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About Polk County itemizer. (Dallas, Or.) 1879-1927 | View Entire Issue (June 11, 1914)
HOME AND FAIÎM M \G '-ZINE SECTION 15 Caring For Cheap and Waste Products Kinds of Soil for Fruit Described New College Bulletin Tells Plans for Establishing and Operating By-Products Plants. Theory That Trees W ill Grow Anywhere Disproved by W riter of This Article. 'A K IN G tbe view that it is easy to dispose o f first class products but that the profit o f tho fruit and vegetable business depends very largely upon a utilization o f the second and third class products, Professors C. I. Lew is and W. 8. Brown, o f Oregon A g ri cultural College, have issued a new col lege bulletin called “ Fruit and V ege table By-Products,“ in which they ex plain the conditions and processes of organizing and running by-products fa c tories. T The highly important questions o f tbe amount o f money necessary, the quan tity o f products raised within the pro posed by-products territory, and what kinds o f plants to establish, are treated intim ately from the point o f view of the grower. “ The question o f what kind o f plant should be put in cannery, vinegar works, evaporator, or je lly factory— cannot be answered o f f hand,“ says Professor Lewis. “ There is undoubtedly a splen did field for all those manufacturing plants, i t would be unwise, however, to try working all our low grades into any one o f these forms. I f we were to a t tempt to work all valuable produce into vinegar we should easily over stock the market. We must remember that there are only certain types o f products that are adapted to each o f the special uses. The ideal to which every association should work is first to handle as large a percentage o f the product as is feasi ble in the fresh state, to establish a can ning factory that can handle large quan tities o f both vegetables and fruits, and to install an evaporator for the haudling o f all classes. Finally the vinegar works should be added. In other words we should aim to have a plant so organized that nothing would go to waste, each plant supplementing tho others.“ As ail example o f this method it is shown now peelings and cores from the cannery could be used in vinegar works, or if more profitable, how the peelings could be drier to excellent advantage and later worked into jams and jellies. By a combination o f plants losses in all lines would be reduced to a minimum. Because the success o f the associa tion for banaling these products would depend very largely upon the character o f the contract entered into by the groovers tliis question is treated quite fu lly in the new bulletin and sample contracts are presented in the appendix. Methods of organization are also treated quite fully, so that the bulletin is o f the greatest practical value to all producers who must faee the profit and loss situa tion in their industry. Those desiring copies may secure them by w riting to R. D. Iletzel, Director, (Corvallis, Oregon, for Extension Series 2, No. 21. Guard Against Hog Cholera Advised p G cholera has, not as yet gainc-d A foothold in Oregon, and by observing a few easily-followed rules the dread scourage may be held at a distance. Inquiries have reached the o ffic e o f the Oregon Agricultural Col lege veterinarian indicating that swine growers are face to face with the prob lem in some sections o f the state. While these inquiries have been an swered locally, Dr. B. T. Simms, assist ant professor o f Veterinary Science, wishes to have all growers throughout the state on their guard against the in troduction and spread o f the disease. “ To handle the disease successfully,“ says Dr. Simms, “ one must know some thing o f its cause and the common meth ods o f spread. “ Hog cholera is caused by a micro scopic germ that is present in the blood, flesh and droppings o f hogs that are suf ferin g with the disease. Home hogs, even after recovery, continue to pass Winter Plowing is Now Favored 'H ER E is a diversity o f opinion as to the advisability o f plowing in the winter time. It is generally conceded, however, that sod lands should be plowed in the winter season. The freezing rnd thaw ing o f the soil puts it in mueh better condition than it can be pnt by tbe plow and harrow after tbe spring has opened. W inter plowing also destroys many insects that would damage crops if they were allowed to live. There will be much more moisture laid up in tbe soil and saved for the use o f the growing crop the next year i f the plowing is done during the win ter season than there would be i f it were le ft until spring. The capillary connection with the tuhsoil will have time to be renewed i f the plowing is done early. This is an important item that is not often considered. I have made a practice for several years o f getting as nearly all o f my •od land as I can turned before it quits freezing. ■germs in their droppings. These hpgs spread the disease just as human ears riers spread typhoid. “ Under ordinary lot conditions the germs will die out in four- month*». On the dtlier hand they will resist ffie or dinary methods employed in curing meat in the big packing houses.“ Extensive experiments have proven that the disease is not usually trans mitted through the air. Among the more common methods o f spread are the follow ing: Contact with cholera hogs, humans who have been in contact with cholera hogs, dogs, buzzards, etc., that have fed on diseased hogs’ carcasses, stock cars infected with cholera germs, infected water, infected swill, slop and garbage containing bacon rinds or bones o f diseased hogs. By care in guarding against contami nation from these sources individual growers and the entire state may keep, the disease away from Oregon hogs. Final Plans For Cold Storage. * The Yakim a Valley Fruit Growers’ Association has completed arrangement* for the construction o f a 500-carload capacity cold storage plant at Zillah, Wash. The plant will cost about $75,000 and will be owned by a corporation, all o f the stock being held by members o f tbe fruit grow ers’ association. The plans call for a building 140 by 14n feet, three stories in height and with a basement for the storage of ice. Work will be commenced immediately. Pine Manufacturers Show Gain. According to figures submitted to the quarterly meeting o f the Western Pine Manufacturers’ Association by Secre tary Cooper, the lumber shipments from the mills o f the association during the first ftaee months o f 1914 totaled 214,- 000,000 feet, an increase o f 16,000,000 feet over tbe same period last year. Creamery Now Being Enlarged. The Oak Harbor, Wash., Co operative Creamery C6. has enlarged its plant by providing an o ffice room, cold storage room and salt room. I f patronage in creases as it has in the past few months, the churning capacity will have to be increased. The splendid quality o f Oak Harbor butter is rapidly becoming known in all o f the larger cities, and the company has discovered the advan tage o f dealing direct with the mer chant instead o f allowing the butter to pass through the hands o f the commis sion men. Lebanon. eitisen« have decided to hold, on June 4 and 5. U e ttr»w h *rry fa«r which has become an aannal festive event. “ T b e »« are tome limes Hi Josephine G au nt?," says the Grant’ s Pas*, Orcfrm, C o er ler. “ with the railroad bond ease finally Hbs .to r.ren t O W determined in favor o f the «ity, irrigation fsem in sly tahiag delimits shape, the mime« rw s m e i that all .h .ep torma th . Battone! I ta m in g a volume of wealth and the ¡ p «tehuraxo« fa n . 000 te He creditors.’ « of th. 4 j peek hrfor* T The question is sometimes asked: “ W hat is meant by good s o il!“ From the chemical point o f view , we would make the follow in g classification: Poor soils contain about .15 per cent o f pot ash, .05 per cent phosphoric acid, .2 per cent lime, .05 per cent nitrogen. Pro ductive soils: .25 per cent potash, .1 per cent phosphoric acid, .5 j>er cent lime, J per cent nitrogen. Excel 1 oilt soils: .35 per cent potash, .25 per cent phosphoric acid, 1.0 per cent lime, .2 per cent ni trogen. Best Soil Discussed. Methods of Handling Dread Swine Disease Are Told by 0. A. C. Veterinarian, Dr. B. T. Simms. J strong B Y C. I. L E W IS . H E opinion is quite prevalent that fru it trees w ill grow and flourish in almost any kind o f soil. This theory however, appears to be wrong, fo r fru it trees, to put forth their best efforts, require a soil o f good quality, as much so as do the smaller crops, such as ‘grains, corn, potatoes, etc. Where such crops thrive, some fruits/ are found to do equally well. Good soils vary in many particulars, but they should be fertile; that is, coutain the necessary elements for plant growth. The soil should be deep and mellow i f best re sults are desired. Depth is indeed a very important factor in successful fru it growing, because the root systems o f the trees require plenty o f room for good development. Young trees will th rive for a time on shallow soils, but sooner or later they will become unprofitable,, as it is^impossible for them- to obtain the maximum development in such soils. From the physical point o f view, it is harder to say what constitutes the best soil, but there are certain properties that w e find desirable. First, it should be deep, the deeper the better. It should contain enough sand ami gravel to allow one ti> till it easily. It should have good drainage. I t should contain enough clay to make it a good moisture and plant food retainer, and should contain at least 2 per cent humus. Nitrogen is an element which leaches very easily from the soil, and this ex plains to a large degree the small per centage found in some soils. Each grow er must, to a certain degree, study his' own soil from a chemical standpoint by experimenting on a small scale with commercial fertilizers, cover crops, etc. The facL that a soil runs deficient in a certain element, after all, is not a very great drawback, as it is com paratively easy, in the m ajority o f cases, to supply the lacking element; but the physical condition o f tho, soil is indeed very im portant, ao it is hard to change it ma terially. W hile a heavy soil can be made lighter by the addition o f humus and careful methods o f handling, and a light soil made more compact by the addition o f humus, aside from this, the physical condition cannot be changed. Where ir rigation is practiced, by growing cover crops and supplying artificial moisture, many commonly supposed poor soils can be made to give good returns. Good Cultivation Needed. To no small degree,, the success o f or charding depends upon good cultivation and proper handling o f the soil. T o have healthy plant growth a certain amount o f oxygen must bo in the soil. This oxy gen is formed in the air. Again, good - preparation should deepen the soil, in creasing the feeding surface, all the more encouraging roots to strike deeply and bringing the moisture up from the water table. By having the soil particles small the water is*enabled to rise. Thus, in the feeding area o f the soil we have set more plant food free, and we also have, plenty o f moisture. These two points are very essential' ns the only way plant food- can enter the roots is ,in tly? form o f a solution. Water must be present. This solution entering the roots rises to the leaves, where the food is retained for future use and the water is given o ff. The more moisture that enters the plant, the more food is de posited. Tn summer oirr object is to pulverize two or three inches on the surface as fin ely as possible to prevent the mois ture from evaporatin g, from the soil. The nearer we bring the top soil to the condition o f road dust the better will be our results/ The fine soil prevents the water from passing through it. I f we stop|*ed with the spring cultivation, the soil, after each rain, would bake the crust, ami i f would crack open, let ting out the moisture. Hummer culti vation also keeps down the weeds, and this is well worth while, as weeds pump out an enormous amount o f water from the soil. r Farmers To Convene at St. Joseph V'KK a year ago the largest attend an*'o o f farmer1? at an agricultural convention took place at the first interstate Agricultural and Industrial Congress in Ht. Joarph, Mo., when 3,665 farmers registered. The second meet ing o f this congress is announced for December 9, 10, 11 and 12, 1914, in the Auditorium at St. Joseph. O Eggs For Hatching Should Be Fresh L I. KdfiH intended for hatching purpose*. whether under hens or in incubators, should be a., fresh aa posmble when net. T h . . . egg, ~hould be from round, vigoroua. healthy breeit ing stock only. Chnoso medium-sized egga that, are well formed and that Iiave smooth, normal appearing sheila. Thin or rough shelled eggs should not This congress, according to the plans be set,- neither should ogjs he used on which are beginning to take shape, will which there are any little warty like be even better than th last, as it will excrceences o f lime, aa these will be profit by the experience o f the other, sure to chip o ff in turning and leave and arrangements will be made for the holes in the egg shell wliieh will pre educational addresnes to reach those vent further development o f the em who are most directly interested bryo. Egg* intended for hatching them. Provisions will be made also for jshonld ,be kept in a cool, dry, clean the exhibiting o f appliances in which place and should not be turned while farmer- and their families are interest being so kept. The temperature o f tlie ed. (room in whie.b they are kept shonld not It is expeeted that one o f the exhibit I fal1 b,>,ow ^ degrees or go abnvo till features will be a herd o f ten cow» d e g r e e F. Prolonged exposure o f eggs to be carer! for and milked nnder the to a temperature e f ?0 degrees or above stiperviaion o f Ignited Htates dairy o f w ill injure the v ita lity o f the germ firiala, and a daily record posted in and be almost certain to result in dead front o f each cow, tbe feed being germs or fo lly formed chicks dead ia -A rrangements are being perfeeted for the shell. displays by the state agricultural eel leges of Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri and Iowa. W. C. ilrttwn, president o f the N ew York Central railway and one o f the foremost men in the United States in the advocation o f better farming, will art as permanent chairman o f the con gres* Tbe exeentlve committee in B. M. Baeb-ller. F. W. Faurot, R. L. Platt. II. W. Sandusky, 8. 8. Gannett, C. M Betts and E K Slater. A Files A re Dodging Eugene. “ I t it afte r the middle o f May and I can find scarcely a fly in Eugene.” said Dr. F. W. Growings, city health officer, who has taken consistent part in tlie linger, O, Oregon, anti fly campaign, " T b e campaign has mads Eugene almost wholly clean from a »am tary point o f v ie w .” Tbe spec.id police o ffic er appointed ta aeo tkap snu tory ordinances wera en forced gays a city wide neat.meat favor- Sheep require about tbe aame pas able to sieaoMig ap fly bfsediag nlaaoa 'tarage a aie age, 1 baa bean its w* taped O f < 'anunga bojina Ida to w t tbe M ) mmsty ftyteas ttaa m m ■
