Spilyay Tymoo
Warm Springs, Oregon
July 29, 1999 9
Arlene Boileau
4-H & Youth
OMBOH 1T1 lAMMfrV
CTBMSXDN
SGW1CE
(503) 553-3238
Internet Address: http:www.orst.edudeptwsext
The Oregon State University Extension Service staff Is devoted to extending research-based Information from OSU to the people of Warm Springs
In agriculture, home economics, 4-H youth, forestry, community development, energy and extension sea grant program with OSU, United States
Department of Agriculture, Jefferson County and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs cooperating. The Exenslon Service offers Its programs
and materials equally to all people.
Absolute deadline sign-up is July 26th.
Come by the 4-H office to register in the Education Building
on Wasco Street.
Not convinced water is important?
Consider that we can live weeks without
food but only days without water.
Q: How much water do I need?
A: The average adult needs about 8
cups (8 ounces each) of water or liquid
each day. This amount may be higher if
you weigh more, your physical activity is
very high, you eat a high fiber diet or you
are sick. Other reasons you may need
more water: you are pregnant, breast-feeding
or the climate calls for it.
Q: Where should I get most of the
water I need each day?
A: Drinks like plain water, juices (which
usually contain Vitamin C or calcium in
calcium-fortified juices) and milk (which
has calciunvand Vitamins. A and D) are
your best choices. Foods also supply some
water, especially fruits and vegetables (cel
ery, lettuce, tomatoes, watermelon all have
a lot of water in them). You can also
choose from decaffeinated coffee, tea and
soups.
Q: What about coffee, tea and other
drinks?
A: Coffee, tea, some soft drinks with
caffeine can cause your body to lose water
Viewpoint: Benefits and
The following is an abstract from the
July 1999 issue of Journal of Range Man
agement. Steven S. Rosenstock and War
ren B. Ballard, authors, are research biolo
gists with Arizona Game and Fish Depart
ment. Abstract Resource managers in the west
em United States have long assumed that
water was a key limiting factor on wildlife
populations in arid habitats. Beginning in
the 1940s-1950s, state and federal re
source management agencies initiated
water development programs intended to
benefit game species and other wildlife.
At least 5,859 such developments have
been built inl 1 western states.
Most state wildlife management agen-
STOCKMAN'S ROUNDUP: Cows and crested wheatgrass aide firefighters-
pi ;
by Bob Pawelek
OSU Livestock Agent
High winds, high temperatures, heavy
fuel loads and low humidity are a
deadlycombination in the control and sup
pression efforts of range fires. When resi
dential areas are in a wildfire's path, the
potential for disaster is particularly high.
These conditions existed in Elko, Ne
vada on July 3, said Ron Torell, University
of Nevada at Reno Extension Northeast
Area Livestock Specialist 'We had 30
mile-per-hour winds, gusts up to 40, tem
Bob Pawelek Clint Jacks Deanie Johnson
Livestock Staff
Bemadette Handley Zack del Nero
Home Economics Natural Resources 4-H Assistant
Join Warm Springs 4-H at
Peter's Pasture this summer for
camping, Cultural experience
and lots of fun!
There are two sessions:
i Session One-Second through
fifth grades is August 8th-14th
: Session Two-Sixth through
nineth grades is Agust 16tn
22nd. I Cost is $20. You must sign up
by July 15 to get a Culture Camp
T-shirt!
HOME SWEET HOME-
By Bernadette Handley, OSU Extension
Home Ec Agent
so they are not the best choices. Alcohol is
another drink that is dehydrating, like the
ones just mentioned. Sports drinks are not
needed if you are involved in moderate
activity. And, if you choose herbal teas,
make sure they do not contain ingredients
that contain caffeine.
Q: Isn't thirst a good way to tell if you
need water?
A: No. Thirst is not always a good
indicator of your needs for fluids espe
cially if you are young, old, sick or very
active.
Q: What about babies? Do they need
water?
A: Yes. Babies 6 months or less get
their water from breast milk or properly
made baby formula. In hot weather, how
ever, babies may need extra water (about
12 to 1 cup each day). Also, babies who
begin eating solid foods, especially pro
tein foods can be given 12 to 1 cup of
water each day. If in doubt about the
amount of water needed, check with a
doctor.
Q: Is bottled water safer than tap
water?
A: The same standards for tap water are
impacts of wildlife water developments
cies in the western United States have
ongoing wildlife water development pro-
grams that vary greatly in extent. Ranch-
ers and range managers also have devel
oped water sources for livestock, many of
which also are used by wildlife. Recently,
critics have suggested that wildlife water
developments have not yielded expected
benefits, and may negatively impact wild
life by increasing predation, competition,
and disease transmission. Based upon a
comprehensive review of scientific litera
ture, we conclude that wildlife water de
velopments have likely benefited many
game and non-game species, but not all
water development projects have yielded
expected increases in animal distribution
peratures in the 90s, low humidity and a
high fuel load. At noon, a fire ignited near
the Hunter Exit, 10 miles west of Elko.
High winds moved the fire quickly toward
nervous residents in Sundance and
Crestview subdivisions. The subdivisions
are on Elko's western outskirts.
Sundance residents Kyle and Lauri
Vogler commented, "We were very ner
vous. The winds were moving the fire in
ourdirection. We turned on the lawn sprin
klers and were preparing to hose down the
house. Fortunately the fire slowed and
changed directions."The Voglers can thank
cows and crested wheatgrass for the fire's
change of heart. They helped fire crews,
bombers and helicopters detour and slow
the fire, alter its course and remove the
threat of fire to homeowners. The cows
accomplished this task at no cost and very
little effort.
According to Kent McAdoo,
Extension's rangeland resources special
ist in Elko, "Crested wheatgrass is an
introduced grass species planted on some
rangeland areas to provide early spring
Chair, Madras becretary
Natural Resource
La Nina will bring colder winter
Last year's strong El Nifioevent, which
brought us very mild weather last winter,
is a thing of the past. In the last several
months, a La Nina (or cold event) has
begun forming in the tropical Pacific.
Typical jet stream and cloud patterns in
the Pacific during La Nifia involve both
tropical moisture and polar air. The well
developed subtropical jet stream often
brings moisture to the Northwest by way
of Hawaii (hence the nickname "Pine
apple Express"). In the North Pacific, the
polar jet stream brings much colder air
from the northwest; when the polar jet is
over us, cold, sometimes snowy weather
occurs. If La Nina are moderate in inten
sity, the subtropical jet is likely to be a
dominant winter feature here (thus, wet
and fairly mild winters occur). Strong La
Nina, however, produce much stronger
polar jet streams which exert a very pro
found effect on the Northwest: our area's
applied to bottled water. Tap water has
safe levels of chemicals, pesticides or
other harmful substances in it. These same
safety levels are applied to bottled water.
Remember that some bottled water comes
from community water systems anyway
so it is like buying "bottled" tap water.
Q: How is bacteria reduced in wa
ter? A: There are two disinfectants to treat
water so that it is safe to drink. Chlorine is
used to disinfect many public water sys
tems. It is very effective at reducing the
number of bacteria in water. Some people
do not like its after-taste. Some statistical
studies have linked chlorine to some kinds
of cancer. However, we need to know
more about this link. Is, it the chlorine or
some other substance in the water that may
cause these cancers? We don' t know. This
needs to be studied before we no longer
recommend using chlorine as a disinfec
tant. Most bottled water uses ozone, a type
of oxygen, as a disinfectant. Ozone's abil
ity to disinfect water may decrease over
time. Thus, it is not as effective as chlorine
for long periods of time. There is no after
taste or smell from ozone.
and abundance.
Hypothesized negative impacts of wa-
ter developments on wildlife are not sup-
ported by data and remain largely specula
tive. However, our understanding of both
positive and negative effects of wildlife
water developments is incomplete, be
cause of design limitations of previous
research, Long-term, experimental stud
ies are needed to address unanswered ques
tions concerning the efficacy and ecologi
cal effects of water developments.
We also recommend thatresource man
agers apply more rigorous planning crite
ria to new developments, and expand moni
toring efforts associated with water devel
opment programs.
grazing for livestock. It's not as flam
mable as annual grasses such as cheatgrass,
and is known to be fire-resistant. Because
of this, it's also been planted in 'greenstrips'
in some areas to slow down wildfires.
Native brush is removed from areas where
crested wheatgrass is planted, thus elimi
nating additional fuel loads. When cattle
graze crested
wheatgrass seedings in early spring,
even more of the fuel source is removed,
thus further reducing the threat of fire."
The rangeland that burned July 3 are
part of the Heguy and Maggie Creek
ranches' Bureau of Land Management
allotments. Mitch and Rhonda Heguy
grazed cattle on the west and east Avenal
fields in early spring. "The west Avenal is
primarily annual cheatgrass and brush in
the lower elevations and native perennial
grasses and brush in the higher eleva
tions," said Mitch Heguy, ownerman
ager of Heguy ranches.
"The fire blew through the lower west
Avenal in a matter of hourscontinued
Heguy. The cheatgrass and brush was like
'Mi
7 i . I
notables-
coldest winters, with a high likelihood of
snow, even at low elevations, occur during
such conditions. Such was the case during
the last strong La Nifia, in 1988-89 (Feb
ruary, 1989 was one of the coldest months
of the century in this region).
Nationwide, La Nifia tend to bring wet
ter than average conditions to the northern
states, drier than average in the south. The
Oregon Climate Service believes that La
Nifia conditions will continue to strengthen
through the fall and into early winter.
There is consensus among predictive mod
els that the La Nifia will reach its peak in
mid-winter (Dec-Jan-Feb), then begin to
wane this spring, and that it will be mod
erate to strong in intensity. They are pre
dicting a wetter than average early winter
(October-December) for most of Oregon.
They predict temperatures to be generally
near
average statewide through December,
then cool to below average levels for the
period January through March. They also
expect the precipitation in the second half
New publications
Several new publications of interest to
owners of small farms are now available
through OSU Extension and Experiment
"Station Communications. See below for
how to contact them.
Using Cover Crops in Oregon (EM
8704 $5.50) This handy publication ad
dresses the benefits and disadvantages of
using cover crops, how to choose a cover
crop, cover crops in annual and perennial
systems, and estimating nitrogen contri
butions from cover crops. In addition, it
includes a two-page fact sheet on each of
1 3 common cover crops.
Watershed Stewardship: A Learning
Guide (EM 8714-$32) This is a compre
hensive guide intended for use by water
shed councils. Its 425 pages include three
major sections: I. Working together to
create successful groups, U. Understand
ing and enhancing watershed ecosystems,
and HI. Connecting resource management
to watershed ecosystems. Each of these
OSU course explores
Native American
Images in film
Spend two thoughtprovoking evenings
with Dr. Kurt Peters, from Oregon State
University's Ethnic Studies department,
on Thursday, August 19, and Friday Au
gust 20, from 6-9 p.m. viewing films and
entering into discussions about the ways
Native Americans have been portrayed by
American film makers. Dr. Peters shows
current and historical films to facilitate
discussions on topics that address the
impact of film images of Naive Ameri
cans on stereotypes, identity, custom, gen
der, generation and families. The cost for
taking the class as non-credit is $50.00.
There will be a Saturday class on Au
gust 21, 8a.m. - noon with more films and
indepth discussion for students taking the
course for credit. The cost for the 1 credit
course is $120.00. Elders and high school
students are welcome to attend the course
at no charge.
There are a number of GTE scholar
ships available to tribal members who
have not already received a grant. Contact
Diane Bohle at the OSUWarm Springs
Extension office for more information:
553-3238.
To sign up for either one of the class call
Diane or Deanie Johnson at OSUWarm
Springs Extension 553-3238.
diesel-soaked paper. Once the fire hit the
fence-line boundary of the east Avenal,
where crested wheatgrass is the primary
vegetation, the fire stopped and changed
directions to the north, away from residen
tial areas. We moved our cows out of the
Avenal fields two weeks ago after they
had removed some of the vegetation from
the area. Had they not grazed there, the fire
could have been much worse, threatening
residential areas," concluded Heguy.
"Reducing fuel loads as a preventive
measure and establishing a vegetative fire
resistant boundary around your home are
the best known methods to protect your
residence from wild fires," said Smith.
"Both of these measures were in place on
the Avenal fire."
The hard work of fire crews, bomber
planes and dispatchers deserve much of
the credit for extinguishing the July 3
fire," saidToreU. "Howe ver, crested w heat
grass and the cow should also be given
credit for detouring the fire and keeping
those residents of Sundance and Crestview
subdivisions out of harm's way."
of the winter to be near average statewide,
except in northeastern Oregon where wct-
ter than average conditions will occur.
As in past La Nina winters, there is a
strong possibility of above average snow
fall in the mountains this winter. Further
more, there is an increased likelihood of
significant snowfall in the western val
leys. now available
sections includes chapters that include
background information, references and
related exercises for individuals and
groupsTlhe guide was written by over 15
OSU faculty and collaborators and was
reviewed extensively by watershed coun
cil representatives, professionals in nu
merous agencies and other specialists.
These publications may not be regu
larly stocked at Extension offices. It is
easiest to order them directly from Exten
sion andExperiment Station Communica
tions, 422 Kerr Administration, Corvallis,
OR 97331, 541-737-2513.
Native American
Experience Revisited
Dr. Kurt Peters returns to Warm
Springs offering a follow up course to
the Native American Experience class
that he offered two years ago. This
coiirse, begins Thursday, August 24th
and will have class sessions in Septem
ber and October. The class will provide
students with an indepth study of the
historical and current practices, poli
cies, and perspectives that create what
is known as Native American Experi
ence. Discussions will cover a wide
variety of topics such as .sovereignty,
the boarding school experience, Native
American perspectives on resource
management, definitions of what it
means to be tribal, and the impacts of
these experiences on day-to-day rela
tionships and world views.
There are a limited number of GTE
scholarships available to tribal mem
bers to help cover tuition costs. Scholar
ships are available to students who have
not received a grant, and on a first-come
, basis. Please call Diane Bohle Johnson
at OSUWarm Springs Extension for
more information at 553-3238. Call
Deanie Johnson at Extension to sign up
for the course.
Master Food
Preservers
Do you need an answer your food
preservation questions? Call the Certi
fied Master Food Preservers and Exten
sion educators in Lane County on the
OSU Extension Service Food Preserva
tion Hotline. The hotline will be avail
able from
July 15 - October 15. Phone calls
may be directed to 1 -800-354-73 1 9 be
tween the hours of 9 AM - 4 PM Monday-Friday
(except holidays).
Reprise of Large
Supplies For U.S.
Agriculture
by Bob Pawelek
Large suppliesof major U.S. fieldcrops
are expected to persist in 19992000, with
season-average farm prices stabilizing or
declining. Wheat is the exception, with
production expected to decline and aver
age price to rise moderately.
Red meat and poultry production in
2000 is forecast about the same as ex
pected record production in 1999 In
creased poultry production, bolstered by
continued profitability and low com and
soybean meal prices, will offset modest
declines in beef and pork output. Broiler
prices in 2000 will continue to decline
from record levels reached in 1 998, w hile
cattle and hog prices will continue to re
cover some from 1998's extreme lows.
This is according to USDA's Economic
Research Service.