor lender; September 21. Theodore
p. Shouts, president of the Inter
borouch Rapid Transit company of
New York and former clialnnun of the
Is'hmlan canal commission; Septem
ber 27. Adeltnn Pnttl. famous operatic
singer: October 10. William Waldorf
Astor, former American millionaire
who became a British peer: October
,21. Alfred T. Rlngllng, head of the fa- .
moos circus family; 'October 30, Mrs.
Ella Wheeler Wilcox, writer i Novem
ber 1. Col. J. D. Bell, commeJider. In
chief of the 0. A. R.NovcmVr ;TV .
Thomas 8. Martin. United W.rc wo-
ator from Virginia : Decemler Henry
CUT Frtck, steel magnate and pUllan
tbropiat. . ....... 1 .J. . .
V