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About Willamette farmer. (Salem, Or.) 1869-1887 | View Entire Issue (April 30, 1875)
ii y I s I Mi I !' 6 tccnomy of the Vegetable Kingdom. fifth Lecture Delivered before the University of Cal Morula College of Agriculture, on Monday, February lit, by Pbof. O. E. Emit, (From the Pacific Rural Press. The Nightshade, Star Apple, Tobacco, Etc. The nightshade family, Solanacew, are her baceous or woody plants; lu all about 1,000 spe cies, of these a very fow species are fonnd nil OTer tho world, but the moht of the species are tropical, so that speaking of it generally we must call it a tropical order. Although some when prepared are wholesome, yet the whole family is more or less poisonous and this poison is a narcotic. Several plants, however, are of the greatest value for food and, outside of the order of graminfer-, I doubt whether there is an other single plant which has as much general value as the potato, Solarium tuberosum, a native of th higher regions of South America and also found to a certain extent in Mexico and one verynearlyallied species is found growing in por tions of California. The potato was originally very (mall, but culture has changed it. In this change, it seems as if the size of the potato was increased, while the amount of poisonous matter in it was not increased, so that it is con ciderably diffused and probably this is due largely to culture. It was first introduced into England in 1597, by Sir Walter Ralrigh; bat for fully a century it was very little esteemed. In hct, only within the last hundred year, it has come into general nse. Not only does it furnl-th food, but it furnishes starch for use in the arts. From it also there is produced, in some parts of the country, a spirituous liquor somewhat resembling biandy. I should say, whenever these tubers are exposed to the sun, they are Pervaded by This Narcotic Poison; So, of course, it is unboalthful to make use of them. The eggplant, Solatium melonyerui is another Bouth Amorican plant. Fig. 1. It hours large egg-Bhaped fruits which arc ued in cook ing. It has never come into gonerul use. Fur ther, it has so much of thin poisonous matter that unless taken at tho proper time thcro is danger in it. The tomato, Lycopersicum csculemtum, also from Souih America, is now largely grown for ts delicious fruits, though for many years after its introduction it was supposed to be poisonous und was grown only fur ornament under tue naino oi jove appiu. Aimosi any oi tho old people will tell you of seeing it grown years ago just for an ornament. Now, in these the poison is still present when thoy nro gieeu, but in ripening the sun seems to oliminuto the poison from them. If oaten when they are green they nro injurious, unless prepared in vinegar or in somo manner so as to remove the unwholesome tendency. A student. "The sun seems to bate an upposito etrtctupou thorn from that it has upon potatoes." Frofossor explained this, saying When the sun shines upon a potato, it changes the tuber into a stem, and it is therefore poisonous. I tmrmoso if the fiuit of tho potato when ripe could be eaten wxi would find little poison in it. As long us tho fruit is green there is great dual ot pobon in it which can only bo dissi pated by tho sun or tbo bent of cooking. Another plant is the ground cbotry or cherry tomato. It belongs to the go mm Phyballs, and is a little, low plant, with yellow, or oianKe colored fiuit, net unpleasant to the tute, in closed in tho enlatgcd calyx. It grows in the Unilod States. The wintor cherry, Piy salLi alkalctwjl, is a nativo of Southern Kuropo; now considerably grown for oinuimut. Cayenne pepper is tho product of Capsicum amiuum, n South Asiatic plant, coming from India, now largely grown in all warm climates. In this oiiso tbo niireotio matter or poison soeniB to bo changed into this pungent matter found in pepper. What wo call Cayenne pep per is tho variety whioh grows large, long pods. These being annuals, of courso can be grown very far north, and can also bo grown well to the south. Stramonium, or thorn applo you see wo are passing from tlio food plants to tho medicinal ones Datura Stramonium, is a largo ill-scented weod, with very large, trumpet-shaped flowers and prickly pods. ItiHteils Fig. 2, contain an nlkulluo principle oousiduud valuable lu medicine. When taken in conshtiralilo quan tity they produce rnvlnx and iu excess profound stupor, Blrituioultuu is kopt in tho shops in contidemble quantities. It is said to bo ouo of tho iugrcdients of Drugged Liquors. When any ouo is put into a stupor through taking coitaln litpiots, generally ttrtituouium Iiiib been uBtd in the liquor. It U, hooer, used quite considerably m legitimate practice. llelladonua is a product which has u hotter reputation and is derived from the perennial herb, Alropa belladonna, a nativo ot Kuropo. Tho whole plant in this cane is exceedingly poi sonous, ana from it we get the drug kuowu as bellaelonua. Like bubune, which is derived from? a neatly allied species, it bus the power of dilating tht pupil of the eye. If a drop is al lowed to fall uiiou tbo e e, upon the uuiiil. it will dilato greatly und it is from this fact it gets its common name. Delladouna is derived from two Italian words Mta, beautiful and donna, lady; according to Webster. The Spanish and Mexican ladles havo long made use of this to try to bight en the beauty of their eyes. Our oculists now put it to a better es. Tobacco, Kieotiana 7ii!xioi(m, is a untive of the warm portlouB ot America, trig. 3. 1 Jt was used by tbo original Inhabitants of this con tinent long before the Kuropeaus cuuio here, but it was very soon introduced into Europe. Iu 1d8U, Sir Walter llaltlgh took the tobacco to England and some eight years afterwards the potato also. At nrst, it met with great opposi tion, throiiutout all Eurono: kiusa. nriests. popes, everybody opposed it; nevertheless, Its use spread rapidly over nil the oouutries of the civilized world. Some of the authorities By that on an average Every Fourth Man Makes use of tobacco, A greater part ot the Cuel is derived from the uultetl mates. e is a atrip of couutry including Virginia. Ohio, Pennsylvania ami running down into Vew England, alio including portions of Ten neeesee, Indisua, Illinois aud southern Iowa ail through that belt of couutry i a very important aisiuci engaged in tousreo giowiug. Oeiteiu vaiietiee io grown very far north. I Have known its very proauule cultivation up sear lake Erie. It probably will become of more ana more importance. Among the weed we name black nightshade, which la a remarkable plaut botaniotlly, from this faet: that it ie found running as far north tea plant will grow, up into the frown rrglom; and also in the southern temperate tone, it ex. Undawfaraa plants will grow. Tbla itau anomalous case, because as general thing tho plant of the north temperate cone are hardly found iu the south teaaperate loo at all. Beeond, the "Jlniton weed" or thorn apple. It grown abundantly in almost all cultivated it grows in unmoral, not oi uea i an Among the flowering plants only one is worth mentioning, aod that is petunia. Thii", within the laat six or seven years has been con siderably improved, although a few years ago it was called old fashioned. Its ease of growth and delightiul fragrance place it very deserved ly qnite high among the ornamental plants. Iiefi-rring again to tobacco, I just want to make one remark: You wilt find.the statement frequently in our agricultural journals that to bacco is not an American plant. I think that remark comes from this: there are a great many species of Nlcoliana, some of which sre not natives of America, and I think it is from this we get the statement that the Chinese were acquainted with tobacco long ago. The tobac co largely used all over the world for smoking and chewing is an American plant. ihe second order, tnn Minis Of tbo order Iibialece, are herbs or small shrubs, never trees; mostly with square stems, very abundantly distributed, but most abun dant in the temperate zone. There are up- Fiir. 1. Seed Pod of Thorn (Datura Stramonium) . Apple wards of 2500 spociei, throughout nearly all of which is to be found a highly aromatic and pungent property which has cansed them to be long held in high repute us possessing medicinal virtues. At the present time this medicinal use has nearly passed away, and they are re stricted nlmoat entirely to a fow strong scented plants which make up the medicines of quacks and herb doctors. In fact, this order furnishes the perfume or odor for the quack medicines more than any other we have. A few, how ever, are harmless plauts, used in domestic nractieo. und called, generally, herbs. This uronmtlti principle is of importance as furnish ing soma very usoful oils and essences. First, is lavender, from the Lavandula vera, which is a little shrubby plant found in South Europe, grown for its leuvos; from these' by distillation is obtained oil of lavender. This, elisi-olved in alcohol mid mixed with watt r is what is known as lavender water, and is used larRolyin pcrfumory, Ilosimarv. ( Iloiemariims officinalis,) also a shrubby plant fjtind in Southern Europe, and to some extent in Western Asia; is grown for its oil, used in the manufacture of all sorts of perfumes; also vtry largely used in the manu- Fiir. 2. Ekk Plant. fucluro of cologno wator is one of the m ore important ingredionts in the 1 liter. There nro a gtent many others. I simpl will mention u half ehuen or more of them in testimony of this fact, that tho ordor is an orcior of poifuuio. reppcruiiut, pennyroyal anil sage uro European; sweet uubh is ran iiwm. baldly mention a plant of this ordor but that 19 luoro or less aruumuu. OUIUU lit llllDr ..a j.v j.w. .-. .... .. -. ( royal, are used iu domestic practice. It is my uiuuiuu iuui iudj hid ! - --", --- - - .i..- -....i .i.inul I .l..K, itfliofliHr tliiw nnssosH any. If wo must take fometbu g whenever we haven lime paiu, i mpposo o luigut on UiketheMe. I do not want to put uiysolf on record as agsiu-t taking medicine whin pre scribed by a physici n. If w wih to elose ourselves, wituout knowing nuj thing about their properties, these thingK may bo taken. A few plants of tho order ure of ornamental Milue. Two are iu quite common u-.e C'oeus and i'ci-liici ; these) are tho generio names. They run off mto fal-o species or voritties. These, here, have a brilliant, red color, They grow Fig;. 3. Tobacco Plant. east, in hotkuse; bjre, out of duori. Sage, an Indian species, and some tropical, are grown for oruauuuilal purposes. When these three are uieutloued, you hate about all. It eeems a little strauge that an order of so many species should not furuish more, more valuxbfe tor or nament. None furnish food for man or beast, though a few are used m substitutes for tea, very poor at that. None furuish textile mate rials or materials which can be used in any wav iu building no woods. There are but few bad weeds. I do not call to mind a single oue but that cau be readily dtiren out. As soon as you use the plow or hoe they disappear. It it possible that in some lo calities there are some of more wvedr habits. The group may be considered a yielding med icines ol a poor order, and perfumes of a high order; and it lllu.trates poifiotly how one pre dominant character may drtermioe the position of an order or group in the list of economio plants. The aromatic- property which it pos aeesM determine its position. Next we take up several small groups of, but few species, but oi considerable impoitanee, and first is the Eboay Fuilly, Jenootor, a null group of only a hundred and "WILLAMETTE FARMER. ixty species, fuund chi- fly iu the tropics. It derives its name from the ebony trees of the East Indie", and of the surrounding conntries there. The Ceylon ebony, Diospyros Ebenum, is from Ceylon. A second one, D, EbenasUr, is from Indis, n is also D. melanoxilon. D. reticulata is from the island of Mauritius. The trees are lorge, and very Blow in their growth, as you will expect from the nature of the wood. In the largest, the wood is of a light color, but ofter a while it begins to turn dark, and takes on the very dark, almost black, color to whioh it has given a name. This is labeled here as a trne ebony. I have some very grave doubls whether it is. but then it will show you, how ever, what ebony is its general appearance. I think if a bit of that spicimeu was taken emt and boiled in water a coluring matter might come out. It is probably white-wood BUined and Sold as True Ebony. The true ebony should not have theappenrauee which you will see if you hold it up to the light in the proper way. True ebony blackens in the center, and from the cen'er outward. It is, therefore, difficult to account for any such whiti-hness on the inside. Then sg un, it is not hard enough. Tine ebony should be jet black, considerably bard and quite brittle. Tue best is that coming from Mauritius. Ceylon and India are not bo valuable. There are a few allied species which furnish some woods of a good deal of value in certsin localities, but bo far, their values are ouly local. Io China and Japan, one of the species of this samo genus Diospyros, furnishes a very valuable and very delicious tinit. It is called there the Kaki. or Chinese date (Diowyros Kaki), and so in giving it 'a name, botanists very wisily gave it the same specific name which it has for a common name. You understand that it is not tbe date spoken of in literature generally; but this is a fiuit about tbe size of an apple, said to bo excei dingly delicious. It is eaten from the tree and also p'e-erved makes a sort of fig-like preserve. Can bo Grown In Southern Cal.fornla. If not already introduced, it could very profit ably bo brought into tbe United States. In the eastern Unit'd States andrunninsup. I hardly know how far, into tha Koeky Moun tains, have what may be caded the Ameiican date, or tbe American date palm. It is known in the East and, probably all over the country, as the Persimmon, Diospyros Viruinlann; the American date palm, or Per simmon, iB a tree growing from twenty to sixty feet high. It produces a plum-like fruit, w hich, when green, is exceedingly pungent. When ripe it is sweet and edible. Now, from the fact that this closely allied species produces such a very delicious fruit, and a hardy one too, it is very likely that this same Persimmon. if taken into nurserbs and cared for, might, in a r-bort time, be developed into a very gooel frnit indeed; notwithstanding that tbe name Persimmon is one we almost always smile at, us not worth thinking much of. It abounds through almo-t all of what mipht bo called the interior States, including Ohio, Indiana, Illi nois and southward. There are some in the extreme southern portion of Iowa. I think thereis no part of Southern California as cold as Southern Iowa. However, as this AVifci could be grown in the southern putt of Califor nia, there is no need of introducing it, the Persimmon, there. Taking it wild, we.l of course, expect it to be a poor tbing; but grow it, solecting the best varieties wherever it spot ts, and no doubt in a very short time we might get from it valuable fruit. The Star Apples Form another small order, the order Sapotacecv, which includes about two hundred tpecies, mo.-tly tropiei'l, and they are all either shrubs or trees. Throughout tho whole order, the plants are possessed of a milky juice and this npon drying becomes more or less glue-like. In gntta percba, or, the gutU percba tree, this becomes of very great economio importance. The gutta perrha tree, Itonandra gutta, is a tree from kixty to seventy feet in higbt, found in Southern Asia, and on the islands of Borneo and others near by. The juice is secured by cutting the trees. The natives there seem not to kuow how to get the juice in any other way. They cut tbe trees and peel off the bark and by so doing obtain tho juice, but this results in rapid uestrucion ot forests. As the juice dries, it is made up into little cakes and is exported. When brouuhtto theUn ted States, or Euglaud. or any of the countries on the continent, it is manufactured into all sorts of utensils and is applied to a great vi.rieiy of uses, As the trees only produce trom twenty to thirty pounds apiece and us Ihe consumption requires a very latge quantity annually, there is great danger that it will become extinct. No btcps have been taken, except by tbe British government within the last Sex years, for the purpose of re planting thesH trt os, ami as the policy adopted by the natives is Ntiicidal, we Might to be look ing out f r something to tako its place. Its uses aio very many. One peculiarity it has, is, that when heattd it eoftens up aud can be moulded into vaiious forms and when it cools bocouie h ird and retains its form; so it rau be v-ry largely used for any purposes required. Then auuin, it is used for the telegraph cables Very likely, if gu tit percba had not been fouud just when it was we Should Not Have Had Atlantic Cables. At least, lor come time yet. Iu order lo pre vi nt tbe great waste resulting from the present method, the tiees could ba tapped or partially girdled end their juice thus utilized for six, seven or eiybt successive years. This method, though not Ruing so large immediate results as cutting down tho trees, would give a larger aggregate. Now, Europeans pay no attention how the natives tet tho maleiial together at the sea- Jiorts. In some species, this milk is used for bod by the natives. I suppose in such species the- juice does not coigulate or dry upas soou, aud iu some casts the juice is used just as the natives of South America use that of tbe cow tree, aud as the Pacific- islanders have always used that same tree. , The star apple and tbe f appodilla plum, of the Wist Indies, are large trees bearing deli cious fruits abjut the size of an apple, which are said to be second only to oranges. Ht.ro, we know nothing st at) about them. In fact I never saw a star apple or sappodilla plum. They ate difBoult of trunsp trtatioo. They could be grown, aloiot to a certiinty, in cer tain pit its of this State. A few species furuish valuable woods, but they are not of general im portance as yrt, being known only in certain restricted districts, so we pass them by. Tbe last family to which I call your atten tion, is tbe Holly Family,' Or, the Aquifoliacttr, a small group numbering about oue hundred vpecies, allot which are trees or shrub. They are fouud in temperate climates somewhat, but mostly iu ihe tropical countries. The principal importance of tbe order lies in the tree known as the bolly tree, found growing native in almost all parts of Europe. It is itu evergreen, with leaves very much resembling some of the forms of tbe evergreen oak. The wood is white and very highly prised by cabinet-makers and turners. I have here a specimen marked white holly. From knowledge, I am not qnite teitaln whether this is the holly which grows in the eastern part of the United State, or whether it is the holly of Europe, JIcm aqulfolium. Yon can sea It la especially valuable tor inlaying, or for the uambataN of any aUoU where white ness would be desirable. This American holly is like that, bet it usually grows so small it cannot be used. This is f re quently taken, and wrought into the proper shape, produces the material called ebony, and is nsed as a substi tute for it. I suspect, as I said a moment ago, that this ebony is only a manufactured ebony. Without much question, that is simply a col ored white-wood. You take it in the light and you ill see that the color is not all the way through it. ... Paraguay tea or "mate" is derived from an other species of this Ilex, I. Paraguayensis, a little shrubby plant. The leaves are gathered, scorched, pounded and then used very much as Chinese or Japanese tea, and it is said to pos sess about the same properties. By the way, this name "mate" is a misnomer, and it comes by travelers mistaking the name of the vessel from which the tea is taken for the name of the tea itself. Tbe inhabitants drank this tea from a little vessel called the mate ma-ta and so it was supposed when they were drinking it and used the word, they were referring to the beverage; at least, so some authorities tell us. Benj. Franklin said: "The eyes of other peo ple are the eyes that ruin ns. 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