HOME AND FAIÎM M \G '-ZINE SECTION
15
Caring For Cheap and Waste Products
Kinds of Soil for Fruit Described
New College Bulletin Tells Plans for Establishing and Operating
By-Products Plants.
Theory That Trees W ill Grow Anywhere Disproved by W riter
of This Article.
'A K IN G tbe view that it is easy to
dispose o f first class products but
that the profit o f tho fruit and
vegetable business depends very largely
upon a utilization o f the second and
third class products, Professors C. I.
Lew is and W. 8. Brown, o f Oregon A g ri
cultural College, have issued a new col
lege bulletin called “ Fruit and V ege
table By-Products,“ in which they ex
plain the conditions and processes of
organizing and running by-products fa c
tories.
T
The highly important questions o f tbe
amount o f money necessary, the quan
tity o f products raised within the pro
posed by-products territory, and what
kinds o f plants to establish, are treated
intim ately from the point o f view of
the grower.
“ The question o f what kind o f plant
should be put in cannery, vinegar works,
evaporator, or je lly factory— cannot be
answered o f f hand,“ says Professor
Lewis. “ There is undoubtedly a splen
did field for all those manufacturing
plants, i t would be unwise, however, to
try working all our low grades into any
one o f these forms. I f we were to a t
tempt to work all valuable produce into
vinegar we should easily over stock the
market. We must remember that there
are only certain types o f products that
are adapted to each o f the special uses.
The ideal to which every association
should work is first to handle as large
a percentage o f the product as is feasi
ble in the fresh state, to establish a can
ning factory that can handle large quan
tities o f both vegetables and fruits, and
to install an evaporator for the haudling
o f all classes. Finally the vinegar works
should be added.
In other words we
should aim to have a plant so organized
that nothing would go to waste, each
plant supplementing tho others.“
As ail example o f this method it is
shown now peelings and cores from the
cannery could be used in vinegar works,
or if more profitable, how the peelings
could be drier to excellent advantage
and later worked into jams and jellies.
By a combination o f plants losses in all
lines would be reduced to a minimum.
Because the success o f the associa
tion for banaling these products would
depend very largely upon the character
o f the contract entered into by the
groovers tliis question is treated quite
fu lly in the new bulletin and sample
contracts are presented in the appendix.
Methods of organization are also treated
quite fully, so that the bulletin is o f the
greatest practical value to all producers
who must faee the profit and loss situa
tion in their industry. Those desiring
copies may secure them by w riting to
R. D. Iletzel, Director, (Corvallis, Oregon,
for Extension Series 2, No. 21.
Guard Against Hog Cholera Advised
p G cholera has, not as yet gainc-d A
foothold in Oregon, and by
observing a few easily-followed
rules the dread scourage may be held at
a distance. Inquiries have reached the
o ffic e o f the Oregon Agricultural Col
lege veterinarian indicating that swine
growers are face to face with the prob
lem in some sections o f the state.
While these inquiries have been an
swered locally, Dr. B. T. Simms, assist
ant professor o f Veterinary Science,
wishes to have all growers throughout
the state on their guard against the in
troduction and spread o f the disease.
“ To handle the disease successfully,“
says Dr. Simms, “ one must know some
thing o f its cause and the common meth
ods o f spread.
“ Hog cholera is caused by a micro
scopic germ that is present in the blood,
flesh and droppings o f hogs that are suf
ferin g with the disease.
Home hogs,
even after recovery, continue to pass
Winter Plowing is
Now Favored
'H ER E is a diversity o f opinion as
to the advisability o f plowing in
the winter time.
It is generally conceded, however,
that sod lands should be plowed in the
winter season. The freezing rnd thaw
ing o f the soil puts it in mueh better
condition than it can be pnt by tbe
plow and harrow after tbe spring has
opened.
W inter plowing also destroys many
insects that would damage crops if
they were allowed to live.
There will be much more moisture
laid up in tbe soil and saved for the
use o f the growing crop the next year
i f the plowing is done during the win
ter season than there would be i f it
were le ft until spring.
The capillary connection with the
tuhsoil will have time to be renewed
i f the plowing is done early.
This is an important item that is not
often considered.
I have made a practice for several
years o f getting as nearly all o f my
•od land as I can turned before it quits
freezing.
■germs in their droppings. These hpgs
spread the disease just as human ears
riers spread typhoid.
“ Under ordinary lot conditions the
germs will die out in four- month*». On
the dtlier hand they will resist ffie or
dinary methods employed
in curing
meat in the big packing houses.“
Extensive experiments have proven
that the disease is not usually trans
mitted through the air.
Among the
more common methods o f spread are the
follow ing: Contact with cholera hogs,
humans who have been in contact with
cholera hogs, dogs, buzzards, etc., that
have fed on diseased hogs’ carcasses,
stock cars infected with cholera germs,
infected water, infected swill, slop and
garbage containing bacon rinds or
bones o f diseased hogs.
By care in guarding against contami
nation from these sources individual
growers and the entire state may keep,
the disease away from Oregon hogs.
Final Plans For Cold Storage.
* The Yakim a Valley Fruit Growers’
Association has completed arrangement*
for the construction o f a 500-carload
capacity cold storage plant at Zillah,
Wash. The plant will cost about $75,000
and will be owned by a corporation, all
o f the stock being held by members o f
tbe fruit grow ers’ association.
The
plans call for a building 140 by 14n
feet, three stories in height and with a
basement for the storage of ice. Work
will be commenced immediately.
Pine Manufacturers Show Gain.
According to figures submitted to the
quarterly meeting o f the Western Pine
Manufacturers’ Association by Secre
tary Cooper, the lumber shipments from
the mills o f the association during the
first ftaee months o f 1914 totaled 214,-
000,000 feet, an increase o f 16,000,000
feet over tbe same period last year.
Creamery Now Being Enlarged.
The Oak Harbor, Wash., Co operative
Creamery C6. has enlarged its plant by
providing an o ffice room, cold storage
room and salt room. I f patronage in
creases as it has in the past few months,
the churning capacity will have to be
increased. The splendid quality o f Oak
Harbor butter is rapidly becoming
known in all o f the larger cities, and
the company has discovered the advan
tage o f dealing direct with the mer
chant instead o f allowing the butter to
pass through the hands o f the commis
sion men.
Lebanon.
eitisen« have decided to
hold, on June 4 and 5. U e ttr»w h *rry fa«r
which has become an aannal festive event.
“ T b e »« are tome limes Hi Josephine
G au nt?," says the Grant’ s Pas*, Orcfrm, C o er
ler. “ with the railroad bond ease finally
Hbs .to r.ren t O W
determined in favor o f the «ity, irrigation
fsem in sly tahiag delimits shape, the mime« rw s m e i that all .h .ep
torma th . Battone! I
ta m in g a volume of wealth and the ¡ p
«tehuraxo« fa n . 000 te He creditors.’
« of th.
4 j peek hrfor*
T
The question is sometimes asked:
“ W hat is meant by good s o il!“ From
the chemical point o f view , we would
make the follow in g classification: Poor
soils contain about .15 per cent o f pot
ash, .05 per cent phosphoric acid, .2 per
cent lime, .05 per cent nitrogen. Pro
ductive soils: .25 per cent potash, .1 per
cent phosphoric acid, .5 j>er cent lime, J
per cent nitrogen. Excel 1 oilt soils: .35
per cent potash, .25 per cent phosphoric
acid, 1.0 per cent lime, .2 per cent ni
trogen.
Best Soil Discussed.
Methods of Handling Dread Swine Disease Are Told by 0. A. C.
Veterinarian, Dr. B. T. Simms.
J strong
B Y C. I. L E W IS .
H E opinion is quite prevalent that
fru it trees w ill grow and flourish in
almost any kind o f soil. This theory
however, appears to be wrong, fo r fru it
trees, to put forth their best efforts,
require a soil o f good quality, as much
so as do the smaller crops, such as
‘grains, corn, potatoes, etc. Where such
crops thrive, some fruits/ are found to
do equally well.
Good soils vary in
many particulars, but they should be
fertile; that is, coutain the necessary
elements for plant growth.
The soil
should be deep and mellow i f best re
sults are desired. Depth is indeed a very
important factor in successful
fru it
growing, because the root systems o f the
trees require plenty o f room for good
development. Young trees will th rive
for a time on shallow soils, but sooner
or later they will become unprofitable,,
as it is^impossible for them- to obtain
the maximum development in such soils.
From the physical point o f view, it is
harder to say what constitutes the best
soil, but there are certain properties
that w e find desirable. First, it should
be deep, the deeper the better. It should
contain enough sand ami gravel to allow
one ti> till it easily. It should have good
drainage. I t should contain enough
clay to make it a good moisture and
plant food retainer, and should contain
at least 2 per cent humus.
Nitrogen is an element which leaches
very easily from the soil, and this ex
plains to a large degree the small per
centage found in some soils. Each grow
er must, to a certain degree, study his'
own soil from a chemical standpoint by
experimenting on a small scale with
commercial fertilizers, cover crops, etc.
The facL that a soil runs deficient in a
certain element, after all, is not a very
great drawback, as it is com paratively
easy, in the m ajority o f cases, to supply
the lacking element; but the physical
condition o f tho, soil is indeed very im
portant, ao it is hard to change it ma
terially. W hile a heavy soil can be made
lighter by the addition o f humus and
careful methods o f handling, and a light
soil made more compact by the addition
o f humus, aside from this, the physical
condition cannot be changed. Where ir
rigation is practiced, by growing cover
crops and supplying artificial moisture,
many commonly supposed poor soils can
be made to give good returns.
Good Cultivation Needed.
To no small degree,, the success o f or
charding depends upon good cultivation
and proper handling o f the soil. T o have
healthy plant growth a certain amount
o f oxygen must bo in the soil. This oxy
gen is formed in the air. Again, good -
preparation should deepen the soil, in
creasing the feeding surface, all the
more encouraging roots to strike deeply
and bringing the moisture up from the
water table. By having the soil particles
small the water is*enabled to rise. Thus,
in the feeding area o f the soil we have
set more plant food free, and we also
have, plenty o f moisture.
These two
points are very essential' ns the only
way plant food- can enter the roots is
,in tly? form o f a solution. Water must
be present. This solution entering the
roots rises to the leaves, where the food
is retained for future use and the water
is given o ff. The more moisture that
enters the plant, the more food is de
posited.
Tn summer oirr object is to pulverize
two or three inches on the surface as
fin ely as possible to prevent the mois
ture from evaporatin g, from the soil.
The nearer we bring the top soil to the
condition o f road dust the better will
be our results/ The fine soil prevents
the water from passing through it. I f
we stop|*ed with the spring cultivation,
the soil, after each rain, would bake
the crust, ami i f would crack open, let
ting out the moisture. Hummer culti
vation also keeps down the weeds, and
this is well worth while, as weeds pump
out an enormous amount o f water from
the soil.
r
Farmers To Convene
at St. Joseph
V'KK a year ago the largest attend
an*'o o f farmer1? at an agricultural
convention took place at the first
interstate Agricultural and Industrial
Congress in Ht. Joarph, Mo., when 3,665
farmers registered.
The second meet
ing o f this congress is announced for
December 9, 10, 11 and 12, 1914, in the
Auditorium at St. Joseph.
O
Eggs For Hatching
Should Be Fresh
L I. KdfiH intended for hatching
purpose*. whether under hens or
in incubators, should be a., fresh
aa posmble when net. T h . . . egg, ~hould
be from round, vigoroua. healthy breeit
ing stock only. Chnoso medium-sized
egga that, are well formed and that
Iiave smooth, normal appearing sheila.
Thin or rough shelled eggs should not
This congress, according to the plans be set,- neither should ogjs he used on
which are beginning to take shape, will which there are any little warty like
be even better than th last, as it will excrceences o f lime, aa these will be
profit by the experience o f the other, sure to chip o ff in turning and leave
and arrangements will be made for the holes in the egg shell wliieh will pre
educational addresnes to reach those vent further development o f the em
who are most directly interested
bryo.
Egg* intended for hatching
them. Provisions will be made also for jshonld ,be kept in a cool, dry, clean
the exhibiting o f appliances in which place and should not be turned while
farmer- and their families are interest being so kept. The temperature o f tlie
ed.
(room in whie.b they are kept shonld not
It is expeeted that one o f the exhibit I fal1 b,>,ow ^ degrees or go abnvo till
features will be a herd o f ten cow» d e g r e e F. Prolonged exposure o f eggs
to be carer! for and milked nnder the to a temperature e f ?0 degrees or above
stiperviaion o f Ignited Htates dairy o f w ill injure the v ita lity o f the germ
firiala, and a daily record posted in and be almost certain to result in dead
front o f each cow, tbe feed being germs or fo lly formed chicks dead ia
-A rrangements are being perfeeted for the shell.
displays by the state agricultural eel
leges of Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri and
Iowa.
W. C. ilrttwn, president o f the N ew
York Central railway and one o f the
foremost men in the United States in
the advocation o f better farming, will
art as permanent chairman o f the con
gres* Tbe exeentlve committee in B. M.
Baeb-ller. F. W. Faurot, R. L. Platt.
II. W. Sandusky, 8. 8. Gannett, C. M
Betts and E K Slater.
A
Files A re Dodging Eugene.
“ I t it afte r the middle o f May and I
can find scarcely a fly in Eugene.” said
Dr. F. W. Growings, city health officer,
who has taken consistent part in tlie
linger, O, Oregon, anti fly
campaign,
" T b e campaign has mads Eugene almost
wholly clean from a »am tary point o f
v ie w .”
Tbe spec.id police o ffic er appointed ta
aeo tkap snu tory ordinances wera en
forced gays a city wide neat.meat favor-
Sheep require about tbe aame pas able to sieaoMig ap fly bfsediag nlaaoa
'tarage a aie age,
1 baa bean its w* taped O f < 'anunga bojina
Ida
to w t tbe M ) mmsty ftyteas ttaa m m ■