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About Willamette farmer. (Salem, Or.) 1869-1887 | View Entire Issue (April 28, 1876)
WILLAMETTE FARMER. J Qood Hiv-TH Expandinq tor Lcsios. Step out into (be purest air yon can Hud; stand perfectly erect, with the head well Tip and tbe thoulder back, and then fixing tbe lips as if you were going to whistle, draw the air, not through the nos trils, bnt through the lips, into the longs. When the chest is about half foil, gradually raise the arms, keeping them extended, with the palms of the hands down, as you sock in the air, so as to bring.tbem over the head just as the longs are quite fall. Then drop the thumbs inward, and after gently forcing the arms back ward and the chest open, reverse the pro cess by wbicb yon draw your breath till the longs are entirely empty. This process should be repeated immediately after bathing, and, alio, several times through the day. It is im possible to describe to one who never tried it, the glorious Beose of vigor which follows this exercise. It is the best expectorant in the world. We know a gentleman, the measure of whose chest had been increased by this means some three or foor inches dnring as many months. Homt Journal. Cubic fob Diphtheria. The ravages of diph theria in Australia have been so extensive within the last few years, that the Qovernment offered a large reward for any certain method of cnre; and among other responses to this was one by Mr. Greathead, who at first kept hie method a secret, bnt afterwards communicated it freely to the public It is simply the use of sulphuric! acid, of whioh foor drops are dilated in three fourths of a tumbler of water, to be adminis tered to a grown person, and a smaller dose to children, at intervals not specified. The result is said to be a coagulation of the diphtheritic membrane andits ready removal by conghing. . It is asserted that where the case is thus treated, ' and has not advanced to a nearly fatal termina tion, tbe patient recovered in almost every in stance. Administebino Medicine. When a tea spoonful of any medicine is prescribed by a physician, it should be borne in mind that the quantity meant is equal in volume to 45 drops 01 pure water at eu degrees tab. it is a good plan to measure off this amount in water in a small wine-glass, and mark on the latter the exaot hight of the fluid. This will give an ac curate and convenient standard for future use. Teaspoons vary so much in size that there is a very wide margin of difference in their coLtain ing oapacity. It is well to remember, also, that four teaspoonfuls equal one tablespoonfal or half a fluid oonoe. A wineglassfal means four tablespoonfnls, or two fluid ounces; and a teacupfal, as directed by cookery books, indi cates four fluid ounces or one gill. Keepino the Hands Smooth. A writer in the Amtrican Grocer tays that glycerine is not used in the right way. She asserts that to pre serve tbe smoothness and softness of the hands, keep a small bottle of glycerine near the place where yon habitually wash them, and whenever you have finished washing, and before wiping them, put one or two drops of glycerine on the wet palm and rob the hands thoroughly with it as if it were soap, then dry lightly with a towel. Household work and bad weather will not pre vent your skin from beiDg smooth and soft, if this plan of using glycerine is followed. The skins of fruit, especially grapes, are often swallowed with the vague notion that they promote digestion, or the idea that they pre vent any bad effects from eating said fruit. No error an be more fatally absurd. Cases have occurred where sooh practices have been the cause of death, ard that of the moat 'txcrn- jiifttinc nature The skins of fruit contain no nourishing qualitieS7tmij,i-oiKi-of ttie mi indigestible substances that can be swallowed. They pass the stomach withont any cliasce, although they cause excessive irritation, lUd 'frequently inflammation of the bowels. Bibds Cabbxino Contaoioh. The Elgin, England, Courant records tbe fact of a pigeon Having been lately snot near the oity which has been declared by veterinary surgeons and competent medical authorities to have been evidently affected by foot-and-mouth disease at the time of its death. Tbe body of the un fortunate bird has, it is stated, been sent to the Veterinary department of the Privy Council office for examination, in the hope some new light may thereby be gained relating to the spread of this disease among catile. Tboohes. Every one can make his own troches by following this recipe, given in the Household: One ounce pulverized cubebs, one ounce pulverized licorice, one ounce pulver ized gum arabio, one-half pound pulverized sugar; just water enough to moisten; warm slightly, stirring constantly; roll thin, cut out with a thimble, and dry. UsEfdL lfOFTION. Mending Tin-Ware. Faith Rochester, in the Agriculturist, des cribes a method of soldering whioh we have long used, and can recommend it to all our read ers. It is essentiallyas follows: Qet an ounce of muriatio acid, put it into an old tea-cup or bowl, and throw in a few small pieces of zinc, such as yoo can pick up at any tinner's. After it has ceased to effervesce, turn into a bottle and use a Bmall stick to apply tbe liquid to the tin. Scrape the tin clean and bright around the place to be mended, rub some of the liquid on with the stick, lay on a piece of solder, and hold it over a lighted candle till it melts, and the job is done. We use a small soldering iron, and much pre fer it to the candle plan. A soldering iron can had for 25 cents tbat will answer every pur pose; 10 cents' worth of solder will last a year in an ordinary family, and the muriatio acid will not cost any more. What a tinner or traveling tinker would charge for a single job of mending will boy a complete outfit, and then you are done with the annoyance of leaking vessels, or being compelled to work without them, at a great disadvantage. With farmers who live some distance from town, the solder ing outfit is one of the greatest conveniences with us it is indispensable. We keep the iron, solder and fluid (the latter well corked except when in use) in a box by themselves, on a shelf out of the reach of children. The muriatio acid is a very powerful corrosive agent, and must be bandied with extreme care. Children must not be permitted to get bold of it. Several years ago we bought a bottle of soldering fluid of a man wbo was traveling around selling it at 50 cents per bottle. Not long afterwards we got hold of the above recipe for making precisely the same thing at a cost of 10 cents nstead of 50. Weab and Tcab of Bailboad Tbaixs. It is estimated that every time a train of cars of the average length stops, it costs in wear and tear of material and loss of power, fully 75 cents. This is what makes a conductor always look so cheerful when he hauls np at a flag station, in the middle of a snow storm, to take on string of onions and a man with a dead-head pais. An invention has just been patented by which tbe gas from coal stoves may be utilised for lighting tb various apartments of house. Tbb Tihxiko of Brass ob Coppsr Abticlo. Nearly all the known recipes for plating arti cles with tin are attended with the Incon venience of not giving the proportions of tbe rnbstances to be employed for this opeiat!on. If, as is commonly done, very concentrated solution are employed, tinning is not produced. If they are tco diluted, tbe tinning is slight. Numerous experiments have proved that the following formula produces excellent results : Dissolve 10 grammes (about GV, dwts.) of tartaric acid in a liter (about 1 pint) of very soft distilled water; boil this solution, plunge in it the articles to be tinned, and add 10 grammes (about OK dwts.) of fine granulated zinc. This gianulated zino may be easily prepared by shaking fused zinc in n box coated with chalk. Then care must be taken to turn the articles to be tinned several times, and re place the water which evaporates. At the expiration ot a short time the tinning com mences, and the articles in the bath must be continually turned over till the required degree of tinning has been obtained. ZeTVcAriofogisfe. SrjPKBioRiix of Wood Screws Oveb Nails Most mechanics who work in wood do not appear to understand the eminent superiority of wood screws over brads and nails. In many places one screw is worth three or four nails. When one is securing cleats to batten doors or cleats to a wagon-box, nails are very unsuitable when compared with the efficiency of gimlet- pointed screws. Screws will hold two pieces of wooa more rigidly tnan nans; and if tne tim ber should shrink a trifle tbe screws can be turned op tight; whereas it is difficult, in most instances, to tighten up loose work with nails in an places wnere there is an unusual strain on the parts to be held together. Cow Ham as a Subititdtk fob, Wool. There is now being manufactured in England a class of goods known variously as vsloms, Ul ster coatings, chinohillas, etc, alleged to be made of hair and vegetable fiber, without the admixture of wool in any shap'e. These gocds are finding their way into the United States, and the oustom house authorities are not a lit tle puzzled as to whero to place them, when scheduling them for duty. Testimony of ex perts was called in: but it was only another case in which " doctors disagreed." Tbe so lution of the problem has been made the duty of the National Academy of Sciences. TljE Hose. To Train a Colt. A writer in the New York Spirit gives the following record of successful practioes in colt rearing and training: Wt II, we have bred our mare. In due time the foal presents itself, and pleases us. The mare is turned to pasture; proving a good milker, the foal has summered well. We take him up in tbe fall, wean and halter-break him. His feet now, upon examination, will probably be found very long at tbe toe, throwing him back upon his pastern; have tbe surplus foot taken away, giving bim a level bearing a very important matter; attend to it. If, upon wean ing, he should become poor, yet feeds well, yoo may calculate he has worms; if so. Prof. Goings' remedy will remove them: "Give tbe foal, every day for one week, in its food, a powder composed of one draohm of powdered sulphate of iron, one drachm of powdered gen tian and two grains of cantbarides, and every other night an injection of half a pint of lin seed oil and half an ounoe of turpentine." Feed him on malted bras jSad steamed oats, with carrots occasionally; keep him' warm and comfortable at , nights, and be will grow all winter.' Bummer and winter him well until be is three years old. As he has been wintered in town every year, his handling has gentled him so that it is not a difficult matter to Break him to Harness: Drive him for a time double if you have a good steady horse to drive him with. If you are to be successful in breaking colts yon must exer cise the virtue of patience. The well-bred colt is usually "high-toned," and, as breaking is a critioal time you must not be in a hurry, re membering, at all times, tbat "Grievous words stirreth up anger, but mild words turneth away wrath," or words to that effect. Our colt be ing broke single, as well as double, we will pro ceed to develop the speed which we certainly have reason to believe he has inherited. After handling him quietly for some time, to gain bis confidence, we push him some, and, satisfy ing ourselves that he has plenty of speed, we let up on bim until he is four, when we propose to give him enug work. He is now foor years old, and we commence to give him regnlar work. He is pore and level in his gait. After a time he Begins to Hitch; There must be some cause for this. Thinking be has too much work, wo let np for a time, bat as soon as we begin to send him along he begins to hitch again, and swing from one side to the other with bis bind quarters. Upon ex amination yoo find that he has been hitting his bind foot about the coronet with the toe of his front foot in passing by; or, if an open gaited long s'rider. vou may find, by putting on shin boots behind, that he is hittine his shins or pasterns in passing oy dooi. t or tuts tne prin cipal thing in handling a colt is to watch him closely, and when you see him changing his gait ascertain tbe cause at onoe, and remove it, if possible. It is very hard to square np a con firmed hitcber; sometimes toe weights on tbe front feet will do it, the weights regulating ,the action the same as the regulator to the steam engine; if tbat fails, then weight behind weight first the foot be steps short on: if not satisfactory, try the other, then both. If your celt is a little hot headed, and you urge him too much, you may get hira to S'ngle-Footing. The only way out of this is by very heavy shoeing forward, or the toe weight, which will certainly square his gait. Tbe little mare, Nashville Girl, wears 22 ounce shoes. Why ? Because she requires them to keep her steady in gait. I think 12 ounce shoes and 6 ounce weights would be preferable. At tbe raoes in Cleveland, in 1874, before Charlie Green handled her, in scoring in tbe race in tbe first and second heats, she would come to the score ungle-footing and unsteady; but, by the skill ful handling and shoeing of Charlie Green, you see no more of that. Should your colt get into the bad habit of Cirrylnq the Head lo One Side, Or annoy you by shying, I advise, by all mesas to try the Baldwin bit Horses often carry their heads to one side, because the molars have prominent points on tbem that cut and lacerate the inside of the cheek; whenever you find your horse troubling you in that way, have them filed. If he still continues the bad habit, use the Baldwin bit by all means. One of the most annoying things of the many that worry the breeder and the trainer ia scratches. I reckon Prof. Copeman has recommended 60 different remedies. I was going to state I had tried them ail, but I will qualify it, and say a large number, and for speedy cracka nothing, in my experience, equals this, by Prof. Cope. man: "Two drachms of oxide of zino, two oances of lard, twenty grains of gum benzoin, two drachms of camphorated spirits." Occa sionally your young horse "stumbles" behind. I have always overcome this by weighting. Of course, if it arises from accult hock difficulty, weighting will do but little good. Tin very an noying trick that colts are very npt to acquire is tongue lolling. This is easily overcome by suspending the driving bit, or attaching it to the'cbeck by means ot a simple elastic band, tbrce-qnarters of an inch (one inch is better) wide, one and' three-quarters or two inches long; fasten the band in the center of your check bit by needle and thread. By this means you get rid of the tongue lolling babit Stock Bides. Meaning of "In Line" and-"In and In." A stock breeder writes to the Live Slock Record in explanation of two phrases which are common in stock parlance, but whioh are not always definitely understood: In and inbreed ing means coupling sire with his get or full, or even half brother and lister, together. Breeding in line means keeping one and the same strain of blood predominating in the male and remate wnicn are ooupiea logetner, tnougn in one or the other it may be decidtdly in a minority, while In the otner it is sufficiently predominating to give, when re-enforced by the minority, a controlling infloeuce in fixing the type and style of tbe produce. And now, after niakiog these explanations, I will make the assertion tbat there is no other way whereby Short Horns can be bred op to the highest type of perfection aod excellence, or can be kept up to this type after they are bred op to it, exoept by judicious in and in breeding and by keeping in line. In fact, jmt here is the real science and skill of Short Horn breeding displayed; for the converse of this proposition is just as true there is no way whereby a herd can be more rapidly bred down than by injudicious in and in breeding. It is bad enough to use an inferior sire the first time, bat it is next to total destruction to nse him upon his set, and thus not only magnify bis faults, but render them so fixed in tbe produce tbat it will require 4 several crosses ot jadiotous breeding to eradi cate tbe fault, and many more to so overwhelm the bad blood thus inserted as to render it entirely incapable of doitg haim in some after cross. But this idea can be better illustrated by the use of fractions, and I may add not only com pound fraction'', but the idea very soon runs into complex fractions. For example, we will represent the bull by 3-4, pluB 1-8, plus 1-16, pins 1-16, equal 1; while the cow, more scat tering bred, can be represented by 1-3, plus 1-3, plus 1-12, plus 1-12, plus 1-12, plus 1-12, equal 1. me practical tnects. Now, it is generally estimated that the dam and sire exert each an equal influence in the formation, type and character of the produce; oat in practical results it is lound tbat wtiile the dam and sire together is the source from whioh tbe type and formation of the produce U derived, yet it is very seldom that each fur- nisbes exactly halt in the produce, but instead, they furnish in proportion to the predominating fractions of blood contained in the two. For example, Bay, in the above, one of the thirds in the blood of the cow is identical with the three-fourths in the blood of the bull, then in the nnion, these two, being identical, assume their proportionately overpowering influence in tpaking up the form, style, etc., of the pro duce; and if all these minor fractions in both dam and sire are each alien to the other, or comparatively so, they an only the more over whelmed and controlled by this majority. But suppose that the other third in the blood of the cowls identical with th eighth in the blood of the ball, then the anion ot this third and eighth, though still a minority, will be suffi ciently potent to exert a perceptible modifying influence. Thus we see at once where rests the science of Short Horn breeding; and wo are forced to realize the fact tbat this science cannot be learned from books and papers, because it cannot be put into them, and this also explains wuui air. .Daies meant wnen be said in nts blunt English way that "Short horn breeders were born and not made," and again, "you can find 100 men to make Premiers where you find one fit to make a Short Horn breeder. ' ( States men can be made principally by education or dooi learning.; we see, too, tbe great utility of t ball intensely in-bred, of a choice strain. and of high tvpe: and we are now enabled to render an intelligent meaning for prepotency a wora newiy coined, and yet undenned in tbe dictionary made expressly to order for Sbort Horn parlance, as well as to account for tbe fabulous prioes paid for Duke balls, while other scattering or crots-bred bulls of extra fine form and style sell at prices comparatively insignia- cant. To Calculate Periods of Gestation. The following table, compiled by the Agricul tural Journal, is worthy of preservation for ready reference. It shows the time at which the average gestation of domestio animals ex pires, dating from the first day of each month in the year: Time. Cew, 283 days. Ja.uarj 1 October 10 February 1 November 10 March 1 December 7 April 1 January 7 May 1 February -, 'una 1 March 10 July 1 April 0 August lMajr ,j. 10 September Uuue 10 October Uuly 10 November. 1 August 10 December 1 September 10 Time, Sheep and Goat. ISO days. January 1 M February 1 July 1 March 1 July W April 1 August 29 May 1 September 28 June 1 October 5J ill July 1 November..... 28 ugui 1 December 29 September 1 Jimun. 19 October 1 February 28 Muiuuvcr i nirco,,,, ,, oi December 1 April 30 . Time. Bow, 113 days. January 1 April 23 February IMay 24 March ijom 31 April Ualy 22 May 1 August , 21 June 1 September.. w 21 July 1 October 21 August INovember 21 September 1 December 22 October , 1 January 22 November 1 February 21 December , 1 March 23 Ail IirrnasTrjra Expkbimkxt. A very pretty lecture experiment arranged to show the low temperature at which a flame may exist, may be pronounced in the following manner: Boil in a long necked flask, in which a tube has been fitted with a tight cork, a small bit of phospho rus with five times its weight of lime. As the pbosphoretted hydrogen issues from the tube, it burns with a pale green flame, at so low a temperature that a common friction match may be held therein for a considerable time without taking Are. The experiment ia somewhat dan. geroos. and should be made with great care, Anrl with nnlv .ra amall mnH-.. nW... and with only a very small amount of pbos- r.., SHeec d Wool. Mr. Peters' Experience. According to tbe report of Hon. Thomas P. Jones, the Georgia commissioner of agticul culture, Mr. Btchard Peters is one of tbe best informed and experienced sheep husbaudmen of the state. Mr. Peters has tested the Span ish Merino, French Merino, Southdown, Ox fordsbiredown, Leicester, Asiatic Broadtail or Tunisian, Improved Kentucky, Cotswold and native sheep. Of these, the Spanish Merino and natives proved most profitable, tbe other pure breeds proving 'unhealthy with him. He has tested crosses between the Southdown and native, Cotswold and native, and Spanish Merino and native. The crosses between the Spanish Merino and native, and the Cotswold and native, have proved profitable. Of these two crosses be, in common with nearly every other Georgia correspondent, cives the deci ded preference to the cross of the Spanish Meriuo and native. Mr. Peters' experience and experiments extending through 27 jears, are of great valoe; and while they must have been expensive to him, tbey will save others the expense and time of ascertaining, by exper iment, what he has already done for them. For general purposes, for wool and mutton, be recommends, most decidedly, the cross from native ewes and Spanish Merino rams, as the product of tbis cross showed marKed lmprove mect, having constitution, fattening properties, tbrifmess, and a compact close fleece. Wbete the pasturage is good and more size of carcass is desired, a Cotswold ram may then be used to advantage, with one-half or three-fourtbs-blood Merino ewes. A first cross between tbe Cots wold and native la seldom succe-Bful. Tbe pure bred Cotswolds begin to decline after tbe first season, and their progeny seldom do well unless the pasturage is extra good and in small flocks ,with constant oare and attention. While he raises only 70 lambs to the huudred ewes of tbe pure Merinos, be raises a lamb for every ewe of the cross-bred native and Merinos. During mild winters in Gordon oounty, his sheep require feeding only 30 days; in cold, wet winters, sheep must be fed twice that length of time. The Eucalyptus and Other Australian Trees. From the Pacillo Rural Press. Editobs Pbess: It was my good fortune some days ago to receive from our fellow towns man, Mr. HughMackey, some interesting facts and information in regard to tbe Australian eucalyptus and other valuable trees and woods as they have been tested by long use and expe rience in their native land. Mr. Maokey la the brother of Hon. Angus Mackey, commissioner from Queensland to the Centennial Exhibition, and the facts and memo randa referred to were received from him daring his visit to his brother here, before leaving for the Eastern States. An Australian Table. I had also the pleasure of examining, at the house of Mr. Maokey, a present from his brother of a ciroalar table, the top of which was very tastefully and skillfully veneered and inlaid with many kinds of eucalyptus and other valuable woods of the colony. This beautiful piece of furniture from Queensland, composed ofrso msny pretty speclmeiaa of eucalyptus and Other valuable woods, gavojme a clearer Idea of the great value of these Australian productions than any mere description of them oould pos sibly have done. Of the eucalyptus specimens, of which there were 16 pieoes, arranged in r the shape of a star in the oenter of the round table top, all were beaotifol, exhibiting a great va riety of rich and attractive colors, the grain of the woods being of each qualities as to reoeive the 'finest polish. No rosewood or mahogany could surpass these specimens in finiBh or richness of color. Value of Eucalyptus Wood. Knowing that there is a spirit of inquiry all over the State as to tbe best kind of trees to plant adapted to our varied climate and soils, and the different purposes for whioh they may be wanted I thought perhaps some facts and statements coming from the source referred to might be of some benefit to roaders of the Pbess, wbo might contemplate going forward in this interesting line of improvements. The great success whioh has crowned the introduc tion of the eucalyptus into our State, inspires the belief that there may be many other valua ble kinds of trees tbat might be introduced as well. The adaptation to onr climate and soil can only be fully tested by experience. Mr. Mackev'was surprised at the splendid growth the eucalyptus was making here far surpaasing in rapidity that of its native land, wnicn may, however, be aocoanted for by tbe care with which it has been cultivated. In calling the attention of nurserymen and tree planters to this subject, the writer would acknowledge that he is not informed what has already been done in tbis direotion. Perhaps most or all of tbe trees referred to in this article may have already been introduced and tested in some localities. Still, I hope a description of them as they are found in their native forests may prove interesting reading to many of your patrons. What This Generation Can Do. In your editorial article of January 2'Jtb, on "Eucalyptus Woods," you say: "It may not be for this generation to profit largely from the material of the trees' growth eicept for firing, because It will be years before keeli of ships can be laid with California grown eucalyptus as to-day in Australia." Tbis is doubtless true; and yet I think there are uses to which tbe eucalyptus can be put which may largely benefit tbe young men of this generation, suppose a young man oi zi years starts out in tne world with, say, only 1U acres of Rood land planted to euoaiypius trees. At 10 feet apart each way he oould set 4,400 on this land. Now, suppose his trees should all do well and grow as rapidly as the one on Delmas avenue, referred to in my letter about tbe Alameda avenue, in the Rubai, Pbess of January 1st. This tree at the age of 17 years (as I was informed by the man on the premises), measures six feet in circumference four feet from tbe ground, and was estimated to be 115 feet in higbt. Tbis tree would out, Bay two cords of wood, worth 95 per cord in tbe tree, making 9 10 for the tree. Or if 48 feet of it from tbe stump was s twn into Inch boards, it would make, according to a lumberman's rule before me,C91 feet ot square edged boards, worth, at V, cents per foot, 9 10.36 lor lumber. And the balance of the tree would make half a cord of wood, worth $2.50 in tbe tree, thus making 912.86 for. the tree aa it stands. This amount per tree would give tbe young man 17 years hence, or at tbe age of 38 years, the nice little sum of 956,584, ss tbe product of 10 acres of land for that length of time. But suppose we drop this calculation based upon posmllitlts and adopt one based upon more rcMOuatuio pwuowuH, auu avciago uio trees at 95 a plrce, 'the price wood is now woith per oord in the tree, and we have tbo oomfortable sum of $22,000, a tbe product of 10 acres of land in 17 years. How this would compare with farming or fruit growing, I am not prepared to say. But when we take into account tbe small outlay required to start the filantation of trees Bud the little work required n their cultivation for the first two or three years only, we cannot but conolude that in comparison with other productions of the soil, this would compare ruoJt favorably. It should be borne in mind that whatever might be tbe pecuniary result of growing trees for fuel or lumber, that if planted on land suit able for the purpose, but little or no expense is necessary after they have been well started and established. All you have to do is just to let them alone, to Btand and grow year after year, while you may, it you choose, be employed in some other profitable business. Tnere are other considerations favoring this interesting question ot tree olantinc. aside from the mere question of dollars and cents to be realized as speedily as this fast age demands, whioh shoold nave weignt wtin tne patriot, the philanthropist, and the lover of tbe beautiful in nature. But these introductory temarks have already been extended beyond my first intention. Some ol Ihe Timbers of Queensland. lion bark Eucalyptus xiderophloia), grows all over the open country; diameter, 20 to 30 inches; bight, up to 80 feet; 'with a rough fur rowed bark; the hard timber makes good sleeper and bridges. A beam ot iron bark, 20 feet long, two inohes wide and seven inches deep, with a weight of 3,301 pounds, yielded four inches, oat did not crack or break. On removal of the weight, the beam was found to have a "set" of one inoh, but was otherwise uninjured. Striney birk (Eucalyptus fibrosa), diameter, 18 to 24 inches; higbt, up to CO feet; timber used for flooring and fencing, but it is Inclined to shrink and warp. Red gum (Eucalyptus fereficornis), a noble tree, growing up to 100 feet In hight; diameter, up to 36 inchei; timber straight grained, splits easily, and is used for fencing and building. Is verv strong, and amongst the most durable of timbers. Used for furniture, plow beams, harrow frames, spokes, Bhnfts, poles, etc. Gray gum (Eucalyptus sallgna), grows on poor and rioh soil; the best found upon ridges; grows up to 200 feet; diameter of trunk up to 40 inches, with immense limbs; timber strong and durable; takes a fine polish; is used for hip building, fencing, and building. Spotted gam (Eucalyptus maculala), adorable timber; higbt, up to 80 feet; diameter, up to 30 inches; takes a fine polish; used for fencing, wheelwright and shipwright work, plow handles and beams, building, etc. Blue gum (Eucalyptus botryoides), diameter, up to 48 inches; hight, 70 to 160 feet; wood used where hardness, toughness and durability are required, and for naves and felloes of wheels. Blood wood (Eucalyptus carymbosa), grows np to loo feet; diameter, up to 36 inohes; wood very durable; has been found quite sound after Bubmersion for years; used for fenciog, anchor stocks, bui'ding, etc. Black butt (Eucalyptus pilularis), grows in the ridgy oountry; diameter, up to 40 inohes; hight, up to 80 feet. A valuable timber for building. Turpentine tree (Eucalyptus Sluartina). A magnificent tree, with large branches. Hight up to 150 feet; diameter up to 50 inches. Timber very durable and strong; does not barn easily. Does not split well, but excellent when sawn. Red mahogany (Eucalyptus rtsinfera). Grows up to 80 feet; diameter up to 30 inches. Takes flue polish. Used for cabinet work. Is Terr strong and durable. ,Bqfoh (Omtlina Lelchhartii). Grows in rich soil, Diameter up to .40 inohes; hight up to 100 feet, Wood easily wrought; does not con traot or expand with heat or wet; very beautiful and durable. Red cedar (Cedrela Toona). Grows on rioh soil only, with dense growth of vegetation. Diameter up to 76 inches; hight up to 150 feet. White cedar (Pentaceras Australls). Diam eter 12 to 20 inohes; hight up to 60 feet. The wood is oloso-grained, tough and firm. Pencil cedar (Dynoxylon Muelleri). Grows ' in land similar to red cedar. Diameter up to 40 inohes; found in scrubs on , the various rivers. Cypress pine (Callitris Columnarls), Diam eter 20 to 30 inches; hight up to 60 feet. Found on sandy boil. Wood valuable for dura bility, grain, fragrance, saBoeptibility of high polish and resistance to attack from ants. Moreton Bay pino (Araucaria Cunnlny liatnil). Diameter 3Q to Cli inches; hight up to 2u0 feet. Spreads over a large area of country, its polish is equal to that of satin wood or maple. Bunya Bunya (Araucaria Btdwllli) pine. Diameter up to 50 inches; hicht up to 220 feet. This noble pine grows in mountain scrubs; it is proteoted by the government of Queensland because tbo seeds of the cones are a favorite food for the natives. The wood is strong and good, eusiiy worked, and shows beautiful veins when polished. Light yellow-wood (Fllndersla Oxleyana). Diameter up to 40 inches; bight up to 100 feet. Is n good timber and has dyeing properties. Dark yellow-wood (Rhus rliodanlhemum). Diameter op to 24 iuches; higbt up to 70 feet. A soft, finu-giaiued, and beautlfnly marked wood. Silky oak (Orevlllea rolusta). Grows in damp, good soil; diameter 30 to 40 inches; higbt np lo 100 feet. The wood is used by coopers and cabinet makers. Box (Trlstania conera). Diameter up to 50 inches; bight up to 100 feet. Timber strong and durable in dry plaoes. Moreton Bay chestnut (Caslanospermum Aus rale) .Grows in scrubs; diameter 24 to 36 inches; hight up to 0c feet. The dark timber of this magnificent tree, with its green gloBsy waves, is like walnut. Broad-leaved cherrv tree (Exocantus lati- folius), Grows In rich soil; diameter 6 to 0 inches; night up to 25 feet. Cabinet makers use tbis very hard and fragrant timber. Coaoh wood (Ceratovetatum anetalum). Diameter 24 to 36 inches; hight up to 00 feet. xum ouu, iim, luuKu, ciuBu-graiueu auu mi grant wood is employed by joiners, cabinet makers and coach builders. G. W, M. Santa Clara, Cal Mar.lltb, 1876. Aukbioan Stkkl. An Englishman, now an ironmaster in Pennsylvania, says that steel is now being made about as cheap as iron; tbat every mill that is adapted to making steel has more orders than it can fill, and that such mills are running night and day on rails. Mr. S. B. Lowe says: "In tbe Northern States the steel ores are almost exclusively confined to Lake Superior and Iron Mountain, both of which are many hundred miles from fuel. In Chattanooga, EaBt Teunessee, we have a number of ore beds that are already being turned into metal and sold in advance to tbe manufacturers of steel. Still we must say that we as yet know but lit tle of what we have. We have hundeds of ore banka tbat never had a pick nor shovel in them, let alone the fact tbat they have never been tested." Tub Danforth locomotive and machine com pany, at Paterson, N. J,, is about to build 10 heavy locomotives for the Central Pacific railroad. !T, m r.. AS- rade. 2Sr t ! s man 1,3 -. e. I Mi t V, i A 1 3'l .! M M