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About Willamette farmer. (Salem, Or.) 1869-1887 | View Entire Issue (June 4, 1875)
WILLAMETTE FARMEP . 3 Economy of the Vegetable Kingdom. TtalrteentL Lecture delivered before the University of Cat Morula College of Agriculture, on Friday, February 5th, by Paor. 0. E. Bzsaxi. Our Timber Trees. To the student, as well as to the practical man, the timber producing trees of the Pacifio slope fntnish a topio of great interest. A well grown tree is a grand object, interesting to every one, from the dreamer who only asks of it that it throw its shade over him, to tht lumberman who asks it to yield him the boards planks, joists and shingles so snngly packed away within its shaggy bark; doubly interest ing to the lover of nature, who studies its forms and dwells upon its beauty as if it were an ani mate thing, who loves it as a fellow creature, and who mourns as for a frieud when some ruthless hand fells it. Wonderful machines trees are, pumping np day after day tons of water, which they allow to steam through the millions of breathing pores in their leaves; send ing their roots down into the darkness of the earth among the rocks and roots, and bringing Tip from thence the materials with which they build tall shafts which out-top all other living things. They are nature's master-pieces. Oo and stand beside the gigantic Sequoias of the Calaveras or Mariposa groves, the Auracarias of Norfolk island, or the monstrous gum trees of Australia, and you are with the largest living things on earth. What thing of life can claim even half the, antiquity of some of the trees now growing? Our largest redwoods were seedlings one thous and years ago. Bun back if you oau over all the ohanges our English speaking race has seen during the time these redwoods were growing. Thirty one centuries ago the Big Trees of California burst their seed coats and began their long reaching toward the skies, began adding cell to cell for the construction of spires which should withstand the storms of more than three thousand years. Thirty-one hun dred years ago, Twelve Centuries Before Christ, When the names of which old Homer sung were still fresh in the memories of men. Our people, our civilization, and our religion have risen since these giant trees began existence. But whatjhall we say for the great dragon tre.T ing ma five ace for the oce pla cen anc Thi kno past In to-ni of the matter, iieo.i, it TisaAle, represent dol lars and cents, but if unfit for use, their com mercial value is nothing. Now the uses which give value are many; without attempting to enumerate all, they are such as the following: they may furnish food, medicines, timber, gums, balsams, perfumes, spices, dyes, orna ments, etc. But few trees are so poor as not to furnish one or more of these. With us the great demand is that our trees furnish timber. The question of the lecture then, shall be, What Trees Furnish us with Timber? A convenient division of timber trees is into "soft wood" and "hard wood" varieties; and under these names timber men and lumber dealers buy and sell the woods found iu the market. To the soft wood division belong all the pines, redwoods, firs, spruces, cedars, arches and other cone-bearing trees, as well as the poplars, cottonwoods, lindens, white wood and a few others. In the bard wood di visions are fonnd the oaks, beeohes, chestnuts, hickories, walnuts, elms, ashes, laurels, cher ries, maples, locusts and many others. , Among the soft wooded trees the pines stand as of the greatest importance. There are many I species which are abundantly distributed throughout the northern half of the globe, and in every country one or more species seem es- j pecially adapted to meet the wants of civilized man. The Scotch nine. Pinus svlvcsiris. called also the Scotch fir, is a tree found in Europe and Northern Asia. It is a fine tree, growing best in the mountainous districts, where it at tains thi height of upwards of eighty feet, with a diameter of from four to five feet. Its lumber is known in England under the names of red and yellow deal, and is largely used for many purposes. The white pine, Pinus slrobus, called also Weymouth pine, is a native of the Northern United States. In Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, vast acres were formerly cover ed by this pine. It is a tall, slender tree, often in the dense forests attaining a hight of two hundred feet, with a diameter of but fonr to five feet. Its wood is for the Northern States what the Scotch pine is for the conntries of Europe. It is white, easily worked, reasonably strong and durable, not given to warping or checking, and besides, it takes paint well, all of which qualities at once commend it to the builder and manufacturer. Its Uses are Almost Numberless. Yellow pine, Pinus australis, is found grow ing in the Southern Atlantio States, especially in Georgia and Florida, where it forms exten sive forests. This is the pine of the South, replacing the white pine of the North. It is not as large a tree as its Northern relative, attaining an average hight of less than one hundred: feet. Its wood is yellowish in color, dense, heavy and gummy. When dry it be comes very bard, and is then quite difficult to work. Although used in the South for almost all kinds of-work, it is especially fitted for nse as flooring, and for Ibis purpose it is largely brought to the Northern markets. It is even used somewhat in California for this purpose; large cargo was landed a short time ago for the Palace Hotel, in the city. The sugar pine, Pinus LamUrliana, of Cali fornia, may be said to be the Western repre sentative of the foregoing trees. It is botani cally a very near relative of the white pine of the East, which it resembles very closely in everything excepting size, being giant as compared with its Eastern congener. Place two boards side by side, the one from the white pine, the other from the sugar pine, and it would be a most difficult thing to toll which was which. If California bad no other conifers, ngsr pine would be used f or as sassy purpose as the white pine, but yon are so fortunate as to have three or four others having different qualities, so that the use of sugar pine is somewhat restricted. 'On account of its light ness, dimness, strength, ease of working, free dom from warping, and readiness to take paint, it is largely need for doorB, sashes and bliniU. The redwood tree. Sequoia sempervirens, is the great lumber producing tree of California. It is not a pine, but is more nearly a cypress, having cones and leaves much more nearly resembling the latter than the former. It is peculiar to this coast, and even here it appears restricted to certain favorable localities. Dr. Oray considers the redwoods (including the giant trees, wmen are near relatives), as the remnants, so to speak, of A Former Gigantic Race of Trees, Which extended throughout the northern hemisphere, climatio and other changes having destroyed them long ago in all countries bat California. Beyond the Sierras here and there we find the fossil remains of gigantic trees; and we can trace them away Eastward, even into Northern Asia. Here alone in favored California has the climate re mained stable enoughto permit their continuance to the present. But even here there has been some change; for now the redwoods are some what restricted to certain districts, while we know from fossil and other remains that they once covered portions of the State where now none are to be found. On the tops of the Coast Ranfte mountains are roots and Dieces of stumps of ancient redwood forests. Ttey rep resent a dying race, which specially tavoring conditions have given a little longer lease on life. The Douglas spruce, AbUs Douqlasli, is a native of the Bocky Mountains, Sierra and California regions. A beautiful tree, it was long ago taken tc Europe as an ornamental tree for the parks and gardens. Here it is chiefly interesting on account of its timber, which is much sought after by railroad men. Its durability when in the ground makes it very valuable for ties and posts, for which it is much used. It is also brought into the market as boards and planks under the name of spruce lumber. Oregon pine and Oregon fir are names ap plied to a very valuable limber brought to our market from Oregon and Northern California. The name pine is not properly applicable to this tree, as it belongs to the botanical genus, Abi's, the tpruces and firs. The wood is firm, light, very strong, elastic and durable. It is used for many purposes, the most important of which is ship building. Ships have been made of this timber throughout, and upon trial have been lonnd as strong as if made from the oaks and other hard wooda. "Soli Wood Ships," s they are called on account of the lightness ot their materials, sink less into the water under a given weight of cargo, than do those made of the neavier woods. Masts and spars of this timber after bending under heavy winds for days or weqks, as soon (iiiatieu irom me strain straignien up again 5'fore. (ere are many other soft wood trees of this im which are now somewhat used, an$ h no doubt could be utilized if we knew j as to tbeir strength, durability and other ities. Among these are several pines, yel- line, P. ponderosa; nut pine, P. sabiniana: terey pine, P. hvtignis. Several additional . belong to the genus Abies the spruoes firs might be added to the list as also the it arbor vital of Oregon, Thuja; the west- flarch, Larix; western red cedar, Juniperus; (fornia white cedar, Libocedrus; and some irs. Of other soft wood trees than the con- ... !, California has none worth mentioning, and with the exception of the tulip tree, Lirio- dendron, of the Eastern United States, none of them are greatly to be desired. With so many valuable soft woods at her command, California has but little need of more, and yet it cannot be denied that No Tree on this Coast Furnishes a timber which can exactly replace the wood of the tulip tree, the whitewood or yellow poplar of the Atlantio States. Among the hard wood trees the oaks occupy the same relative position as do the pines among the soft wooded ones. British oak, Quercus sessHiflora and Q pedun c.Uata, is known wherever British ships have gone. This tough, heavy, durable wood has always been a favorite with British ship build erh, and the superiority of the British navy, no doubt, is largely due to the fact that theso oaks have always been easily obtained. So import ant have they been considered, tbat long ago great plantations of them were made and care fully guarded. Hundreds of the Btitish vessels now floating were made from the oaks which grew from the acorns which Careful, Thoughtful Hands Planted, Perhaps two centuries ago. me live oau, yuercu wrens, or the Southern Atlantio States, is for American shipping what British oak is for England. Unfortunately for us, as a native it grows somewhat south of the points where the most of our ships are built, and so it has never been used as much aB it might have been, had it been a native of the whole country. California cannot as yet boast of an oak equal to either of the foregoing, pos sibly because we hardly yet know anything about the native species. Our common evergreen oak, Quercus agrifolia, so common in and about Oakland, thns far has been considered useless as a timber tree. Pos sibly by proper preparation it may yet be turned to some use. Tan-bark oak, Quercus densiftora, growing in Central California, is now coming into use for the manufacture ot wagons and agricultural implements. Under proper preparation it be oomeB bard, tbngb and durable. Canon oak, Quercus chrysolepis, found in the ravines and canons of the mountain ranges, is tough and durable, and is said to be of value in ship building. It has, however, been but lit tle used. The walnut of Europe, Juglans regia, is a tree of considerable value in the countries where it grows. In the United States, west ward to the Missouri river, it is replaced by the black walnut, Juglans nigra, a tree of a thick, heavy growth, producing a valuable dark colored wood, much nsed for furniture and inside work in bouses. Its near relation, the butternut or white walnut, J. eintrea, is a smaller tree, producing a lighter colored wood, valuable for the same purposes as the former. In California a species nearly allied to the black walnut is found rather sparingly. Its wood is valuable, and is nsed to some extent as a substitute for the former species. It would be well to Plant Freely, Not only of the native species, but also of the European, which makes a rapid growth here, and of the black walnut, which, though not a rapid grower, can be made to do well. The hiikory is one of the finest of the trees of the Northern United Slates. In its bearing it is not very unlike the pints; its straight stem is surmounted by more or leas conical top, often at a very great hight from the gronnd. Its wood is white, bard, heavy and tough, and when properly protected quite durable. As it is subject to the attacks of certain Whi Ealiai laseeU, It is not much used in Urge or heavy pieces, its greatest value being found when employed in sticks or pieces but little more than an inch in diameter. For axles and spokes of wagons and caniages, for handles for tools, and for the smaller parts of agricultural implements it is valuable. California has no native hickorv. hence it is found to be quite difficult to grow it here. Possibly in the foot hills it might be grown. It is an experiment worth trying, to make a plantation of hickoiies in some of the eastern counties, for the State has no wood whatever which can exactly replace it. The elms are found in great abundance throughout most of the States east of the great plains. Some of the species are quite valuable, tboueh the liability to warp is a serious obieo lion. Europe has a fine elm, the Eastern States have two valuable ones, but California has none. Some of the olms are found to grow quite well in come localities in this State, and no doubt cou'd be grown in sufficient quantities to meet all the demands for elm lumber. The Ash. Here again we find, first a species in Europe, which is replaced in the Eastern States by the American white ash, a tall, majestic tree, pro ducing a white, light, tough aud durable tim ber. On account of these desirable qualities it is largely used in the manufacture of agri cultural implements. For very many purposes it is preferable to hickory; as it is not so heavy while it is very nearly as strong, and possesses, besides, the additional advantage that it is made free from the work of the powder posting insect. In Western California and in Oregon a small sized ash occurs in sufficient abundance to be used in manufacturing somewhat. Tbe Maples, of which there are many species, are divided into two groups the hard maples, and the soft maoles, referring to the character of the wood. The hard maple, or as it is also known as the sugar maple, of the Eastern States, occurs as far west as the Missouri river. In favorable localities it becomes a large tree, one hundred feet in hight, with a diameter of from two to three or more feet. When dry its wood is bard, and capable of receiving a high polish. The soft maples, of which there are several Eastern species, have a much softer and less durable wood. It is, when kept dry, valuable for furniture, and is largely used for tbat purpose. In Northern California and Oregon a maple occurs which may be considered as the western representative of the soft maple of tbe East. It is used considerably. There are three timber trees peculiar to Cali fornia which are well worth mentioning; they are tbe California Laurel, the Madrona and the Man zanlta. The California laurel (Oreodaphue Californica) is peculiar to this slope of the continent. Its wood is valuable, and no doubt when we have learned more fully how to use it, it will be ot more value still, rue juaarona lurnlshes a hard, heavy, light colored wood, which is, or can be made to be quite valuable. The Man zanita grows usually as a shrub from which it is difficult to get large pieces of timber. Occa sionally, however, it is of sufficient size so that good blocks several feet long and from four to six inches thick may be secured. This wood is very beautiful, much resembling mahogany, but being much heavier and harder. It can be made into many small articles of use and orna ment and no doubt by proper care and culture it might be grown into a much larger tree. Among the important woods of this coast not belonging to California, are those recently brought into use from Mexico. The most im portant one is what is known as Prima vera or white mahogany, a white wood resembling in many of its characters the hickory of the East. It is used extensively in the manufacture of fine furniture, and also for street cars, as well as for many other purposes. Summing up the whole matter we find that California is better supplied with coniferous soft woods than perhaps any other country on the globe, having no less than twelve which are more or less valuable. It has, however, but few soft woods aside from the conifers which are of any value. It is decidedly wanting in valuable hard wood trees. In order that the native woods of this coast may be of greatest use there is great need of Thorough and Exhaustive Tests, As to their strength, their durability aud their working qualities. Thore is no doubt in my mind but that when they am known we shall find that many of the trees which we now pass by as valueless are in reality very useful. I am glad to be able to annouuee that sueh tests as those of which I have spoken will be made this year at tbe university. Only a few days ago the arrangements were completed for beginning the work. In this work I trust you are all interested, and I further trust that you will give it a hearty support as a worthy work of a great and growing university. I have thus thrown hastily together a few of the facts connected with this subject in order to call your attention to tbo sources of our timber supply the kinds of woods we have, those we lack, and the need of a further devel opment, so to speak, of our own woods. Trusting tbat the matter presented has not been altogether devoid of interest, that it may receive fuitber thought from you, that you may help to develop this portion of California's resources, thereby adding to its wealth and its material prosperity, thanking you for your at tention and patience, I bid you good night. Coai. in Nevada, Learned experts declared tbat there was no coal in Nevada, but they are now shown to be wrong, for coal is found at various points in the State, and in due time good producing mines of it will be developed and made available aB tbe cheap fuel of the fnture. It is found at Crystal Peak, near tbe western border of tbe State, also away out in tbe eastern section. Nearer home, we have the Virginia and tbe Black Diamond companies actively developing tbeir miues the other side of Carson river, in El Dorado canon and a little beyond. Both produce a very respectable article of coal, which burns well and is made practical use of both in stoves and in the pro duction of steam. We noticed a few days since, in Virginia, a huge lump of the coal from tbe Virginia coal company s mine, in El Dorado oanon. It was brought in a few days ago as a specimen by a gentleman who picked it from tbe dump while passing, and put it in his buggy. This cost is of the laminated brown lignite variety, strongly bituminous, and burn ing to clean white ashes. Thre appears to be plenty of it and each underlying stratum shows improvement. Where it can be cheaply trans ported by means of a railroad, and furnished in quantity, tbat ooal will be found to be a valu able commodity in tbe way of eheap fuel. Phosphorous and PonxricTioN The pres ence of phosphorus or some oneof its com pounds has been observed to be one nec essary condition for tbe development pf pu trefaction. The more pboapborous the more rapid tbe putrefaction. The bad odor is sup posed to be owing to the escape of pbospbo retted hydrogen, and to tbe same compound is attributed the luminosity of putrescent matter under some circumstanoes. On pasting the gases evolved from putrefying matter through argentie nitrate, no phosphorous compound of silver was found, although the gases were com pletely deodorised by passage through the sil ver solution. The Department on Fertilizers. (From the Paclflo Rural Preis.) The Department of Agriculture could not have chosen a better subject for "a leader" in their report for February and March than that of fertilizers; and in no instance has this sub ject been handled more judiciously. There is not among all the subjects oonnected with practical and theoretical agriculture one tba' occupies a more prominent position than this and it is probably for this reason that so much quackery has been spent upon it. So utterly profitless has the treatment of this important subject beoome, that farmers probably would not have expected any more from the Depart ment in this case than a little fatherly advice about using more manures, with a confusing chemical analysis thrown in here and there. Instead of this, however, the Department very properly devotes the entire report to- a thorough diagnosis of the case, without attempt ing to prescribe. With this view it issued cir culars of inquiry, not only to all the States and Territories, but to all the oounties there of. Answers were received from 1,096 counties to the following questions : What fertilizers are nsed in your county? What proportion of such fertilizers are farm yard manures? Homo made composts? Commercial fertilizers?. Are the latter deemed profitable? Is green manuring with olover practical? If so, is the full crop, the second growth, or only the stubble turned under? Please state the practice and its results in soil improvement. Specifio and sig nificant facts desired rather than general news. The following table, which gives tne pro portion of farm yard manres and other fertil izers presents the average of the returns of each State: States. 1 1 1 1 Btatea. gg s fl?f fl3 P.ct P.ct P ct P.ct Maine 73 27 Louisiana New Hampshire.. 81 10 Texas 70 30 Vermont 85 15 Arkansas 69 35 Massachusetts.,. 76 25 Tenueiwo 80 20 RhodelUand 78 22 ;WBt Virginia.... 77 23 Connecticut 81 10 Kentucky 97 3 NewYork C8 32 Ohio '85 15 New Jersey 68 31 Michigan 73 27 Pennsylvania..,. 76 21 Indiana 81 16 Delaware 72 28 Illinois 95 5 Maryland 10 60 Wieconain SO 10 Virginia 59 41 Minnesota 98 2 North Carolina... 61 49 Iowa 100.... South Carolina... 26 74 Missouri 96 S Georgia 33 67 Kansas 100.... Florida 45 S3 Nebraska 100.... Alabama 63 47 California 98 2 Mississippi 60 40 It will be seen by the above table that the manuro of farm animals is the main reliance in fertilizing; especially in California, where the percentage of farm yard manure is ninety-eight, with two per cent, only of other fertilizers. As might be expected tbe correspondents in heir reports speak discourogingly of tbe use of commercial fertilizers. They are free to admit that these articles have a positive value in sup plying laoking material for plant-growth; but the general opinion is, tbat the genuine articles are held at too high prices, and that such as are held at moderate prices have been cheap ened by fraudulent manipulation. In no case as reported are they supplying tho place of farm yard manure; they are only used as addi tions, after that has been exhausted. The prin cipal advantage derived from the use of com mercial fertilizers is hastening maturity; and where time is the great consideration, as with garden vegetables, they are still used with profit. Still it will not do to pronounce a gen eral condemnation of them, even for farming purposes, for in some localities and on certain crops, they are still considered almost Jndis- Sensible. While a majority of returns from ew England, including all from New Hamp shire, report adversely in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers, Oxford, Penobscot and Cumberland counties in Maine, report favora ble results from their use; particularly, gypsum on young grass in the spring. Among theso commercial articles gypsum seems to have been most successful in retaining the confidence of the farming community, while guano is in the poorest repute of all. According to this report home-made composts are growing in favor. Farmers have learned that it is better to buy the commercial ingro dients for composting, and do their own com pounding, than to procure the ready-mado arti cle, for, in the firtt place, they know whut they are buying, aud whi n it isbought tboy can com bine with it whatever they find available and what is required by the peculiar circumstances of tbe case. In most cases, however, composts are formed without tbo use of any commercial ingredients. Where liquid manure is saved in cellars and vats under stables and pens, this is combined with swamp muck, sawdust, dirt from the road and other absorbents, producing valu able fertilizers. In tbe neighborhood of Philadelphia and other Eastern cities thousands of loads of street sweepings are annually hauled to the farms and mixed with stable manure in the propor tion of two to one, forming a compost that is highly valued, Cotton seed is largely nsed in the cotton growing States as an ingredient in composting; while on the coast in the northern Atlantio 'States, marine fertilizers, such as muscle-mud, sea weed and fish refuse, ure util ized in the same way. ' Tbe Departmental Beport introduces the subject of green manuring as follows ;"Beturns show tbat the practice of plowing under clover as a green manure is gaining in all sections where clover is grown to any extent. That it proves one of the cheapest and most effeetual means of improving soils, and at tbe same time one of tbe most valuable fertilizers for growing crops, and especially for wheat and corn, is made evident by very general returns, in which testimony, as will be seen below, is largely for tified by definite facts, as ascertained by exper iments continued for a seriesjof years. A very few report that this process of manuring is not practiced for the reason that some other is con sidered more profitable; but only two report that it is positively injurious. Juniata, Pa., reports that it is 'considered worse than use less,' and Duplin, N, C, as follows: " 'Our farmers are adverse to groen manuring with any crops, believing it a positive injury rather than a benefit to the land. A few years since tbe Bear Marsh agricultural club Instituted a series of experiments with the cow pea as a manurial crop, and in every instance, where the 'peas were plowed under green tbe land failed to produce as good a crop as wben tbe peas were allowed to mature and fed off on tbe land. In 1668 a gentleman from Pennsylvania purchased a farm in this vicinity, and in Sep tember turned under the growth of weeds, eto., Seen, snd to Ibis day the portion so treated m never produced so good a crop as the re mainder of the field.' " With these exceptions the reports are invari ably in favor of green manuring, though in different localities different crops are nsed for the purpose. Where olover is specially valuable for bay, as in New England and some of the Northwestern States, buokwbeat is used as a substitute; and where little stover Is Brown, as in the South Atlantio and OaU flUtw, the oow pea is extensively nsed. In some places sedge hay, from the salt marshes, is raked into the furrows and plowed under, with extremely sat isfactory results. Clover, however, is the crop most extensively ustd for green manuring. And in regard to the use of this we find in the reports a marked diversity of opinion and dif ference in practice. In some counties beard from the whole of the first crop is turned un der, in full bloom, and tbe land is fallowed un til seeding time for wheat; or the second crop, and most frequently only thestubblo, is turned under just in time for wheat. In others tho first crop is taken off, and if tho second does not fill it is all plowed under. In others still, the approved method is to plow under the first orop in June, replow tbe 1st of August, and about the 1st of September sow wheat or rye. It is evident, therefore, that in the use of green manure a diversity of methods is allow able, perhaps advisable; it is also evident that this is the cheapest and most available means for fertilizing farm lands especially in the newer portions ot the country. By this means our land will really fertilize itself if we will only give it a chance. But in California alfalfa is manifestly the crop to be used for this pur pose. The reader of the report, of wbioh this is but a brief synopsis, must, we think, be im pressed with the impracticability of striving for uniformity in the ndaptation of this, or any other principle of agriculture. Farmers i-honld, therefore, consider that though the principle of green manuring may be applicable to nil por tions ot our State, different localities require different modes of treatment. This has been made apparent to the farmers of different coun ties in the same State, New York, for instance, which is as nothing compared with California in diversity of soil and climate. The subject with its bearings offers strong incentives for observation and practical experi ment by the farmers of California. Curb or Colic in Horses. From Paclflo Rural Press. Messbs. Editors. Your oorresDondent MeJ. makes an inquiry respecting an ailment in Horses. He thinks his own young horse has curb. His account of it is a little indefinite. One might think, by his saying it was above the fetlock, he referred to the ankle joint as the seat of the malady, while curb is a diseased state of the parts of the hockjoint. The above two diagrams from "Mayhew's Complete Horse Doctor," here figures tho dis tortion in question at the point A, By con trasting this with the other outline which delin eates a natural leg with a "clean hock," a per son will be able to recognize the mischief; and once seeing it, it is never forgotten. It is a disease of young horses, and results from severe exertion or over-exertion. Mayhow de plots a horse with his rider, tbe former in an attitude both barbarous and classic, of balan cing on his hind feet; and refers to this posi tion as an active provocation to tbe disease. Yet this or that kind of "exertion is of small consequence in itself; but when you add to stress of exertion fatigue and sudden change of temperature, which is always from higher to lower, euro ana cone, as well as many other of the maladies of horses are likoly to follow within a period of a few minutes to a few hours, Sub-acuto inflammation (sometimes aontei of tendon or tendinous sheath of the synovial membrane, sometimes both of the book joint constitute curb. Do not blister or use harsh applications. Best and time are remedies. Mild stimulating line- ments appueu witn ine nana, combined with careful rubbing with the hand accelerate resto ration. Many valuable horses are annually lost for the Jack of a little UBoful knowledgo timely employed. Without detailing tbe diagnosis and pathology ot colic, I desire to set beforo tbo numerous and I notice appreciative readers of tho Prkxh, a safe and easily administered remedy for this Budden malady. When I say remedy, I mean all that term is held to com- Erehend, save one; it cures; it docs uot merely elp, or paliato, or sootho, or mitigate it cures. Under it the pang lets go in half to throe-quarters of an hour's time aud the sub. ject is soon restored. But it does not euro so effectually that the disease may not return under like provocation. Of several cases tbat have come under my studied observation, permit mo to relate one only as illustrative and instructive. Biding horseback one dark, autumnal night about ten o'clock, my horse laid down in tbo muddy road. In a few minutes a man with a lantorn came up and proffered aid. I soon discovered my beast was suffarinu from n iroxvs.ii of no! in. To havo gone on would have been at first cruel and Boon imposwible, for the tendeniy of horses is, iu this distress, no sooner obeying your call 10 get up man tney lay down again and roll over. Medicino on hand, I took as I fudged about one grain and a half of sulphate of morphine like a pinch of snufi between tbe thumb and finger and spread it over tbe animal's tongue, rather far back in tho mouth. Thcro is no concern tbat tho medioine may not be swal lowed; it is immediately absorbed into the blood, for the creature cannot spit it out, nor avoid getting tho happy effect of it. In half an hour the animal was free from pain and I went home. It is a piece of inhuman folly to urge horses to move about during a fit of the colic, as is sometimes done. Tboy should have Ibeir free dom and access to a soft bed. Two grains of morphine would not be a dangerous dose for a horse in this disease. H, Fbbskbvino Cast-Ibon mom Bust. Gir ders, angle irons, and other similar large masses of iron are often placed in exposed flit naif on ft. whorA rlnmn al oAm ,! -u vapors nave access. If the iron be put up in favoring conditions tbo corrosion eoon reaches ft fiflflfrArniid nifnt !.. ..... ii agree to ..apply such irons painted in three would to a certain extent protect the metal; but, as a rule, only one thin cost is applied, and the alilfhtMt ahnulnn Hnnui th. U., a - -"o v wbuvww saw UU UQW and peculiar mode of treating iron is the fol .u-.uM. wo luaiui in ueaieu until, 11 lououed with oil or fat, it frizzles, and then is plunged into a VAt nf mttAn1 nil mnA mu.. fPt.1.. .J- - -- -- - --- ., g.vwnv. aula UIUUD of treating cast iron is therefore far superior , . i. t""uKt me oleaginous matter actually penetrates tbe pores, snd prevents oxioauou lor a very long tlmr, while it does not prevent painting, if desirable, afterward. The Virginia City Enterprise says; It is the V6AJT will Im Aatul ta inw kIhaa ttiA eu.mAmu of the BUU. 24 gj J . . it ,