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FARM ORCHARD
A7t rw.w. A n-imlftiml C nil & not nnti F.morimont Stations
l Uito uiu i iui uttiuiu tiviii nynvHitwiui -
of Oregon and Washington, Specially Suitable to Pacific Coast Conditions
APPLE SCAB AND
MOTH.
CODLING
By Profensora H. S. Jacknon and H. F. Wilaon of
the Oregon Agricultural College.
The time to spray for the apple
scab and codling moth is at hand, and
since these pests are, generally speak
ing, the most important troubles of
the apple for which spring and sum
mer spraying is necessary, it was
thought advisable to issue at this
time this bulletin of information re
garding their life history and methods
of control. The spray for these
troubles may be applied in part at the
same time, hence for convenience of
the growers are treated together.
The proper time for treatment of
fungus diseases or insect ravages is
always determined by the life history
of the organism causng the trouble,
hence the life history of each will first
be given, followed by the combined
method of treatment.
Life History of Apple Scab.
Apple scab is caused by a fungus
which attacks both foliage and fruit.
On the foliage the spots are at first
more or less circular in outline, olive
green or brown in color, becoming
darker and irregular in shape as they
mature. The leaves are frequently
more or less curled or wrinkled.
When the spots are abundant, the
leaves fall prematurely. Considerable
defoliation may take place where in
festation is abundant.
On the fruit the fungus produces
more or less circular spots of the
greenish black color. The vegetative
stage of the fungus develop under the
cuticle of the apple fruit finally rup
turing it by the elongation of the
threads which bear the spores. The
ruptured cuticle may frequently be
seen clinging as whitish membranous
shreds about the edge of the recently
developed spots. As the spots become
older all trace of the fungus may be
come obliterated and only evidence of
the former spot is seen in a large or
small rough russetted spot. Fre
quently the fruit is distorted when
mature as the result of early scab
infections. Where scab spots are
abundant the fruit may beeome
cracked. Scab in any degree of sever
ity on the fruit renders it unsightly
and unmarketable.
The spores of the fungus are pro
duced in the spots on leaves or fruit in
great abundance and are disseminated
bv the wind, thus spreading tne uis
ease to other leaves and fruit, either
in the same or other trees. Several
generations may thus occur during
the season. One finds the scab spots
first appearing in the spring on the
under side of leaves on the lower
branches.' Spores produced in these
snots serve to spread the disease to
vounjr fruit and to other leaves.
The development of the scab fun-
ens is found to be very much in
fluenced by weather condition. Mois
ture on the surface of leaves and fruit
is essential to the germination of the
spores and the consequent infection of
the nlant. On that account Bean is
found, to spread most rapidly in spring,
early summer and fall in tne worth
west. The disease spreads little, if
any. during the dry season. The my
celium of the funtrus present on the
leaves which fall to the ground in
the fall does not die, but develops in
these leaves during the winter as a
Baphrophyte and in the spring pro
duces spores quite different from those
borne in the spots on living leaves and
fruit, both in the manner of formation
and in the shape and size. The spores
found in the spots on leaves and fruit
are one-celled, rarely two-celled, and
are borne on the ends of short threads,
while the spores developed on the dead
leaves in spring are always distinctly
two-celled and are borne in little
cylindrical sacs culled asci. Eight
spores are always developed in each
Bac. A considerable number of these
sacs are borne in hollow more or less
pear-shaped receptacles imbedded in
the tissues of the leaf. These recep
tacles containing the asci, known as
perithecia, project from the surface of
the leaf when mature as little black
elevations. Those are barely visible
to the naked eye. At maturity an
opening appears in the projecting ele
vations. The asci elongate through
this opening and the spores are eject
ed forcibly, and, wafted by currents
of air, may bo carried to the young
leaves of the apple, where they germ
inate and produce the first scab spots.
This ascus spore stage of the fungus
which develops on the fallen leaves is
sometimes called the "sexual" or
"perfect" stage. The stage which
develops on the living leaves and fruit
is called the conulial or "summer
Bpore" stage.
The ascus spores are disseminated
about the timo the blossoms open. So
far as is known all primary infection
of the leaves and fruit in the spring
takes place following the dissemina
tion of the sexual spores.
Life History of Codling Moth
The codling moth spends the winter
in the larval stage within a silken
cocoon under the bark or in crevices of
the tree, or under rubbish on the
ground. With the warm days of
spring they undergo a complete
change, and transforming to pupae
later emerge as adults. In this stage
the insect is seldom seen as it remains
quiet during the day and flies about at
night depositing eggs upon the leaves
and fruit in the evening about dusk.
The eggs of the spring generation
of moths are deposited during June
and July and the first young larvae
hatch out about June 20th to July 1st.
As soon as the larvae hatch out they
seek an entrance into the fruit, and in
the case of the first generation, mostly
enter through the calyx end.
They feed and develop for about
sixteen to twenty days, until mature,
and then pass through the same stages
as .the over-winter larvae, namely:
pupae and adult. In the Willamette
valley the earliest individuals of this
brood of moths begin to appear about
the last of July and deposit their egg3
upon the fruit and leaves. The egg
deposition continues until late in the
fall. The eggs begin hatching about
August 1st, and the larvae enter the
fruit from the sides. These are the
over-wintering forms, and when full
grown they leave the fruit, and seek
ing protected places near by, spin
winter cocoons.
Combined Treatment for Apple Scab
and Codling Moth.
The first application is primarily
an apple scab spray. Use lime-sulphur,
diluted 1-30 with water (basis
of 30 degree Baume stock solution)
and apply just as the buds are sepa
rating in the cluster and show color.
No arsenate of lead is necessary at
this time unless the bud moth is pres
ent, in which case add two pounds of
neutral arsenate of lead to each 60
gallons of diluted lime-sulphur. If
aphis are present add black leaf 40
to the lime-sulphur in the proportion
of 1 gallon to 900. When the latter is
mixed with the lime-sulphur there
will be a small amount of grayish sed
iment thrown down, which, however,
does not affect the value of the spray
to any appreciable extent.
The second application should be
made just after the petals fall and be
fore the calyx closes. Use lime-sulphur
1-30 to which has been added two
pounds of neutral arsenate of lead to
each 50 gallons. This is the second
scab and the first codling moth spray.
The third application in orchards
that ore badly infested with apple
scab, spray ten days or two weeks
after the second with lime-sulphur,
summer strength, or with self-boiled
lime-sulphur (8-8-50). This is dis
tinctly a scab spray and in regions
where scab is 'not prevalent may be
omitted. Where leaf-eating insects
are present, two pounds of arsenate
of lead should be added to each fifty
gallons of spray. In those sections
of the state where scab is not present
and it is necessary to spray for leaf
eating insects, arsenate of lead may
be diluted with water in the propor
tion of two pounds to fifty gallons.
The fourth application, the second
spray for codling moth should be ap
plied at the time the eggs of the first
generation moths are hatching or just
as the very earliest worms are begin
ning to enter the fruit. In the great
er portion of the Willamette valley
this will be usually between June 25th
and July 1st, although the dates vary
somewhat with the season. This date
s also approximately correct for most
portions of the Hood River valley, but
in Southern Oregon and most portions
of the Grande Konde valley this ap
plication should be made somewhat
earlier. Use two pounds of arsenate
of lead to fifty gallons of water.
The fifth application, an application
of arsenate of lead should be applied
as a preventive of injury by codling
moth about four or five weeks after
the fourth. In the Willamette valley
this will be about August 1st to 10th.
This date, however, varies in different
parts of the state as above noted, and
the application should be made when
the first young larvae are found enter
ing the fruit.
The sixth application, the fourth
spray for codling moth, corresponds to
the fall spraying for bud moth and
should lie applied in the Willamette
valley about September 25th to Octo
ber 1st. Use arsenate of lead in the
proiwrtion of two pounds to 50 gal
lons of water. In case the bud moth
is not present in the orchard and the
previous codling moth sprays have
been thoroughly applied this applica
tion may be omitted. In case apple
scab has been particularly prevalent
or the fall rains begin early it would
be well to use hme-sulphur 1-30 at
this time for the purpose of limiting
fall infection. This would also be
desirable if the orchard is badly in
fested with apple tree anthracnose.
Supplementary Methods of Controlling
Apple Scab.
Since the fungus causing apple scab
winters over in the decaying leaves on
the ground, it is advisable to destroy
the leaves by burning or early plow
ing before the time for the hrst spray
ing. The usual application of bordeaux
for apple tree anthracnose just after
the fruit i3 picked may have a benefi
cial effect in reducing the late spread
of the disease on the foliage and hence
a reduction of the "sexual" spore
stage in the spring.
Codling Moth.
Much good can be done by scraping
the rough bark from the trees in the
winter, and by the practice of clean
culture; especially is this true of old
neglected orchards.
Be careful not to carry infested
fruits into the store house in the fall,
as the larvae find many excellent
places therein to spend the winter.
EXPERIMENT STATION NOTES
By It. W. Thatcher, Director Washington Exper
iment Station.
The reason for the lack of fertility
of pine land soils is not due to the
pitch which such land contains, but to
an absence of a supply of available
nitrogen. The foliage from evergreen
trees adds very little to the supply of
nitrogen in the soil, while the trees
themselves constantly take it from the
soil. In soils which have been burned
over, the heat burns out a good deal
of nitrogen in the upper layers of soil.
The ashes are not injurious, but are
highly beneficial to the soil.
The real difficulty is that the grow
ing of pine and fir trees on soil poor in
nitrogen takes away so large a pro
portion of the available nitrogen that
when the soil is first brought under
cultivation it will rarely produce sat
isfactory crops. After two or three
years of cultivation the soil gets into
better condition and the nitrogen be
comes more available and better crops
are obtained. The only remedy for
this condition is thorough cultivation
supplemented by the use of some fer
tilizer to put available nitrogen in the
soil to start with. For this purpose,
barnyard manure is best. Clover
would be still better, but clover itself
will rarely grow on this soil without
artificial fertilizer to start with. The
best commercial fertilizer to use on
this kind of soil is dried blood, applied
either in the fall or early spring. If
field peas would grow at all cn this
soil, they would make a most excel
lent fertilizer if seeded early in the
spring, plowing them under as soon as
they have attained their maximum
growth.
Repeated attempts have been made
tn iihp nnr.nssinm evanide as a sauirrel
poison. The difficulty is to get the odor
of the cyanide disguised so tnat tne
squirrels will eat anything that has
been treated with the chemical. All
attempts which I am familiar with
have failed. The use of cyanide in the
holes late in the season might be
effective if some means could be de
vised for generating the hydrocyanic
gas from it. This will require the
presence of some acid in the hole to
come in contact with the potassium
cyanide, or orthewise. the poisonous
gas will not be given off. The chief
difficulty with all these gas poisons is
that tho hnlpu arp so loner and crooked
that there is difficulty in getting the
o-na tn npnpt.rate far enouerh to reach
the animal before it is absorbed by the
soil.
Wherever sagebrush and cactus
flourish, there agricultural crops will
also srrow. If the prevailing vege
tation is greasewood or salt grass, the
amounts of alkali, are sufficient
enough to injure most agricultural
crops. If the alkali is excessive, how
... i. i j ii
ever, no vegetation or any Kinu win
grow on the land.
Another indication of alkali is the
presence on the surface ot the ground
of a white crust in the latter part of
August. Alkali is simply an injurious
excess of soluble salts, and at this
season they are brought to the surface
by excess of evaporation, and will al
ways appear on the surface in the
early fall. White alkali includes any
of the soluble salts. "Black alkali,"
as it is called, is sodium carbonate,
and causes the vegetation on the sur
face of the ground to turn black be
cause of its corrosive effect on vegeta
tion.
IS FRIEND OF FISHERMAN
In Praise of Ice Cream.
Sunday dinner without Ice cream Is
an imposition on the whole family.
8ay, brother, did you ever notice the
expression of the faces of the chil
dren when they were ready for Ice
cream, and canned peaches were
brought in? There Is a chance for
mutiny and rebellion right there.
When the family Is reding grouchy
Just serve them vanilla Ice cream and
pour hot thick chocolate over the Ice
cream. Then life Is worth living.
Her Period of Quietude.
It Is said to be cuBtomiirr tn Bui
rmrl for a newly married woman t
exchange no conversation with any
outsider during the first month, fol
low ing the wedding. She Is permitted
to open her mouth only for the neces
sary purpose of eating and drinking
and la allowed to reply to her husband
when the latter chooses to addresa
her. To this custom Is attributed the
fact that the honeymoon la Bulgaria
busts an entire month.
Humble 8llkworm Furnishes Cat-Gut
Much Used by Disciples of
leaak Walton.
Rome. Italy. It Is doubtful whether
the average rod and reel fisherman
who angles with flies and hooks strung
with fine translucent cat-gut Is aware
of the Invaluable friend he has In the
humble silkworm. The cat-gut Is the
most unbreakable substance that
holds the hooks against the fiercest
struggles of the struck fish and comes
from silkworms. The principal center
nf the manufacture of this kind of cat
gut is the Island of Procida, In the
Bay of Naples, but most of the sllK-
Resists Their Fiercest Struggles.
worms employed are raised near Torre
Annunziata, at the foot of Vesuvius.
The caterpillars are killed Just as they
are about to begin the spinning of
cocoons, the silk glands are removed
ind subjected to a process of pickling,
which is a secret of the trade, and
afterward the threads are carefully
irawn out by skilled workers, mostly
women. The length of the thread
varies from a foot to nearly twenty
Inches.
HAREM SKIRT DANCE LATEST
Mew Terpslchorean Feature, Bor
rowed From Orient, Is Introduced
In France How Executed.
Paris. Almost every important
jhange in the fashion of gowns in
Paris means the introduction of a
new dance, or at least one compara
tively unknown to the western world.
As is natural, the orient has been
Jrawn upon for a terpslchorean fea
ture in keeping with a trousers skirt.
rhis dance, which is called "La Che
rouille," Is said to have been long
popular In Turkey, Syria and Arabia.
A dancing master's description of
how it is done follows:
'Place the right foot behind the
left. Slide the left foot to the danc
er's left. Cross right foot. Raise leg
sideways without bending knee, toe
pointing to floor."
This dance is said to be Impossible
of execution in a hobble skirt. French
dancing masters in general hall with
)oy the advent of the trouser skirt, as
It will, they say, force women and
zlrls who heretofore have been con
tent to be pulled around a ball room
to nav proper attention to their steps.
With the trouser skirt every move
ment of the feet is noticeable.
Siberian Wild Flowers.
Siberia seems to have a set pro-
rrm for her flowers, which are
beautiful In variety and coloring. Sep
tember gathers the blue flowers to her
bosom, and under her languid and
caressing touch blossom myriads of
dainty bluebells on long and tender
stems.
in Iha mVv antl nf tho ritlltnnS blue
senblosa shares its playground with
drak blue snapdragon, and In the
shady spots of the road grow, tall and
hardy, purple blue chrysanthemums.
Earlier in summer yellow noias
sway buttercups, daisies and violets,
and after them red-pinks and very
deep briar roses. Delicious jam is
concocted from the seedpods of the
wild rose.
When summer comes an array of
jnrs and glasses and a big kettle
Join hands with hat boxes and shoe
bngs and travel countryward. A tem
porary stove is built of stones not far
from the house, and here simmers
slowly the year's provision of pre
serves and Jams and Jellies, aosorD
Ing at the same time great doses of
sun and fresh air. America.
Treasured Treea.
Two trees to be seen In the main
treet of Thorshavn, the capital of the
Tarce islands, hare an Interesting hi
tory. Trees resolutely refuse to grow
In these Islands, except in some few
sheltered spots, and the Inhabitants
therefore prise them greatly. When
the road was made it was decided tn
leave the trees In the middle of the
carriage way rather than be guilty ol
the crime of felling them.
HOW TAME GIRAFFES ARE FED
Keeper Climbs Tree In Order That
Animals May Eat In Easy
Manner.
New York. The giraffe In captivity
Is one of the most delicate of animals
and requires the closest of care on
the part of the keepers. Aside from
necessity for cleanliness in their hous
ing, the most Important feature in
caring for them is the selection of the
um BIBLE
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J S ,3tbUfl,,'ep,a,
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' 'mc rmr comput swum mum
THREE hundred years ago this
spring the Authorized or King
James Version of the Bible
was published in England, and
tne momeiHOUB eveui. lino juoi
been commemorated throughout the
British Isles by a series of celebra
tions lasting an entire week.
The inauguration of the Authorized
Version is due to James I. of England
and VI. of Scotland, in so far as he
summoned by royal proclamation the
conference at Hampton court In 1604
for "determining things amiss in the
church," and ultimately appointed
"certain learned men, to the number
of four-and-flfty, for the translation
of the Bible." Hence the laudatory
dedicatory epistle drawn up by the
translaters. representing him as "prin
cipal mover and author of the work."
But the man who should more Justly
be entitled "mover" was Dr. John
Ralnolds, dean of Lincoln and after
wards president of Corpus Chrlsti col
lege, Oxford. It was he who intro
duced the Question of the Bible at the
conference, and urged its retransla-
tlon by quoting several mis-translations.
"My lord of London (Bancroft,
says the historian) added that if every
man's humor should be followed
there would be no end of translating,"
thereby discounting Kainoias' motion.
Fortunately, the idea appealed to the
king, and so he became "patron" of
the work, although he did not contrib
ute any money towards the expenses
of the undertaking.
Ralnolds was one of the ripest schol
ars of his day, and had a very remark
able memory. Hakewill called him "a
living library or third university." His
company of translators, of whom he
was the most eminent, styled him
their "foreman."
A good three years elapsed between
the conference and the getting to
work, and by that time King James'
"four-and-flfty men" had dwindled to
forty-seven all sound scholars in
Hebrew, Greek and Theology. The
work was apportioned to six commit
tees, two sitting at Westminster, two
at Oxford and two at Cambridge, and
Bancroft drew up 15 rules strictly de
fining their respective duties. The
title-page of the "Authorized Version
(first edition, 1611) Includes all the
translators' names.
This majestic book was "Imprinted
at London by Robert Barker, printer
to the King's Most Excellent Maies-j
tie," and at Robert Barker's expense.!
William Tyndale is, of course, the
outstanding figure In the story of the
English printed Bible, and his pioneer
work, heroic life, voluntary exile, and
martyrdom form a well-known page
of Reformation history. Tyndale'a
chief gift to his countrymen was the
New Testament done, into English
from the original Greek and Hebrew.
This appeared in 1625, having been
secretly printed in Cologne. Its spe
cial characteristic was strength and
originality, and it was embodied, or
very largely drawn upon, by all the
translators who followed him. His
work went forth without his name and
without dedication. His English ver
sion of the Pentateuch was printed at
Marburg in 1531, and in the same year
he published the Book of Jonah. In
manuscript he is said to have left a
version of from' Joshua to 2 Chron
icles. To Miles Coverdale, a Yorkshire
man, we owe the first complete print
ed Bible in English (1535). This, too,
was printed abroad, probably at Zu
rich. It was "faithfully and truly
translated out of Douche and Latyn
Into Englishe," and is dedicated to
Henry VIII., with a mention of hia
Queen Anne. The dedication is signed
"youre graces humble subjecte and
daylye oratour Myles Coverdale." It
was Issued without direct royal sanc
tion, which, however, was granted to
his. edition of 1537. His style differs
from Tyndale's considerably, being
less virile and more rhythmic.
AUTOMOBILES ON THE FARM MAN STILL HEAD OF FAMILY
Feeding the Giraffes.
proper food to insure good health. Our
illustration shows a pair of giraffes
In the Bronx Zoo receiving food from
their keeper, who it will be seen is
perched high up in the branches of a
tree in order that the animals maj
eat in an easy manner.
One In 275 Is Insane.
New York. One out of every 275
persons tn New York city is Insane,
according to Dr. Albert W. Ferris,
president ot the state lunacy commis
sion, who is delivering a course of lec
tures before the New York School of
Philanthropy. The state hospitals for
the Insane now house 33.000 patients,
and private institutions care for 11,000
more. New cases admitted to the state
asylums average about 150 a week.
The cost ot caring for an Insane pa
tient is approximately $200 a year.
It Is a Common Practice to Use the
Back Wheels for Power to
Run Saws.
A new use for the automobile has
been found by western farmers. It is
that of utilizing the back wheels for
motive power to run wood saws.
"In traveling in the west I came
across a farmer who was cutting
wood by means of his automobile,"
said J. E. Sheldon, representative of
a western automobile company, at the
Riggs house. "The farmer had Jacked
up the rear axle of his machine and
attached a belt to one of the wheels,
which was connected with a saw. In
this manner he was sawing wood. I
asked him how he had come to think
of the scheme, and he told me that
it was common practice among farm
ers in the west.
"It is astonishing how many farm
ers all through the west own auto
mobiles. Nearly every farmer who is
moderately well fixed has a machine.
It is an ordinary sight to see automo
biles skimming through the harvest
fields, and it is remarkable how much
time they save. The increased, use of
autos by farmers has, in a great meas
ure, removed the prejudice against
machines, and it is seldom now that
one has a complaint from a farmer on
the score of fast driving. The farm
ers, when they see a machine speed
ing along a road, get out of the way
and do not attempt to hold up the oc
cupants, as they formerly did. They
have learned the value of the automo
bile in their own business.
"One of the most striking results
of the use of automobiles among
farmers is that of keeping the boys
on the farm. The young fellows are
no longer so anxious to leave the old
homestead for the city, for they can
Jump in a machine, go to town, and
get back in time for dinner." Wash
ington Post
Supreme Court of Georgia Comes to
the Rescue of the Henpecked
Gentleman.
We may have observed many instances-in
which actually the wife was
the head of the family, but now comes
the supreme court of Georgia to the
rescue of henpecked man, and holds
that legally it cannot be conceded
that such a case exists. In Patterson
vs. state, the defendant was convict
ed for being intoxicated within the
curtilage of a private residence. One
Mrs. Scott appeared as prosecutrix,
and alleged that her house was in
vaded by the defendant, who was
drunk and used vulgar language. Her
husband appeared as a witness, and
testified that defendant was not drunk,
and that he behaved decorously.
The indictment named the scene of
the alleged Illegal act as that of Mr.
Scott's house, and this is assailed on
the ground that it is Mrs. Scott's
house, since she swore that she paid
the rent, that her husband was a
member of her family, and that she
was, therefore, the head of the house.
The court holds that, where a hus
band and wife reside together, what
ever else she may be the head of, he
is the head of the family. Quoting
the court: "The true legal relation of
husband and wife is In her mind re
versed. Metaphorically speaking, she
puts the petticoat in a more ad
vanced position than the pantaloons."
The conviction was affirmed. From
the Docket.
How It Happened. '
"How did you get that spring over
coat?" "Had a sure tip on a horserace."
"I never knew one of those sur
tips to pan out" k
"Neither did I. So I didn't play It
Put the money into this overcoat ln
stead."