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About The Athena press. (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942 | View Entire Issue (June 30, 1911)
r FARM ORCHARD A7t rw.w. A n-imlftiml C nil & not nnti F.morimont Stations l Uito uiu i iui uttiuiu tiviii nynvHitwiui - of Oregon and Washington, Specially Suitable to Pacific Coast Conditions APPLE SCAB AND MOTH. CODLING By Profensora H. S. Jacknon and H. F. Wilaon of the Oregon Agricultural College. The time to spray for the apple scab and codling moth is at hand, and since these pests are, generally speak ing, the most important troubles of the apple for which spring and sum mer spraying is necessary, it was thought advisable to issue at this time this bulletin of information re garding their life history and methods of control. The spray for these troubles may be applied in part at the same time, hence for convenience of the growers are treated together. The proper time for treatment of fungus diseases or insect ravages is always determined by the life history of the organism causng the trouble, hence the life history of each will first be given, followed by the combined method of treatment. Life History of Apple Scab. Apple scab is caused by a fungus which attacks both foliage and fruit. On the foliage the spots are at first more or less circular in outline, olive green or brown in color, becoming darker and irregular in shape as they mature. The leaves are frequently more or less curled or wrinkled. When the spots are abundant, the leaves fall prematurely. Considerable defoliation may take place where in festation is abundant. On the fruit the fungus produces more or less circular spots of the greenish black color. The vegetative stage of the fungus develop under the cuticle of the apple fruit finally rup turing it by the elongation of the threads which bear the spores. The ruptured cuticle may frequently be seen clinging as whitish membranous shreds about the edge of the recently developed spots. As the spots become older all trace of the fungus may be come obliterated and only evidence of the former spot is seen in a large or small rough russetted spot. Fre quently the fruit is distorted when mature as the result of early scab infections. Where scab spots are abundant the fruit may beeome cracked. Scab in any degree of sever ity on the fruit renders it unsightly and unmarketable. The spores of the fungus are pro duced in the spots on leaves or fruit in great abundance and are disseminated bv the wind, thus spreading tne uis ease to other leaves and fruit, either in the same or other trees. Several generations may thus occur during the season. One finds the scab spots first appearing in the spring on the under side of leaves on the lower branches.' Spores produced in these snots serve to spread the disease to vounjr fruit and to other leaves. The development of the scab fun- ens is found to be very much in fluenced by weather condition. Mois ture on the surface of leaves and fruit is essential to the germination of the spores and the consequent infection of the nlant. On that account Bean is found, to spread most rapidly in spring, early summer and fall in tne worth west. The disease spreads little, if any. during the dry season. The my celium of the funtrus present on the leaves which fall to the ground in the fall does not die, but develops in these leaves during the winter as a Baphrophyte and in the spring pro duces spores quite different from those borne in the spots on living leaves and fruit, both in the manner of formation and in the shape and size. The spores found in the spots on leaves and fruit are one-celled, rarely two-celled, and are borne on the ends of short threads, while the spores developed on the dead leaves in spring are always distinctly two-celled and are borne in little cylindrical sacs culled asci. Eight spores are always developed in each Bac. A considerable number of these sacs are borne in hollow more or less pear-shaped receptacles imbedded in the tissues of the leaf. These recep tacles containing the asci, known as perithecia, project from the surface of the leaf when mature as little black elevations. Those are barely visible to the naked eye. At maturity an opening appears in the projecting ele vations. The asci elongate through this opening and the spores are eject ed forcibly, and, wafted by currents of air, may bo carried to the young leaves of the apple, where they germ inate and produce the first scab spots. This ascus spore stage of the fungus which develops on the fallen leaves is sometimes called the "sexual" or "perfect" stage. The stage which develops on the living leaves and fruit is called the conulial or "summer Bpore" stage. The ascus spores are disseminated about the timo the blossoms open. So far as is known all primary infection of the leaves and fruit in the spring takes place following the dissemina tion of the sexual spores. Life History of Codling Moth The codling moth spends the winter in the larval stage within a silken cocoon under the bark or in crevices of the tree, or under rubbish on the ground. With the warm days of spring they undergo a complete change, and transforming to pupae later emerge as adults. In this stage the insect is seldom seen as it remains quiet during the day and flies about at night depositing eggs upon the leaves and fruit in the evening about dusk. The eggs of the spring generation of moths are deposited during June and July and the first young larvae hatch out about June 20th to July 1st. As soon as the larvae hatch out they seek an entrance into the fruit, and in the case of the first generation, mostly enter through the calyx end. They feed and develop for about sixteen to twenty days, until mature, and then pass through the same stages as .the over-winter larvae, namely: pupae and adult. In the Willamette valley the earliest individuals of this brood of moths begin to appear about the last of July and deposit their egg3 upon the fruit and leaves. The egg deposition continues until late in the fall. The eggs begin hatching about August 1st, and the larvae enter the fruit from the sides. These are the over-wintering forms, and when full grown they leave the fruit, and seek ing protected places near by, spin winter cocoons. Combined Treatment for Apple Scab and Codling Moth. The first application is primarily an apple scab spray. Use lime-sulphur, diluted 1-30 with water (basis of 30 degree Baume stock solution) and apply just as the buds are sepa rating in the cluster and show color. No arsenate of lead is necessary at this time unless the bud moth is pres ent, in which case add two pounds of neutral arsenate of lead to each 60 gallons of diluted lime-sulphur. If aphis are present add black leaf 40 to the lime-sulphur in the proportion of 1 gallon to 900. When the latter is mixed with the lime-sulphur there will be a small amount of grayish sed iment thrown down, which, however, does not affect the value of the spray to any appreciable extent. The second application should be made just after the petals fall and be fore the calyx closes. Use lime-sulphur 1-30 to which has been added two pounds of neutral arsenate of lead to each 50 gallons. This is the second scab and the first codling moth spray. The third application in orchards that ore badly infested with apple scab, spray ten days or two weeks after the second with lime-sulphur, summer strength, or with self-boiled lime-sulphur (8-8-50). This is dis tinctly a scab spray and in regions where scab is 'not prevalent may be omitted. Where leaf-eating insects are present, two pounds of arsenate of lead should be added to each fifty gallons of spray. In those sections of the state where scab is not present and it is necessary to spray for leaf eating insects, arsenate of lead may be diluted with water in the propor tion of two pounds to fifty gallons. The fourth application, the second spray for codling moth should be ap plied at the time the eggs of the first generation moths are hatching or just as the very earliest worms are begin ning to enter the fruit. In the great er portion of the Willamette valley this will be usually between June 25th and July 1st, although the dates vary somewhat with the season. This date s also approximately correct for most portions of the Hood River valley, but in Southern Oregon and most portions of the Grande Konde valley this ap plication should be made somewhat earlier. Use two pounds of arsenate of lead to fifty gallons of water. The fifth application, an application of arsenate of lead should be applied as a preventive of injury by codling moth about four or five weeks after the fourth. In the Willamette valley this will be about August 1st to 10th. This date, however, varies in different parts of the state as above noted, and the application should be made when the first young larvae are found enter ing the fruit. The sixth application, the fourth spray for codling moth, corresponds to the fall spraying for bud moth and should lie applied in the Willamette valley about September 25th to Octo ber 1st. Use arsenate of lead in the proiwrtion of two pounds to 50 gal lons of water. In case the bud moth is not present in the orchard and the previous codling moth sprays have been thoroughly applied this applica tion may be omitted. In case apple scab has been particularly prevalent or the fall rains begin early it would be well to use hme-sulphur 1-30 at this time for the purpose of limiting fall infection. This would also be desirable if the orchard is badly in fested with apple tree anthracnose. Supplementary Methods of Controlling Apple Scab. Since the fungus causing apple scab winters over in the decaying leaves on the ground, it is advisable to destroy the leaves by burning or early plow ing before the time for the hrst spray ing. The usual application of bordeaux for apple tree anthracnose just after the fruit i3 picked may have a benefi cial effect in reducing the late spread of the disease on the foliage and hence a reduction of the "sexual" spore stage in the spring. Codling Moth. Much good can be done by scraping the rough bark from the trees in the winter, and by the practice of clean culture; especially is this true of old neglected orchards. Be careful not to carry infested fruits into the store house in the fall, as the larvae find many excellent places therein to spend the winter. EXPERIMENT STATION NOTES By It. W. Thatcher, Director Washington Exper iment Station. The reason for the lack of fertility of pine land soils is not due to the pitch which such land contains, but to an absence of a supply of available nitrogen. The foliage from evergreen trees adds very little to the supply of nitrogen in the soil, while the trees themselves constantly take it from the soil. In soils which have been burned over, the heat burns out a good deal of nitrogen in the upper layers of soil. The ashes are not injurious, but are highly beneficial to the soil. The real difficulty is that the grow ing of pine and fir trees on soil poor in nitrogen takes away so large a pro portion of the available nitrogen that when the soil is first brought under cultivation it will rarely produce sat isfactory crops. After two or three years of cultivation the soil gets into better condition and the nitrogen be comes more available and better crops are obtained. The only remedy for this condition is thorough cultivation supplemented by the use of some fer tilizer to put available nitrogen in the soil to start with. For this purpose, barnyard manure is best. Clover would be still better, but clover itself will rarely grow on this soil without artificial fertilizer to start with. The best commercial fertilizer to use on this kind of soil is dried blood, applied either in the fall or early spring. If field peas would grow at all cn this soil, they would make a most excel lent fertilizer if seeded early in the spring, plowing them under as soon as they have attained their maximum growth. Repeated attempts have been made tn iihp nnr.nssinm evanide as a sauirrel poison. The difficulty is to get the odor of the cyanide disguised so tnat tne squirrels will eat anything that has been treated with the chemical. All attempts which I am familiar with have failed. The use of cyanide in the holes late in the season might be effective if some means could be de vised for generating the hydrocyanic gas from it. This will require the presence of some acid in the hole to come in contact with the potassium cyanide, or orthewise. the poisonous gas will not be given off. The chief difficulty with all these gas poisons is that tho hnlpu arp so loner and crooked that there is difficulty in getting the o-na tn npnpt.rate far enouerh to reach the animal before it is absorbed by the soil. Wherever sagebrush and cactus flourish, there agricultural crops will also srrow. If the prevailing vege tation is greasewood or salt grass, the amounts of alkali, are sufficient enough to injure most agricultural crops. If the alkali is excessive, how ... i. i j ii ever, no vegetation or any Kinu win grow on the land. Another indication of alkali is the presence on the surface ot the ground of a white crust in the latter part of August. Alkali is simply an injurious excess of soluble salts, and at this season they are brought to the surface by excess of evaporation, and will al ways appear on the surface in the early fall. White alkali includes any of the soluble salts. "Black alkali," as it is called, is sodium carbonate, and causes the vegetation on the sur face of the ground to turn black be cause of its corrosive effect on vegeta tion. IS FRIEND OF FISHERMAN In Praise of Ice Cream. Sunday dinner without Ice cream Is an imposition on the whole family. 8ay, brother, did you ever notice the expression of the faces of the chil dren when they were ready for Ice cream, and canned peaches were brought in? There Is a chance for mutiny and rebellion right there. When the family Is reding grouchy Just serve them vanilla Ice cream and pour hot thick chocolate over the Ice cream. Then life Is worth living. Her Period of Quietude. It Is said to be cuBtomiirr tn Bui rmrl for a newly married woman t exchange no conversation with any outsider during the first month, fol low ing the wedding. She Is permitted to open her mouth only for the neces sary purpose of eating and drinking and la allowed to reply to her husband when the latter chooses to addresa her. To this custom Is attributed the fact that the honeymoon la Bulgaria busts an entire month. Humble 8llkworm Furnishes Cat-Gut Much Used by Disciples of leaak Walton. Rome. Italy. It Is doubtful whether the average rod and reel fisherman who angles with flies and hooks strung with fine translucent cat-gut Is aware of the Invaluable friend he has In the humble silkworm. The cat-gut Is the most unbreakable substance that holds the hooks against the fiercest struggles of the struck fish and comes from silkworms. The principal center nf the manufacture of this kind of cat gut is the Island of Procida, In the Bay of Naples, but most of the sllK- Resists Their Fiercest Struggles. worms employed are raised near Torre Annunziata, at the foot of Vesuvius. The caterpillars are killed Just as they are about to begin the spinning of cocoons, the silk glands are removed ind subjected to a process of pickling, which is a secret of the trade, and afterward the threads are carefully irawn out by skilled workers, mostly women. The length of the thread varies from a foot to nearly twenty Inches. HAREM SKIRT DANCE LATEST Mew Terpslchorean Feature, Bor rowed From Orient, Is Introduced In France How Executed. Paris. Almost every important jhange in the fashion of gowns in Paris means the introduction of a new dance, or at least one compara tively unknown to the western world. As is natural, the orient has been Jrawn upon for a terpslchorean fea ture in keeping with a trousers skirt. rhis dance, which is called "La Che rouille," Is said to have been long popular In Turkey, Syria and Arabia. A dancing master's description of how it is done follows: 'Place the right foot behind the left. Slide the left foot to the danc er's left. Cross right foot. Raise leg sideways without bending knee, toe pointing to floor." This dance is said to be Impossible of execution in a hobble skirt. French dancing masters in general hall with )oy the advent of the trouser skirt, as It will, they say, force women and zlrls who heretofore have been con tent to be pulled around a ball room to nav proper attention to their steps. With the trouser skirt every move ment of the feet is noticeable. Siberian Wild Flowers. Siberia seems to have a set pro- rrm for her flowers, which are beautiful In variety and coloring. Sep tember gathers the blue flowers to her bosom, and under her languid and caressing touch blossom myriads of dainty bluebells on long and tender stems. in Iha mVv antl nf tho ritlltnnS blue senblosa shares its playground with drak blue snapdragon, and In the shady spots of the road grow, tall and hardy, purple blue chrysanthemums. Earlier in summer yellow noias sway buttercups, daisies and violets, and after them red-pinks and very deep briar roses. Delicious jam is concocted from the seedpods of the wild rose. When summer comes an array of jnrs and glasses and a big kettle Join hands with hat boxes and shoe bngs and travel countryward. A tem porary stove is built of stones not far from the house, and here simmers slowly the year's provision of pre serves and Jams and Jellies, aosorD Ing at the same time great doses of sun and fresh air. America. Treasured Treea. Two trees to be seen In the main treet of Thorshavn, the capital of the Tarce islands, hare an Interesting hi tory. Trees resolutely refuse to grow In these Islands, except in some few sheltered spots, and the Inhabitants therefore prise them greatly. When the road was made it was decided tn leave the trees In the middle of the carriage way rather than be guilty ol the crime of felling them. HOW TAME GIRAFFES ARE FED Keeper Climbs Tree In Order That Animals May Eat In Easy Manner. New York. The giraffe In captivity Is one of the most delicate of animals and requires the closest of care on the part of the keepers. Aside from necessity for cleanliness in their hous ing, the most Important feature in caring for them is the selection of the um BIBLE t J S ,3tbUfl,,'ep,a, r ' 'mc rmr comput swum mum THREE hundred years ago this spring the Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was published in England, and tne momeiHOUB eveui. lino juoi been commemorated throughout the British Isles by a series of celebra tions lasting an entire week. The inauguration of the Authorized Version is due to James I. of England and VI. of Scotland, in so far as he summoned by royal proclamation the conference at Hampton court In 1604 for "determining things amiss in the church," and ultimately appointed "certain learned men, to the number of four-and-flfty, for the translation of the Bible." Hence the laudatory dedicatory epistle drawn up by the translaters. representing him as "prin cipal mover and author of the work." But the man who should more Justly be entitled "mover" was Dr. John Ralnolds, dean of Lincoln and after wards president of Corpus Chrlsti col lege, Oxford. It was he who intro duced the Question of the Bible at the conference, and urged its retransla- tlon by quoting several mis-translations. "My lord of London (Bancroft, says the historian) added that if every man's humor should be followed there would be no end of translating," thereby discounting Kainoias' motion. Fortunately, the idea appealed to the king, and so he became "patron" of the work, although he did not contrib ute any money towards the expenses of the undertaking. Ralnolds was one of the ripest schol ars of his day, and had a very remark able memory. Hakewill called him "a living library or third university." His company of translators, of whom he was the most eminent, styled him their "foreman." A good three years elapsed between the conference and the getting to work, and by that time King James' "four-and-flfty men" had dwindled to forty-seven all sound scholars in Hebrew, Greek and Theology. The work was apportioned to six commit tees, two sitting at Westminster, two at Oxford and two at Cambridge, and Bancroft drew up 15 rules strictly de fining their respective duties. The title-page of the "Authorized Version (first edition, 1611) Includes all the translators' names. This majestic book was "Imprinted at London by Robert Barker, printer to the King's Most Excellent Maies-j tie," and at Robert Barker's expense.! William Tyndale is, of course, the outstanding figure In the story of the English printed Bible, and his pioneer work, heroic life, voluntary exile, and martyrdom form a well-known page of Reformation history. Tyndale'a chief gift to his countrymen was the New Testament done, into English from the original Greek and Hebrew. This appeared in 1625, having been secretly printed in Cologne. Its spe cial characteristic was strength and originality, and it was embodied, or very largely drawn upon, by all the translators who followed him. His work went forth without his name and without dedication. His English ver sion of the Pentateuch was printed at Marburg in 1531, and in the same year he published the Book of Jonah. In manuscript he is said to have left a version of from' Joshua to 2 Chron icles. To Miles Coverdale, a Yorkshire man, we owe the first complete print ed Bible in English (1535). This, too, was printed abroad, probably at Zu rich. It was "faithfully and truly translated out of Douche and Latyn Into Englishe," and is dedicated to Henry VIII., with a mention of hia Queen Anne. The dedication is signed "youre graces humble subjecte and daylye oratour Myles Coverdale." It was Issued without direct royal sanc tion, which, however, was granted to his. edition of 1537. His style differs from Tyndale's considerably, being less virile and more rhythmic. AUTOMOBILES ON THE FARM MAN STILL HEAD OF FAMILY Feeding the Giraffes. proper food to insure good health. Our illustration shows a pair of giraffes In the Bronx Zoo receiving food from their keeper, who it will be seen is perched high up in the branches of a tree in order that the animals maj eat in an easy manner. One In 275 Is Insane. New York. One out of every 275 persons tn New York city is Insane, according to Dr. Albert W. Ferris, president ot the state lunacy commis sion, who is delivering a course of lec tures before the New York School of Philanthropy. The state hospitals for the Insane now house 33.000 patients, and private institutions care for 11,000 more. New cases admitted to the state asylums average about 150 a week. The cost ot caring for an Insane pa tient is approximately $200 a year. It Is a Common Practice to Use the Back Wheels for Power to Run Saws. A new use for the automobile has been found by western farmers. It is that of utilizing the back wheels for motive power to run wood saws. "In traveling in the west I came across a farmer who was cutting wood by means of his automobile," said J. E. Sheldon, representative of a western automobile company, at the Riggs house. "The farmer had Jacked up the rear axle of his machine and attached a belt to one of the wheels, which was connected with a saw. In this manner he was sawing wood. I asked him how he had come to think of the scheme, and he told me that it was common practice among farm ers in the west. "It is astonishing how many farm ers all through the west own auto mobiles. Nearly every farmer who is moderately well fixed has a machine. It is an ordinary sight to see automo biles skimming through the harvest fields, and it is remarkable how much time they save. The increased, use of autos by farmers has, in a great meas ure, removed the prejudice against machines, and it is seldom now that one has a complaint from a farmer on the score of fast driving. The farm ers, when they see a machine speed ing along a road, get out of the way and do not attempt to hold up the oc cupants, as they formerly did. They have learned the value of the automo bile in their own business. "One of the most striking results of the use of automobiles among farmers is that of keeping the boys on the farm. The young fellows are no longer so anxious to leave the old homestead for the city, for they can Jump in a machine, go to town, and get back in time for dinner." Wash ington Post Supreme Court of Georgia Comes to the Rescue of the Henpecked Gentleman. We may have observed many instances-in which actually the wife was the head of the family, but now comes the supreme court of Georgia to the rescue of henpecked man, and holds that legally it cannot be conceded that such a case exists. In Patterson vs. state, the defendant was convict ed for being intoxicated within the curtilage of a private residence. One Mrs. Scott appeared as prosecutrix, and alleged that her house was in vaded by the defendant, who was drunk and used vulgar language. Her husband appeared as a witness, and testified that defendant was not drunk, and that he behaved decorously. The indictment named the scene of the alleged Illegal act as that of Mr. Scott's house, and this is assailed on the ground that it is Mrs. Scott's house, since she swore that she paid the rent, that her husband was a member of her family, and that she was, therefore, the head of the house. The court holds that, where a hus band and wife reside together, what ever else she may be the head of, he is the head of the family. Quoting the court: "The true legal relation of husband and wife is In her mind re versed. Metaphorically speaking, she puts the petticoat in a more ad vanced position than the pantaloons." The conviction was affirmed. From the Docket. How It Happened. ' "How did you get that spring over coat?" "Had a sure tip on a horserace." "I never knew one of those sur tips to pan out" k "Neither did I. So I didn't play It Put the money into this overcoat ln stead."