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Spilyay Tymoo Warm Springs, Oregon July 29, 1999 9 Arlene Boileau 4-H & Youth OMBOH 1T1 lAMMfrV CTBMSXDN SGW1CE (503) 553-3238 Internet Address: http:www.orst.edudeptwsext The Oregon State University Extension Service staff Is devoted to extending research-based Information from OSU to the people of Warm Springs In agriculture, home economics, 4-H youth, forestry, community development, energy and extension sea grant program with OSU, United States Department of Agriculture, Jefferson County and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs cooperating. The Exenslon Service offers Its programs and materials equally to all people. Absolute deadline sign-up is July 26th. Come by the 4-H office to register in the Education Building on Wasco Street. Not convinced water is important? Consider that we can live weeks without food but only days without water. Q: How much water do I need? A: The average adult needs about 8 cups (8 ounces each) of water or liquid each day. This amount may be higher if you weigh more, your physical activity is very high, you eat a high fiber diet or you are sick. Other reasons you may need more water: you are pregnant, breast-feeding or the climate calls for it. Q: Where should I get most of the water I need each day? A: Drinks like plain water, juices (which usually contain Vitamin C or calcium in calcium-fortified juices) and milk (which has calciunvand Vitamins. A and D) are your best choices. Foods also supply some water, especially fruits and vegetables (cel ery, lettuce, tomatoes, watermelon all have a lot of water in them). You can also choose from decaffeinated coffee, tea and soups. Q: What about coffee, tea and other drinks? A: Coffee, tea, some soft drinks with caffeine can cause your body to lose water Viewpoint: Benefits and The following is an abstract from the July 1999 issue of Journal of Range Man agement. Steven S. Rosenstock and War ren B. Ballard, authors, are research biolo gists with Arizona Game and Fish Depart ment. Abstract Resource managers in the west em United States have long assumed that water was a key limiting factor on wildlife populations in arid habitats. Beginning in the 1940s-1950s, state and federal re source management agencies initiated water development programs intended to benefit game species and other wildlife. At least 5,859 such developments have been built inl 1 western states. Most state wildlife management agen- STOCKMAN'S ROUNDUP: Cows and crested wheatgrass aide firefighters- pi ; by Bob Pawelek OSU Livestock Agent High winds, high temperatures, heavy fuel loads and low humidity are a deadlycombination in the control and sup pression efforts of range fires. When resi dential areas are in a wildfire's path, the potential for disaster is particularly high. These conditions existed in Elko, Ne vada on July 3, said Ron Torell, University of Nevada at Reno Extension Northeast Area Livestock Specialist 'We had 30 mile-per-hour winds, gusts up to 40, tem Bob Pawelek Clint Jacks Deanie Johnson Livestock Staff Bemadette Handley Zack del Nero Home Economics Natural Resources 4-H Assistant Join Warm Springs 4-H at Peter's Pasture this summer for camping, Cultural experience and lots of fun! There are two sessions: i Session One-Second through fifth grades is August 8th-14th : Session Two-Sixth through nineth grades is Agust 16tn 22nd. I Cost is $20. You must sign up by July 15 to get a Culture Camp T-shirt! HOME SWEET HOME- By Bernadette Handley, OSU Extension Home Ec Agent so they are not the best choices. Alcohol is another drink that is dehydrating, like the ones just mentioned. Sports drinks are not needed if you are involved in moderate activity. And, if you choose herbal teas, make sure they do not contain ingredients that contain caffeine. Q: Isn't thirst a good way to tell if you need water? A: No. Thirst is not always a good indicator of your needs for fluids espe cially if you are young, old, sick or very active. Q: What about babies? Do they need water? A: Yes. Babies 6 months or less get their water from breast milk or properly made baby formula. In hot weather, how ever, babies may need extra water (about 12 to 1 cup each day). Also, babies who begin eating solid foods, especially pro tein foods can be given 12 to 1 cup of water each day. If in doubt about the amount of water needed, check with a doctor. Q: Is bottled water safer than tap water? A: The same standards for tap water are impacts of wildlife water developments cies in the western United States have ongoing wildlife water development pro- grams that vary greatly in extent. Ranch- ers and range managers also have devel oped water sources for livestock, many of which also are used by wildlife. Recently, critics have suggested that wildlife water developments have not yielded expected benefits, and may negatively impact wild life by increasing predation, competition, and disease transmission. Based upon a comprehensive review of scientific litera ture, we conclude that wildlife water de velopments have likely benefited many game and non-game species, but not all water development projects have yielded expected increases in animal distribution peratures in the 90s, low humidity and a high fuel load. At noon, a fire ignited near the Hunter Exit, 10 miles west of Elko. High winds moved the fire quickly toward nervous residents in Sundance and Crestview subdivisions. The subdivisions are on Elko's western outskirts. Sundance residents Kyle and Lauri Vogler commented, "We were very ner vous. The winds were moving the fire in ourdirection. We turned on the lawn sprin klers and were preparing to hose down the house. Fortunately the fire slowed and changed directions."The Voglers can thank cows and crested wheatgrass for the fire's change of heart. They helped fire crews, bombers and helicopters detour and slow the fire, alter its course and remove the threat of fire to homeowners. The cows accomplished this task at no cost and very little effort. According to Kent McAdoo, Extension's rangeland resources special ist in Elko, "Crested wheatgrass is an introduced grass species planted on some rangeland areas to provide early spring Chair, Madras becretary Natural Resource La Nina will bring colder winter Last year's strong El Nifioevent, which brought us very mild weather last winter, is a thing of the past. In the last several months, a La Nina (or cold event) has begun forming in the tropical Pacific. Typical jet stream and cloud patterns in the Pacific during La Nifia involve both tropical moisture and polar air. The well developed subtropical jet stream often brings moisture to the Northwest by way of Hawaii (hence the nickname "Pine apple Express"). In the North Pacific, the polar jet stream brings much colder air from the northwest; when the polar jet is over us, cold, sometimes snowy weather occurs. If La Nina are moderate in inten sity, the subtropical jet is likely to be a dominant winter feature here (thus, wet and fairly mild winters occur). Strong La Nina, however, produce much stronger polar jet streams which exert a very pro found effect on the Northwest: our area's applied to bottled water. Tap water has safe levels of chemicals, pesticides or other harmful substances in it. These same safety levels are applied to bottled water. Remember that some bottled water comes from community water systems anyway so it is like buying "bottled" tap water. Q: How is bacteria reduced in wa ter? A: There are two disinfectants to treat water so that it is safe to drink. Chlorine is used to disinfect many public water sys tems. It is very effective at reducing the number of bacteria in water. Some people do not like its after-taste. Some statistical studies have linked chlorine to some kinds of cancer. However, we need to know more about this link. Is, it the chlorine or some other substance in the water that may cause these cancers? We don' t know. This needs to be studied before we no longer recommend using chlorine as a disinfec tant. Most bottled water uses ozone, a type of oxygen, as a disinfectant. Ozone's abil ity to disinfect water may decrease over time. Thus, it is not as effective as chlorine for long periods of time. There is no after taste or smell from ozone. and abundance. Hypothesized negative impacts of wa- ter developments on wildlife are not sup- ported by data and remain largely specula tive. However, our understanding of both positive and negative effects of wildlife water developments is incomplete, be cause of design limitations of previous research, Long-term, experimental stud ies are needed to address unanswered ques tions concerning the efficacy and ecologi cal effects of water developments. We also recommend thatresource man agers apply more rigorous planning crite ria to new developments, and expand moni toring efforts associated with water devel opment programs. grazing for livestock. It's not as flam mable as annual grasses such as cheatgrass, and is known to be fire-resistant. Because of this, it's also been planted in 'greenstrips' in some areas to slow down wildfires. Native brush is removed from areas where crested wheatgrass is planted, thus elimi nating additional fuel loads. When cattle graze crested wheatgrass seedings in early spring, even more of the fuel source is removed, thus further reducing the threat of fire." The rangeland that burned July 3 are part of the Heguy and Maggie Creek ranches' Bureau of Land Management allotments. Mitch and Rhonda Heguy grazed cattle on the west and east Avenal fields in early spring. "The west Avenal is primarily annual cheatgrass and brush in the lower elevations and native perennial grasses and brush in the higher eleva tions," said Mitch Heguy, ownerman ager of Heguy ranches. "The fire blew through the lower west Avenal in a matter of hourscontinued Heguy. The cheatgrass and brush was like 'Mi 7 i . I notables- coldest winters, with a high likelihood of snow, even at low elevations, occur during such conditions. Such was the case during the last strong La Nifia, in 1988-89 (Feb ruary, 1989 was one of the coldest months of the century in this region). Nationwide, La Nifia tend to bring wet ter than average conditions to the northern states, drier than average in the south. The Oregon Climate Service believes that La Nifia conditions will continue to strengthen through the fall and into early winter. There is consensus among predictive mod els that the La Nifia will reach its peak in mid-winter (Dec-Jan-Feb), then begin to wane this spring, and that it will be mod erate to strong in intensity. They are pre dicting a wetter than average early winter (October-December) for most of Oregon. They predict temperatures to be generally near average statewide through December, then cool to below average levels for the period January through March. They also expect the precipitation in the second half New publications Several new publications of interest to owners of small farms are now available through OSU Extension and Experiment "Station Communications. See below for how to contact them. Using Cover Crops in Oregon (EM 8704 $5.50) This handy publication ad dresses the benefits and disadvantages of using cover crops, how to choose a cover crop, cover crops in annual and perennial systems, and estimating nitrogen contri butions from cover crops. In addition, it includes a two-page fact sheet on each of 1 3 common cover crops. Watershed Stewardship: A Learning Guide (EM 8714-$32) This is a compre hensive guide intended for use by water shed councils. Its 425 pages include three major sections: I. Working together to create successful groups, U. Understand ing and enhancing watershed ecosystems, and HI. Connecting resource management to watershed ecosystems. Each of these OSU course explores Native American Images in film Spend two thoughtprovoking evenings with Dr. Kurt Peters, from Oregon State University's Ethnic Studies department, on Thursday, August 19, and Friday Au gust 20, from 6-9 p.m. viewing films and entering into discussions about the ways Native Americans have been portrayed by American film makers. Dr. Peters shows current and historical films to facilitate discussions on topics that address the impact of film images of Naive Ameri cans on stereotypes, identity, custom, gen der, generation and families. The cost for taking the class as non-credit is $50.00. There will be a Saturday class on Au gust 21, 8a.m. - noon with more films and indepth discussion for students taking the course for credit. The cost for the 1 credit course is $120.00. Elders and high school students are welcome to attend the course at no charge. There are a number of GTE scholar ships available to tribal members who have not already received a grant. Contact Diane Bohle at the OSUWarm Springs Extension office for more information: 553-3238. To sign up for either one of the class call Diane or Deanie Johnson at OSUWarm Springs Extension 553-3238. diesel-soaked paper. Once the fire hit the fence-line boundary of the east Avenal, where crested wheatgrass is the primary vegetation, the fire stopped and changed directions to the north, away from residen tial areas. We moved our cows out of the Avenal fields two weeks ago after they had removed some of the vegetation from the area. Had they not grazed there, the fire could have been much worse, threatening residential areas," concluded Heguy. "Reducing fuel loads as a preventive measure and establishing a vegetative fire resistant boundary around your home are the best known methods to protect your residence from wild fires," said Smith. "Both of these measures were in place on the Avenal fire." The hard work of fire crews, bomber planes and dispatchers deserve much of the credit for extinguishing the July 3 fire," saidToreU. "Howe ver, crested w heat grass and the cow should also be given credit for detouring the fire and keeping those residents of Sundance and Crestview subdivisions out of harm's way." of the winter to be near average statewide, except in northeastern Oregon where wct- ter than average conditions will occur. As in past La Nina winters, there is a strong possibility of above average snow fall in the mountains this winter. Further more, there is an increased likelihood of significant snowfall in the western val leys. now available sections includes chapters that include background information, references and related exercises for individuals and groupsTlhe guide was written by over 15 OSU faculty and collaborators and was reviewed extensively by watershed coun cil representatives, professionals in nu merous agencies and other specialists. These publications may not be regu larly stocked at Extension offices. It is easiest to order them directly from Exten sion andExperiment Station Communica tions, 422 Kerr Administration, Corvallis, OR 97331, 541-737-2513. Native American Experience Revisited Dr. Kurt Peters returns to Warm Springs offering a follow up course to the Native American Experience class that he offered two years ago. This coiirse, begins Thursday, August 24th and will have class sessions in Septem ber and October. The class will provide students with an indepth study of the historical and current practices, poli cies, and perspectives that create what is known as Native American Experi ence. Discussions will cover a wide variety of topics such as .sovereignty, the boarding school experience, Native American perspectives on resource management, definitions of what it means to be tribal, and the impacts of these experiences on day-to-day rela tionships and world views. There are a limited number of GTE scholarships available to tribal mem bers to help cover tuition costs. Scholar ships are available to students who have not received a grant, and on a first-come , basis. Please call Diane Bohle Johnson at OSUWarm Springs Extension for more information at 553-3238. Call Deanie Johnson at Extension to sign up for the course. Master Food Preservers Do you need an answer your food preservation questions? Call the Certi fied Master Food Preservers and Exten sion educators in Lane County on the OSU Extension Service Food Preserva tion Hotline. The hotline will be avail able from July 15 - October 15. Phone calls may be directed to 1 -800-354-73 1 9 be tween the hours of 9 AM - 4 PM Monday-Friday (except holidays). Reprise of Large Supplies For U.S. Agriculture by Bob Pawelek Large suppliesof major U.S. fieldcrops are expected to persist in 19992000, with season-average farm prices stabilizing or declining. Wheat is the exception, with production expected to decline and aver age price to rise moderately. Red meat and poultry production in 2000 is forecast about the same as ex pected record production in 1999 In creased poultry production, bolstered by continued profitability and low com and soybean meal prices, will offset modest declines in beef and pork output. Broiler prices in 2000 will continue to decline from record levels reached in 1 998, w hile cattle and hog prices will continue to re cover some from 1998's extreme lows. This is according to USDA's Economic Research Service.