The news=record., March 20, 1909, Saturday Edition, Image 2

THE NEWS RECORD
(Twice-a-WeekJ
AS INDEPtM H.' NEWSPAPER
-e Wa IjAra News, estab-lishe-l
March 3. 18M.
Published WeJnescaya and Satur
days at Enterprise. Oregon, by
THE ENTERPRISE PriESS
Office East side Com Ho.ise Square
Entered in the Enterprise poi'.office
as .se :oid-i I;i.s-i matter.
SATURDAY, MARCH 20, 1939.
The Causes of
Earthquakes.
Theories and Facts Ceari.ig on the Recent
Remai kaLle Phenomena In Italy The
Conl!r.uance of Shocks In
Tfuat Country.
FOOlt ItnJv! The troubles of th.it
eliis! Ic I;i!:U consl.- t not alone In
thp fact Hint the trt'tinns of
Mother Earth have ulready
done (treat iut:::i;;o in the southern
portion of the Mu.tdom. hut in the cir
cumstance alHo that the Mioch.s con
tinue and K.eem lo he utTcc'tlng n wider
extent of territory. What does nature
intend to do lU this fair land, so fa-
moiis In history and so blessed In
many respects by Providence? With
all it8 natural attractions It would lie
a daiifterouH place to dwell If the fate
of Messina or I'ompell were constantly
impending.
Inhabitants of Home, Naples, Flor
en. e uud Milan are hwomliitf alarmed
now becuuse of the frequency of slight
shocks Id their vicinity and the seum
Ing Increase in their severity.
Geologists think that the relief which
the first shock gives to the Internal
stresses that caused It may not be
complete and that further adjustments
of tho roek strata may be necessary to j
restore equilibrium. In the present
ease tho only serlcus h irm done was
wrought nt the outi'ct. l r.n e the shock
of Dee. 28 little life l:::s bi.-eu lost, and
Bueh walls as have been affected were
tottering before.
The old theory that tho interior of
the earth is a fluid muss Im3 few ex
ponents now. Though calculation Indi
cates that nt n O.epth of twenty or thir
ty miles the heut must be so Intense
that It would, if exerted at tho surface,
melt the hardest known substances, o
counteracting InP.uence in certainly at
work. Laboratory experiments prove
that pressure raises the temperature
at which any material will soften. So
stupendous Is the pressure exerted on ,
ine interior or mo eartn by twenty or
thirty miles of rock above It that in
i
WATKB ntONT OF MKHH1NA APTK1I RA11TU
gUAKK. the Judgment of eminent astronomers
Professor George II. Ihirwiu of Cam
bridge Is one the globe has the rigidi
ty and far more than the baldness of
the hardest steel. The late Lord Kel
vin, the foremost physicist of the
world during the latter part of his ca
reer, also entertained this opinion.
Italy Is not tho only country which
Is gettlns a severe shaking nowadays.
"Careful Blinking Insures the Safety of Dtposits."
Depositors Have That Guarantee at
WALLOWA NATIONAL BANK
OK KXTKUPR1SK. OREGON
CAPITAL fACOO
SURPLUS 50.(HK)
Wc Do a General Banking Business.
Exchange Bought and Sold on
All Principal Cities.
Oeo. W. Hyatt, President
Geo. 8. Craig, Vice President
Gko ,S. Ckaiu
J. II. DoltlllN
ENTERPRISE
11KS1 OF MKA1S
Highest Market
Price for
Hides and Pells
'j p.
PKOPUIKTOns
; Ever since I'm earmquaKe saocs 'uc
j gun In southern Italy, on Iee. 28, the
; seismograph at the weather bureau In
j Washington and the uingnetograph, Le-
longing to the same service, at Mount
I Weather. Va., have been cutting ui
strange pranks, and the earth seems to
be still quaking. The seismograph is
, the official recorder of earthquake
shocks and writes Its story with a
stylus on black paper. The maguet
ogruph photographs its records on
sensitive s!:cets. each variation of the
magnetic field being indicated instant
ly by a point of light darted on the pa-
per from a mirror. The latter instru
ment recorded the Italian disaster at
the instant of its occurrence, while
j the seismograph began making its
' strange tremulous writing nearly ten
, minutes after the forces of nature had
; wrought their havoc.
I "It is Impossible to tell Just what
magnetic disturbance took place In
Italy, but that It was a convulsion of
the magnetic field of some sort is
shown by t he fact that the quake was
. instantly recorded on the mngneto-
grapli," said Professor Charles F. Mar
vin, chief of the Instrument division of
the weather bureau. "Since the even
ing of the 27th, corresponding to early
morning of the I'Stli In Italy, when we
got flic first records of the preliminary
quakes, our Instruments have been
pretty but;y."
Professor Marvin ndd; d that every
few days shocks of greater i r lfss se
verity hud been recorded, many of
them affectiiig our own continent. Ac
cording ko the records, it took the
earthquake waves or propagations six
minutes and fiftyseconds to travel from
San Francisco to Washington.
The phologn.ph reproduced here
with fhowlng the appearance of the
water front of Messina after the earth
quake w as one of the first een to this
country nnd was taken shortly after
the terrible disaster occurred. It Indi
cates how the splendid and substantial
stone buildings that faced the quay In
a long semicircle were shaken down or
Irretrievably shattered by the" force of
the convulsion.
For dyspepsia, Indigestion and loss
of appetite take Levy's Oregon Grape
Compound. Sold and guaranteed by
Burnaugh & Mayfield, Enterprise,
Oregon.
Information Concerning Eighth Grade
Final Examinations.
1. Dates:
Three examinations annually. Each
o.mty superintendent to select
months for his county.
(a) January 21-22, 1909.
(b) May 13-14, 1909.
c) June 10-11, 1909.
(d) September 2-3, 1909.
2. Program:
(a) Thursdays Arithmetic, Writ
ing, History, and Civil Govern
ment. (b) Fridays Grammar, Physiol
ogy, Geography, and Spelling.
3. Sources of Questions:
(a) Civil Government United
States Constitution.
(b) Geography State Course
of Study: Redway and Hinman's
Natural School Geography.
(c) History List of topics from
History Out lne In State Course
of Study and Current Events.
(d) language Buehler's Modern
English Grammar, no diagram
ming. (e) Heading The teacher will
send to the County Superintend
ent the applicant's class standing
In reading, which shall be taken
by such superintendent as the ap
pllcant's standing on the subject.
(f) Spelling Eighty per cenl
from Read's Word Lessons, and
twenty per cent, from manuscript
in Language.
(8) Writing Specimens of pen
manshlp as Indicated in copied
matter and from manuscript In
Language,
Respectfully submitted,
J. H. ACKERMAN,
Supt. Public Instruction.
J. C. CONLEY,
Supt, of Schools.
Smoke the Advertiser, best five
cent cigar. Home made.
W. It. Holmes, Cashier
Frank A. Ueavls, Asst. Cashier
IMKKCToltH
Gkd. W. HvAi-r Mattik A. Hoi.mks
V, H. llol.MKS
MEAT MARKFT
ALWAYS OX HAND.
muni
i HUJLill
T ' '
INDEPENDENT
PHONE 20
Home Course In
Modern Agriculture
VI. How Plants Arc Propagated
By C. V. GREGORY,
Agricultural Hi-Oitton. loUta Slate College
Copyright. 1009, by American Press Association
SN order to continue to raise crops
from year to year we must propa
gate the plants in some way.
There are two principal ways of
doing this by seeds and by divisions
of the plant itself. The most Impor
tant of these is by seeds, as it is in
this way that most of the ordinary
farm crops are multiplied.
In order to understand this process
we must first learn bow the seeds are
formed. The tassel of the corn is the
male flower and the silk the female.
Some plants, such as certain varieties
of strawberries, have only female
flowers and must be planted in alter
nate rows with varieties which have
both Ind3 o blossoms. In other
plants the male and female flowers
are combined In one. This is the case
with the apple and many other fruits.
In the apple the stamens, or male
parts, grow In a ring around the pistil,
or female part, which is in the center
of the flower. The top of a stamen,
which Is expanded, is called the an
ther. This contains a yellow dust,
the pollen.
The upper portion of the pistil is
called the stigma. From it a tube
called the style leads downward to
the ovary. This ovary contains one
or more egg shaped cells called ovules.
Each of these ovules is capable of de
veloping into a seed if fertilized with
a pollen grain. When a grain of pol
len alights on a ripe stigma it is held
by a sticky substance secreted there.
It soon germinates and sends a long,
threadlike projection down through
the style to the ovary. This slender
projection enters the ovary, and the
resultant union of the male and female
elements causes a seed to develop.
One pollen grain Is required for each
ovule, and each ovule develops Into a
separate seed. There are many thou
sand pollen grains produced by each
stamen, and as there are several sta
mens for each pistil you will see that
a great excess of pollen is produced.
This Is one of nature's methods of
making reproduction more certain.
In flowers like the apple the pollen
may sometimes fall directly on the
stigma in the same flower. 11 ore often,
however, the stamen and pistils ripen
at different times. The object of this
is to prevent self fertilization, which. If
long continued, will weaken the vltall:
ty of tho coming generations. Cross
pollination that is, the fertilization of
the ovule of one flower by the pollen
from another plant unites the strength
of both parents and produces larger,
hardier seed.
This has been proved by many exper
iments. If the tassels are pulled from
a row of corn before they have time to
shed their pollen, the silks must neces
sarily be fertilized by pollen from oth
er stalks. The cross pollination will
cause the detasseled rows to produce
heavier and larger ears. If this proc
ess is continued from year to year the
yielding power of that particular strain
will be considerably Increased.
In such plants as corn the wind car
ries the pollen for rods in every direc
tion. The air In the cornfield Is so
filled with the yellow dust that there is
seldom any danger that the silks will
fall to catch more than plenty to fer
tilize each of the many ovules that are
to form the future kernels.
Souie plants, however, are not so for
tunate In this respect. The pollen of
fruit trees Is carried to some extent by
the wind, but not nearly so much so
as that of corn. In such plants as
HO, XII SBTTION OF fHKBKY BLO880M
SHOWING HALS A.ND VKUAJJI PABTii.
clover the stamens are at the bottom
of a slender tube, from which they
cannot escape unaided. Plants of this
nature are dependent ou Insects to
transfer pollen from one flower to an
other. In order to attract these insects
the flower secrete a sweet nectar,
which collects in the bottom of the
tubes of which the flowers are com
posed. Ants, flies, butterflies and bees are
very fond of this nectar and in collect
ing it carry the pollen of one flower to
the stigma of another. Bees are most
Important in doing this work because
they gather so much more of the nec
tar than do the other Insects. They
often carry home some of the pollen,
too, which can be seen sticking in yel
low balls to their hind legs, but enough
Is always brushed off to fertilize the
flowers which they visit The blos
soms of red clover are so large that the
short tongues of ordinary honeybees
cannot reach to the bottom. It is upon
the larger bumblebees that this crop
depends for Its ability to produce seed.
Indeed, it is so entirely dependent
upon them that the crop of clover seed
to in direct proportion to the number
of bumblebees In the neighborhood. It
la anything but pleusant to run into a
bt nest of bumblebees with a mower
or rake, but before you build a fire
over them stop to think whether you
want a crop of clover seed or not.
Some beekeepers are developing
strains of honeybees with exceptional
ly long tongues. Some of these are
able to obtain honey from second crop
red clover, which has smaller blossoms
than the first crop. When these strains
of bees become a little better developed
and more widely distributed the use
fulness of the bumblebee will be over.
In the case of small grain cross
fertilization is impossible, since the
flower is inside of a closed hull. Two
varieties of wheat may be planted In
adjoining fields or even in the same
field without the slightest danger of
mixing. Varieties of corn, on the oth
er hand, often mix when as much as
forty rods apart.
The selection of seed corn will be
taken up In the next nrtlele. The best
Seien
r
Jib
FIO. XIII THE STOCK AND SCIOX KKADI TO
BK UNITED.
method of selecting small grain is by
means of the fanning mill. By run
ning through three or four times as
much seed as is needed all the small
grains may be sieved out and the light
ones blown over, leaving only the heav
iest, strongest ones for planting.
Grain that is intended for seed should
bo stored carefully in order that it may
go through the winter uninjured. The
chief enemies of stored seed are mois
ture, insects and rats and mice. The
seed should be dry when stored and
kept where moisture cannot gain ac
cess to it. Dry seed will stand almost
any amount of. freezing without injury.
There are a number of Insects that
damage seed grain by burrowing into
the germ. If the seed room is tight
they may be killed by fumigating with
carbon dlsulphlde used at the rate of a
pound to each thousand cubic feet of
space. Place this in an open dish on
top of the - seed, close the room as
tightly as possible, and in a few hours
the Insects will be exterminated. Care
should be taken not to go near the
room with a light, as the gas is ex
plosive. This same treatment is also
fatal to rats and mice, unless they
have some way of escaping from the
room. If possible the seed room should
l.e so well built that these pests can
not get Into it.
The socond method of plant propa
gation is by division that is, by plant
ing parts of the plant Itself. Potatoes
are propagated in this way almost en
tirely. If small willow and poplar
branches are stuck into the ground,
they will grow into trees. Apple and
other fruit trees are propagated either
by grafting or budding. Apple trees
may be raised from seed, but the
fruit of seedling trees Is usually worth
less. By taking a part of the tree and
growing another from it it will, of
course, bear the same kind of fruit.
Grafting consists of joining pieces
of small branches or scions of the tree
which is to be propagated to pieces of
roots or stocks. The roots of yearling
seedlings are used for stocks. The
scions, which should be about the size
of a lead pencil, should be cut In the
fall nnd packed In sand. The grafting
can be done at any time during the
winter. All that is necessary Is to cut
the lower end of the scion and the up
per end of the stock at an angle, as
shown in Fig. 13. These are then
carefully fitted together and tied with
a little common string. The essential
point is to be sure to have the cam
bium layer of the scion join that of
the stock. This cambium layer Is the
thin, light brown portion between the
bark and the wood. It Is the point
where growth takes place.
The completed graft which should
be eight to ten Inches long, is again
packed tn sand. In the spring the
grafts are plauted In a row in the
garden and left, until they are two
or three years old. when they may be
transplanted to their permanent place
In the orchard.
Stiff Neck.
Stiff neck is caused by rheima
tlsm of the muscles of the neck. It
is usually confined to the back of
the neck and one side. While it is
often quite painful, quick relief may
be had by applying Chamberlain's
Liniment. Not one case of rheuma
tism in ' ten requires internal treat
ment. When there Is no fever and
no swelling as in muscular and chron
ic rheumatism, Chamberlain's Lin
iment will accomplish more than any
internal treatment. For sale by Bur
naugh & Mayfield.
notice: for publication'.
Department of the Interior.
U. S. Land O ii -e at La Grande, Ore
gon, Febriary 15, 1909.
Notice Is hereby given that Charles B.
Homer, of Lightning, Oregon, who, on
July 21, 1 04, male Homestead Entry
So. 13723-Sertal, No. 01200, for Lots 1
and 2, SW14 NEV4, NWfc SE14, Sec
don i. Township 3 North, Range 49
East WU'a-nette Meridian, has filed
notice of intention to make Final five
year Proof, to establish claim to the
land abo.e described, before D. W.
l-h ahan, U. S. Commissioner, at En
terpilse, Ore-on, on the 5th day of
April, 1909.
Claimant names as witnesses: Charles
G. Holmes, Colonel F. Graves, Guy C.
Horner, William P. Rankin, all of Light
ning, Oregon.
F. C. Bramwell, Register.
Used by the Multitude.
Levy's Oregon Grape Compound.
For general spring tonic. Sold and
guaranteed by Burnaugh & Mayfield,
t
t
t
MILLIONS OF
m
AT LOWEST RATES. ON EASIEST TERMS.
Wm. Miller & Brother,
SUITE 204, Wallowa National BanK Building,
Enterprise, Oregon.
L
M
Dealer in
Harness, Saddles, Chapps, Spurs, and Leather
Goods of all descriptions.
I will fit you out with the best goods for the least
money. When in need of anything in my line, call and
inspet my'stock before purchasing.
ENTERPRISE, - - - . OREGON
"R.ftd Front.
Feed Stable
First Class Accommodations
Best of Hay and Grain
ONE BLOCK SOUTH OF
HOTEL ENTERPRISE
General Blacksmithing
Jfcorseshoeing a Specialty
If you wish to buy a Hack, Buggy, Plow or Harrow re mem be
handle a complete stock in thin line and you will save m ney by
pui'chainp of me
S. Combes,
Enterprise, Oregon.
Did It Ever Occur To You
Telephone in Your Home
Provides safety, convenience, econom3' and
pleasure, and makes your home life com
plete? Its cost is little, its benefits are
manifold.
Home Independent Telephone Co
Covering Union and Wallowa Counties
MAIL AND PASSENGER
STAGE LINE
Wallowa. Appleton. Flora lo Paradise,
MONDAYS, WEDNESDAYS and FRIDAYS; and
Fron Paradise, Flora ani Appleton lo Wallowa
TUESDAYS. THURSDAYS and SATURDAYS. '
Good accommodation, courttoua treatment and reasonable ratM
Leaves Wallowa at 6 a. tn.
E. W. SOUTHWICK. Proprietor.
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.
Department of the Interior.
U. S. Land Office at La Grande Ore
gon. February 15, 1909.
Notice is he:eby given that Ezektel
F. Eargeant, of Enterprise, Oregon, who
on October Z.th 1903, made Homestead
Entry No. 13322 Serial, No. 03269, for
the North-east quarter of Section 34,
Township 1 N., Range 4, East, W1U Me
ridian has fi'el noli e of Intention to
make final five year proof, to establish
claim to the land above described, before
D. W. Sheahan, U. 8. Commissioner, at
his office in Enterprise, Oregon, on the
6th day of April, 1909.
Claimant names as witnesses: Harry
N. Vaughan, Elmer J. Jewell, Delmar
Sargeant and Lora E. Allen, all of
Enterpr.se, Oregon
F. C. Bramwell, Register.
For Diseases of the Skin.
Nearly all diseases of the skin such
as eczema, tetter, salt rheum and bar
bers' itch, are characterized by an in
tense itching and smarting, which
often makes life a burden and dls-
turbs 8 eep and rest. Quick relief
may be had by applying Chamber
lain's Salve. It allays the itching
and smarting almost instantly. Many
cases have been cured by Its use. For
sale by Burnaugh & Mayfield.
W. B. APPLEGATE.
Notary Publit .
Collections made. Real Estate
bought and sold and all business '
matters attended to. Call on or
write me,
PARADISE, OREX30N.
!
IMIBBSIBiai.
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a
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Tnvprv and I
BOSWELL & SON
PROPRIETORS.
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