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About Willamette farmer. (Salem, Or.) 1869-1887 | View Entire Issue (Oct. 2, 1874)
WILLAMETTE FARMER. 3 HoftT'cdLTiJiii. Orange Culture. Nearly all authorities, writes Mr. W. Day, Jr., of Daytons, Florida, ascribe the nativity of the orange (citrus aurauttum) to Asia, but any one vismng me immense wuu groves of iior ida, some of whloh may be reckoned by the square mile, will find it difficult to arrive at any other conclusion than that it is also inJi- fenous to the soil of our American States, he orange is the most beautiful of all fruit trees. It grows with ft round, ssminictrlcal head to the Light of 30 feet, has a bright, glossy green leaf with an apron or wing upon the atom. The bark is of an ush or Bted-gray color, aud the twigs which aro of a dark green, are profusely bostudded with the most aggro vating thorns The sweet nud mild trees may readily be dlstlnguiscd by the leaf Tho sweet leaf is of a darker green, aud tho nprou upon the stem is larger in proportion to the m viii leaf The treo flowers iu January and Febru ary; tho fruit begin to chinge its color iu September, but cauuot be said to have fully ripened until the following spring. It clings to the tree with great teuscity for many months, improviug as it hangs, until during the follow ing season it becomes perfectly delicious. One who has not gather d directly from the treo au orange thin ripened, knows little of its true flavor. Upou tho wild trees tho flowers, the gum fruit, and the ripo oranges, one aud two voars old, niav often bo found. It is stoutly iifflrmo.l iu Florida that the orange seed will always bo troo to its kiud, but in tho Hearth and llomt of November 4th I find the remark " thero is no certainty that the varieties of tho orange will reproduce tbeni helves from tho seed. If a particular variety is desired, it must bo budded." I cannot agree, with the writer. I have seen, iu the vicinity ot Davtoua, seedling oranRo trees iu full bearing eight years old, tho fruit the exact counterpart ot that in Mr. Button's grove, whence tbo seed ling was t iken. But tho wild groves tound iu the truu orauge belt show most conclusively to my mind the seed is true to its variety. At Duytonu wn bavo very large groves of bitter, sweet and sour oranges. Now, if the seed is not true, aud, as is affirmed, the sweet orange is an accidental offshoot from tho wild orango, we should have in these groves au endless variety of oraugos. Thero should be swoct and tour, bitter sweet, bitter sour, and bitter puro and sltupl, with every conceivable variation of form, color and flavor. I a lmit all that is done iu the way of improving fruits by budding nud crossing in various ways, but when "in tho beginuiug tho earth brought forth gras and herb.yiclding toed after his kind aud the treo yiel ling f ttut whose seed was in itself aftor his kind, aud Ood saw it was good," I think it was part of the divino plan that every Hoed should W truo to its variety. Lost winter, orango trees wero killed at Jacksonville nud in northern Florida, whilo on the Halifax they escaped, and tho trees are this year more heavily laden than ever. The orango will grow on almost any soil, but if planted upou pluo lands fertilizers aro neces sary. Darned shells, ashes, bones, etc, sboild be freely supplied. Tho advantago of planting upon hummock laud is that it is ex ceedingly fertile, and it is often supplied with the needed alkali in its sbolls and sholl-marl. This is the cise along tho coast. From St. Augustine south, tbo const soil is based npon immenso beds of coral. Somotimes tho shells have been broken up by the friction of the waves of the soa whon the laud was forming, and concreted into what is kuown as coqulua rock, while the hummock lands tho lands which were last reclaimed from tho waters aro rilled with microscopic, shells, constituting with tho admixture of sand and vegetable mat ter, what wo call shell-marl. Oftentimes thn surface of tho ground is mainly an immento mass ot oyster shells, harder to spade than a gravel pit. Mr. Sutton's grovo, near Davtona. stands upon such a bed, and bis grove of 1,000 trees, with that of Cant. Durnham's, has inado tho reputation of tho Indian river oraugo. The cluster of twenty-eight oranges upon u xluglo twig twelve inohes in length, brought to this place by Dr. P. A. Goidon, of Daytona, a few aavs Bine, came from Mr, Sutton's grovo. Train. Am. Ins. William Mawson, one of the champion watermelon-growers of. Sutter county, rolatts the following novel way of producing seedless watermelons: When the vino begins to bear he lets the first watermelon on each branch grow undisturbed; but covers the branch up with dirt, from the first melon to tho second one, or within six inches or more from the end of tho branch, and the watermelon tint grow s near tbo end of tho vine will be a seedless watermelon, themolon nearest the b)dy ot tho vine having kept all tho Bced. Cahiuok worms, as far as we know, do not troublo early cabbago much. We know of no way of securing tho butterflies. The worm should be hand-picked; every cabbage must be critically examined, as tho worms lie close to the ribs of the cabbago and are of the samo color. Ex, Pomdlao Oiunoe. We are told that Mrs. llev. Wm. Taylor, of Alameda, has a tree bear ing tho above named orange. Among other peculiarities it is said to ba pear-shaped We would like to present our readers with au en graving and description of it. Vici station Insidb an Eflo. A foreign jour nal states that Frof. Fanceri made an interest in communioition to the luiditut Egyptien at its meeting in December, on the cryptogamic vegetation which he had found within the egg of an ostrich. This egg bad been given him at Cairo, and was still fresh, the air space having not eveu been formed. lie soon, however, no ticed the appearance of dark blotches within the shell, and having been broken open to as eeitain the cause, he found that they were pro duced by the growth of minute fungi. Instan ces ot a similar kind had already been studied by bim. and be had communicated the result to the Botanical Congress held at Lugano in 1659. The believers iu tha realitv of the spon taneous generation of living organisms have not been alow to seize on these cases as an argument in their favor, since a priori it would seem that the shell of au egg would ba quite impermeable to germs derived irom without. Fanceri has succeeded in satisfying himself. however, that the nnbroken shell of an fgg is permeable to liquids, and that these may in troduoa germs into its interior. He baa, in fact, actually succeeded in Inoculating other egg with a fungus which be had obtained from the interior of one in which it bad made iu appearance in a way apparently si mysterious, lie cultivated the fungus in esig albumen, and thus conveyed it to the nncootaminated egg. lUwniDK JocnxAL. A correspondent of the Bcitniijic Amtrioan says: I have run a piece of machinery in rawhide boxes for fouttreu years without oil; it is good yet and runs at 4,600 per minute. I put it in while soft, and let it rt main n ntil dry. Scoab Babbk. The sugar barrels used by the Sacramento beet sugarie are made of cotton wood. For ibis purpose, and doubtless for many others, it is wdl adapted. It is cheaply wosked because the wood is soft. Stack Exhibition at Mia Rav Dlitrict Fair awe exniDiiion ax me Bay uisinci rair Grounds. From the PsclAe Burst fret. It was well known by all parties that horo racing was to be tho principal attraction at this exhibition, bat as a good display of livo stock was expected, the Rcbil Pbkss sent forth a reporter on an exploring expedition, to ascer tain what there might be worthy of note in this important department. In numbers tho AThthit nf antmala tar nvfanilail Ma atmaiIa! trttia j I- .,tu.. i. r i,i..ii,.i it,., on the grounds, the cattle and horses on cxhi and in quality it is enough to say that it was bitlon were paraded ou the track, aud made an folly up to whit ho expected to see; conscious extremely Batisfiotory dlsploy, though there as no was mat utiiioroia is, at me preseui was a uoticoaoie iack ot inaicnmi teams among time, on on oquality with any State in the tue n0f. ni t3 Ut n proportion wer ,. i t. i ii i .li .i i colts. They wore, however, about os fluo a lot Union. Especially is this-tho case in , of cog oyer MW . ongh lMf nine, The cattle breeders in this Sta'e h iviug im ported largely and judiciously of late, and tho California-bred stock proving that the climato ' does not by any nieaus necessitate deterlora-' tlou. This is a point that has attracted a goo I deal of observation, aud the showing of Gall-fornia-bred cattle is as good as onuld bo destro 1. George Bennett, of Napa, has on exhibition a beautiful Ayrshire cow, "Boss Saul." Wm ei.mlnn nt V....A r!l. t.Il.fd l.Ij ft...! : bull, "May Duke;" tbeDdvon heifer, "Queen;" , time, without luourrlng tho danger of being tho Devon cow. "Victoria," and the Devon )eA over by a lot of belated o.rpentera? bull "Earl of Leicester." A. Mallllard his the ! I"")r? n, PM way of MfoutnR this pur finest display ot Jerseys that we have yet wit-1 ,,ory,V.0 "ro "'t"'n8 tua WtotiA regious of nessed ; comprising tho two-year-old bull, x ,, ,li?J??, , . ,, , , , , , . "Keystone;" "Cora." a four-year-old cow with , Tha UlV U11a'r .ct F'l'r '0Wl"' ' i,1,,,u ,0 bull calf flvo months old; "Vloradell," a two- seen, isro deitiued to be a decided success, year-old cow with ball calf four months old; " race track is prononuced to be superior to Itomaua." a two-year-old cow with heifer c lit four mouths old; "Bloomer," a one-year-old heifer, and "Lady Jane," a heifer-oilf flvo months oil. Major Vernon hid on exhibition in on tho d 1 v 1 Fair but oue t famous one ot our visit, tbo second any ol tne animal: but that was a somewhat tbo four-year-old short-horn Durham bill "Daudy Jim." M. Wick, of Butte county, enters a creditable stock of Durh un cattle eight in number. Tho first is "Orlando," a Durham bull, sired by "Crown Frlno;" "Elvira," a beautiful heifer three mouths old; "Bello of Butto." n three-yo ir-old cow; "Carlotta." u one-year-old heller; aud "Priuco Albrt," a bull eight months old. Uol. louuger, or in Jose, bas on exhibition ' neira-u lor iuo wueat 01 mo worhi, uiiicu pro 1 large and creditable stock of Durham cattle, vent its tiuklni? ho,W n certiiiii nrien 111 tnnea consisting of all ages, soxes.-bnt not of all 1 pnnnlllnnafnr thuv uflrii nil In linn nitiilllinnl i and would bear thorough examination We noticed two purtia.ilarly fluo bulls iu this herd Tempest," a thrco rear old, and "Lord Nel son," a yearling. Mr. J. Bridgford, of Missouri, has some Dur ham cattlo ou exhibition, also three horses. 1 Mr. llibort Ashbnruor, of San Mateo county, has a good display of graded aud thorough bred Durham stock. Tue graded bull, "Jupi ter," is prominent among them. "Water King," is a thoroughbred bull, ouo year old. Thero aro also tbreo flue bull calves. Th-re aro two thoroughbred Durham cows "1'iiii cost," three years old, aud "Sarah," fonr yo irs old, a splondld dairy oow. "Water Priuco" is a largo six year-old bull; ho was weighed a year ago, bringing down the scales to 2.CG0 pounds, "waterman is a tnorougbbreu bull, tour months old. Mr. Ashburner's stock en try numbers 21 hoad. Cutis. Clarke exhibits tho graded heifer calf, "Mollle," tbo Durham bull, "Duke or M indies ter," and othor imported and graded cattle. a. 11. uameron lias ou cxuiuitton tue inor- oughbred four-year-old bull, "BhsrifT," and tho 1 sentinels. Thov are leased to a inneJ coin imported heifor,"Prinoess." Ho has also some pany of English and Greek inerchauts nf tin fine llolstcin cattlo. The patriarch of this limited capital. Its rule of buiinoss Is inflVxi Ilolsteiu herd is hero a seven-year-old 1 ble. When wheat Uln below their stand ml thoroughbred bull, who is famous for tbo unl-1 prices, they bay and fill their granaries. When formity of color and othor qualities which ho tho prico advances above a certain rat 0, they trausmlts to bis progeny, "Opodose," is a 1 sell aud empty their stores. It may bo tlireo yearling, full-bred Holstein; "Fairy Queen" is , or four or live years. They aro patient. The a tlree-fourth breed Uolsteln. turn is sure to como and their prollts aro reli i- A. hitmle offers a cood show of Dnrbams: conspicuous among which is the ''Lady of tho alley,- ami "Alary Ann, a graded oow. John Judson exhibits tho Durham bull, "Urand Duke 01 Sonoma Carr & Chapman have on exhibition a larco representation ot their celebrated "Oabilan desiiju to establish such grauarioi, to hvo the herd" of Durham cattle. Wo recognize among wbeat of Franco from beiug seut away at un these some of the bulls and cows whose por- remunerating rates 0110 year, and tho next to be t'oits aud pedigrees have been given iu tho . bought back at exorbiiaut prices. Rdbal Pbkss of lata. So loug iia California farmers denond on Dean & Co. havo in stall 23 a steer, exhili- wheat, public reservoir of this kind may bi tted principally for his weight. His kcepor ' worthy of consideration. Tho French plsn declared that his weight is 4,000 lbs. Perhaps ' " charier district bauks with great pnvi ba does weigh a couplo of tons, but the by- N0". f lu'1''0 advancos on wheat in its stores, slanders our reporter among tho number ftml ,0 Hnar iu bo profits reallzod. Suppose rathir made light of this statoraent. no that wbut is htored at, say, $1.40 por On tho whole, the exhibition of cattlo may bo cents! til being advanced and in a year or pronounced ouounccd a good on; but we cau hardly say as much for The Hortei. M. L. Brittan, however, makos a fine show of just such stock as wo want a lot of heavy ilruit nnrsis, mares and colts. Mr r Haiull'tou oxhibiU a large and superior clan. Willoughby Smith, has recently illscov r.t imnu nr H.o i v.ii,.n a ii,.n iiu orcd a moat carious action of light iu altxriiic lot This stock is bred mostly for speed ond as roausiers, oeing extremely Kind and gentle, .. ., .-.. .- . . and easily broke to harness. Did onr spaco permit, wo would like to speak further of tho merits of some of the horses in the stock of Mr. Hamilton, and also of thoe exhibited by Jose D. Cirr and others, who also make a good dis play of horse-flesh here. But we must pass on to the Ang:ri Goats. Landrum ft Rogers have three pens of An gora Boats here, and J. P. Sargent has two pens of the same class. Thee animals show a splendid fleece. A larger exhibit of thorough bred and graded Angoras was expected. But the disappointment was less in The Sheep Department. B. T. Watkine has a good exhibit of Spanish Merinos twenty in number. Lewis Pierce has entered twenty-one of bis Shropshire herd, his splendid ram, "Jack," being among tha numb r. John Judson exhibits a Cots old book, three lamb rams, and a pen of flue ewes all Cotswolds. George Bennett hs a very Sue display of Southdowns. Jesse D. Carr also exhibits FomeHnntbdowns, Wm. Blacowhasa good displsy of French Merinos, and Severance i Feet have C9 h-ad of Spanish Merino sheep on exhibition, including their rams, "Califor nia Chief" and "Big Leg." This ram is the graudsm of "Gold Drop," of New Hampshire, fweuty of his lambs are here on exhibition, with the one-year-old ram, "Seville," and "Al ameda." a ram two years old, a son of "Gold prop." " Fremont" is anotHer two-year-old ram of remsrkably heavy fleece. He was sired by "Fremont," of Vermont. Young "Fre mont" is valued at 11,000, while "Big Leg" could not be bought for 1,WK). , The Pigt Now demand our notice. II. S. Thomson, of Napa, hss on exhibition 27 Berkshire pigs, among which are several imported bosra. "Yunng Comet" is one of these a fine boar two years and fonr mouths old. There is an other splendid Imported boir, bearing the vug .ifctllm lltl RnrirtM ftnlAl " Mr Thnmar.n'i gestive title, "Souen Oenteel." Mr. Thomsons Urge display is well asiorted a to age, giving the observer a good idea nt the characteristics of the breed. This is a breed of pigs pecu- ' "at,T adapted to this climate, and is becoming , p,uI,tf atr tne Elgti ThHT mtke flne UiimS and shoulders, the proportion of letm to fat being remarkably large. They can be brought to a Boo-1 klllliie couditlou at any age Mr. J. O. Mills has oa exhibition some fine Berkshire pigs, among which are two fine sows, " Princess" aud "Victoria;" the latter accom panied by six pigs, her promising offspring. The splendid imported boar, "Wellington, Jr.," belongs to this exhibit. Charles Clark has also on exhibition bo mo fine Berkshire pigs, from four to six months old. While tho representative of the PnK&s wan pp suco aud conduct were rather BUggestivo of hoodlumisui. Generalities. Although tho horo racing eleineut is the power behind the throne here, the exhibitors of farm stock wero satisfl'd with the treatment received at the h mils of tho directors. The accommodations for stook are good, though somewhat iuo miplete. Why is it that the pub lic' cauuot outer any industrial or other fair, at any time duriug the first half of its allotted any within reachinu distance of San Francisco. and by many deel ired to be tho best in the Stite. It atrords the fluest polbtV view of tue none aiirnw iu ir wuoieonrss. a Utile C'"U1S 'n tuo spirit of tho exhibitions ou tin se Kroiinds a change whloh we believe would not '"cureveu any pecuniary sacrifice would so. cure 10 iuih Associa ion ino nearly co-operation and support of thn community at largo. 1 Interesting to Farmers. From tho rclHe Kuril Press. a. i..v. r .1...11 ..i.. -.-..i .. T ,, , "M, ,, n,","T ", '' and cquallzj its value, ho there are batiks of n. ...,.,. ,, .,,!, ,., -i-1MM wi, , ' ' " is scarce. One of th"so great granaries wo will desorib.' as an example of all. It is iu tho Islo of Malta, in tho Me.litorrauoiu soa, about midwy be tween Gibraltar and Egypt. Malta is a small, rocky isle, rising abruptly from the xea, belonging to England. It lias a tine harbor, oxoivatod from the rock, ami it is made an iuipregnahlo refuge for tho English navy iu that sea. It is always well stocked with provisions. Tho government liasexoavt ted vuxt granaries iu tho free-stone rook, upon thn t-t ep bights. A bird's-eye viow would snow them as numerous holes, each covered by a largo stono, requiring1 machinery t move them irom 1110 uaieuwiiy m win cnniuoers uemw. l.very cnaiuner is protected irom damp ny a coding of conn nt, no that tho grain is not ' affected b the frequent rains ou tho rootlo-s ' hiirface. Many cargoes And Morage in each. A yearly rent charge is made, which includes i tint perpetual guardianship of promenading bio Wo presumo that those great storehnusos woro emptied at last year's prioon, and that tho law rates of this year will till them ugaiii, and materially aid in sustaining tbo demand. Ml Napoloou's reigu ooutinued, it was IiIh two prioes sdvauoe to a.a, tue prout ih easy to calculate. At our hinli rates of Interest, the margin would bo tnuoh smaller, of course, than in Europe Lioiit and EKCTnicrr. Tho English electri- ,u" " rici misun 01 a memi. 10 eiper mnnllnn ffp n uiihai. iin.nnui will mentlng for a special purpose, with some small rods of olenluin, about cno-twoutieth of an inch in diameter by three or four Inches in length, enclosed in glass tubes, wiili platinum terminals, ho fouud that their olectrio resistance varied most conspicuously and Id a very great extent. He finally trac a the disturbance to the action of light finding that when tho rod were enclosed iu a dark box their resistance w as perfectly normal, while even a slight ex posure to light immediately reduced it some 10 or IS per cent. On burning a inauuesiuui tiblxiu at a distance of nine inohes fiom the Kulouium rod, which, to cut off all disturbing action of heat, was immersed in its tub to a I depth of Hcveiftl iuches in a basin of water, the ' conductivity of the bar was at once increased nearly three-fold, remained constant while the light Istied, and as Mion as the fltma weut out immediately returned to its original value. The discovery opens an entirely new field of iuvsa- , ligation. Jour, of Clttm. Platk Polisiiino Powdkb. "The Enijtbh He clonic states that au excellent preparation for polishing plate may be made in tbo following manner: Mix togrtber 4 ozs. spirits ol turpen tine, 2 ozs. spirits of wine, 1 ot. spirits of cam phor, and ', oz. spirits of ammonia. To Ibis add on pound of whiting, finely powdered, and stir till the whole is of the oonsuloney of thick cream. To use this preparation, with a clean sponge cover the silver with It, so at to give it a coat like, whitewash. Set the silver aside till the ptate has dried Into a powder; then brush it off, and polish with cbamoih leather. A cheaper kind may be mads by merely mixing spirits of wine and whiting to gether. , ToTakb Stains out or Ivoav. A little pre pared while chalk, tinned with swatt oil aud sal volatile into a paste; rub it on wet witb a piece of wash-leather; let it remain until dry, tben brush It off. Tux raetria srtem of weights and measures is to be made compulsory in all cowuurcial dealings throughout the Ausirian Empire from January 1st, 1877: and in the pharmaceutical establishments it i required this year. Building Houses. Every man who contemplates building a dwelling for himself, will mike it a horns, a hospital, or a grave for Ma family, ao-ordlng to his plan. The driest houses are tho healthiest, hence those built of wood are the best; they are tuiro liable to complete destruction by fire, but not more complote thau iron or pranlte. Brick houses aro tho least Injured by flro, because they neither melt, scale nor crumblo. The damages to which they aro liable may bo prevented by two expedients. By placing a layer of slate or stoue between layers of brick ah vitt a foot above the ground, thi dampness fiom the earth is arrested, as brick soaks up water like a soonce. rue outer wans may i protected agilnst tha absorption of rain aud fog thus: dissolve throe qusrlers of r pound of mottled i-oip iu one gallon of boiling water, aud with a flat brush spread it oer the outer surface of the brick wall, whllo hot, without allowing it to lather; in clear, dry weather; next day difsoho a (putter of a piuml of alum in two gallons of water, nud pilnt it over tho soap costing; tho two combine and form a film of varnish which tho raiu can not penetrate. Thero should bo a space of about an inch between the brick and tho plaster. Tbo ol 1-fasbloiiod comb roofs are best, as they shed water mom rspidly, and givo a garret, which protects tho upper rooms fiom tho heat of tho summer sun. If posdblo, let the bonne stand east and west, the frout facing tho south, thus exposing thrco sides to the sun, and lit tho family loom aud all tho habitu ally occupied chambers faro the south, so as to have all the advantages of the warming, dry ing, and cheering iutlueucos of the sunshine. Tuo house should bo on au elevation, to allow I lie watir to drain oil in every direction, I'lastcrul wails aro rlouier than those papcrod; perhaps varuish is bitter than cither, and is nut ho readily soiled, and is uiorj easily dusted ami elesnsd from stains or greaso spots. Bare walls aro d nary and barn-like. They cm bo onuiieuted with piituros nud engrav ings, and thus made in-tructlve, auiiiNing and ditortiug to a very high degree. If frames are priforred, a very neat aud chtup pattern can bo made by getting n pliro of pasteboard and a f;las of tho sizo o( tho picture, which should 10 placo I between the two, and a rim made to answer tho purpose of a frame, as welt as to keip all iu place, by doubling over tbo edges a libbou or strip ot velvet. Ormtneut itlon may go still further, and bo made to afford tiuitu us much ploisuro to the eye as paintings, by sim ply plating u handful of heads of wheat iu a vimo of w it r. Each grain sends out bright greon lo diets, and continues to replenish thn f 'ding ones for weeks together, Au exquisite transparency liny w niado by srringing pressed ferns, gra'ses nud autumn loives on 11 pane of vtindow gliss, lajliiu un olher jiiiiio of tho samo suo nvir it, and bind ing tho other with ilbbon, leaving the group Imprisoned between. It is wdl to secure a narrow strip of paper under the ribbon, Tho binding should bo gummed nil around tho edge of tho lira" pane, and driid, b-foro thn 1 avis, ftrn, do., am urrangid; then it osn bo neatly folded over tbo sooond pauo without diflloiilty. To form the lo p for banging tho transparency, naUo a binding of galloon along tho e lge, leav lug a two inch loop fron iu tlm center, after wards to bo pull) d through 11 little slit iu the llliat binding. These transparencies may be hung bolnru the window, or, if preferred, se cured ngiliist a pauu in the saah. In balls, a bo iiitilul 1 fit ct is produced by pi icing them ag dust tho side lights ol tho hall door. Where Ilin side lights are cacli of only a single pane, it is wolt worth whilo to place a singia trans parency against each, tilling up thn outiro spaco, thus affirding ample scoo for a free arrange ment of ferns, grasos aud leaves, wbilo the effect of the light passing through tho rich iiuttimu.il colors is very fluo. lUM'i Jour, of lUalih. How' the Wheat Eating Population of tho World Grows. ll'miu lit Kan t-'rsocltvo Juurnal o( Cimmrrce ) There l one thing that is "! at all taken into account iu cutini.itiug the future market fur Call forul.1 Wheat, ami that is the rale at which the Wheat-eating population of the uurld gnms. In Europe llial population may le estimated at 120,000,000, In llic united Slates 4 J.ooo.ooo, and in all llic ret nf the world .it 11,000,000, making a grand total of 174,000,000, consuming nlnnit 1,400,000,000 ImOicIs per annum. This population increase!! naturally at llic rate of 3,000,000 per annum, 'llic increase caused by those uhu adopt a wlieaten diet in preference lo that which they base licen accustomed, is equal lo 3,000,000 per )car more. The majority of the people of Europe do not now use a w beaten diet, but the nuniberol Wheat-caters is increasing sensibly from the tendency ol imputation lo grav itate to great cities where a vslicatcu diet is invn riably Used, and from the change Iu the diet of the well-to do peasantry. This gues 6,000,000 more mouths lei Ik: Idled every jearthan were the year preceding. Ami the consumption of these at the generally estimated rata per head is 48,000,000 bushels a) car. There arc then 48,000,. 000 bushels more required this year than last, ami 48,000,000 bushcU more will Ik: re quired iu 1875 than arc now. If California was called Ukih to supply this increased quantity she could not do II, ami con. sidcring how, even In the United Stttes, the city is bang built up at the expense of the country, and how the ratio of the agricultural population to the whole, in certain sections, Is decreasing, it is nultc certain that the united efforts of all the Wheal growing sections of the Union could not supply II. True it is, that the area under Wheat in Europe is increasing from year to year, but It it only 111 particular countries, and 11 not all equal to the increased demand. There need then be no fear of markets for our continually increasing turplus of Wheat, Hut wc must nut confine ourselves to telling only lo one people. There is not a country of Europe outside ol Russia to which we could not tend a few cargoes of Wheat, There is not a port of South or Central America of any impor lance to which wc could not do the same. In short, if we mean to continue the production of Wheat on a large scale, and lo increase year liv year tlic breadth of land under it; wc must Imi tate the example of llic merchants of Great Bri tain, and seek for markets instead of wailing for foreign communities to Invite us. I.et this lie done, and it will not entirely depend on the fluc tuations nf the Liverpool market as to whether we shall obtain i I 50 or J1.00 xr cental for our Wheat, and the fear of overstocking one market will not Ik: allowed to paralyze the progress of agricultural industry on llic coast, Ai.rALKA on Anoiis Boils, Mr. W, N. Hoi erts, I La Patera, sowed about lr acio last spring with mixed birUy and alfalfa seed, on uflotui 1.nrt fstlfl ftflnr rntfllltf l.f? a hfMVV cron of barley, now finds thi ullslfa springing up irom tne usrii, ury rncui, wiiuuui n ..iwi u, rain. Those who have experimented in that ilntitmili.inil n. ,miiAnd that alfalfa will bu a peifeit success, even ou f'Ur uversgo t'jp lands, w thout Irrigation, though It may take a sear to get it flirty started Once rooted, alfalfa is a determine I grower, aud will jiild from three to 10 tons per sere each year, according to the charae'erot the soil. Santa Ihrbant Intltt, Thermometers. Tho simple principle of the thermometer ie that a change in temperature produces a ohange in volume; and upon the uniformity of this in crease depends tha acenrsoy of tha Instrument. As instruments aro usually made, this is as sumed to be so throughout their entire range, but, in reality, this is not the oase, cither with a mercurial or spirit thermometer, especially the latter at low temperature, or with cither one as tho heat approaches the boiling point of the liquid. For measuring all ordinary ranges of temperature tho expansion of mercury is so nearly uniform that tho graduations aro made equidistant. If thoy woro dlvidtd in accord unco with tho expansion of the mercury tho spaci-s fo.- each division would Increase from the zero point upward, ami dicnuso from it downward. Tha freezing and boiling points aro defined for tho thermometer by immersion iu boiling water au I melting ice, mid the spaco between these is then divided into any srbittary number of equal parts, according to tho stau lard de sired. In tho common instrument, used for tho ordinary observatl n of temperature, the space is divided into 180 equal p irts, aud is known as the Fahrenheit scale, so mined after its inventor. In this iiiitriiineut tho zero point is ;U degrees bolow tho freezing point of water erroneously so plaoed by its inventor, because ho supposed that 111 s was tho ab-oluto zero ot temperature. Now, since tho rafo of expansion is not uni form in the tube of tho thermometer, it follows that llits divisions of tha hchIo aro too short from tho boiling point up or down, and too nhort from the freezing p.ilnt up; consequently thero can bo only one point on tho scale of a thermometer which is really ao.-urata, all tho others being only iipproiiiualc, either abovo or bolow tho truth. Thero aio set sovoral other unavoidable sources of error lo bo considered. First, tho glaH iu which tho mercury is contained also expands and coutrscts with tho elimgos of temperature, but at a rato cortb'pnndtug to only one-seventh that of mercury; so that, in order to bo accurate, allowance must be made for this, if tho graduation is madn upon tho sti in of tho Instrument; if made upon the metal scale to which tho glass is usually attached, still another compensation must be made, as expin.iou of tbo metal is different from either. Etroiioous, therefore, as the measuring of heat must necessarily bo by tho use of a thermome ter, it is yet an instrument of tho utmost im portance to thn practical scientist In every Hold of iuvostigitiou and industry. Where very miiiiito differences ot teruporntiiro aro to bo measured an Instrument calhd a thurtno multiplier is used. This ingenious instrument was brought lo such a wonder fill degree ot per fection by Tyud ill that oven tho differences in tho bodily temperature of insects could bo measured, and by its use inauy Intorisdlng and list till discoveries havo been made. HV.( mi Jiiiuiacfiirrr How Thimbles are Made. Tha uinmifactutr nf thimbles is vory sim ple, but singularly Interesting, and Is described as follows: Coin sltvir Is mostly usid, and is obtained by purchasing coin dollars, Honco it happens that tho pmtUsof tho business ar af fected luslantanpounly by all tho variations Iu tho nation's greenback promise to pay. Tho tlri-t oporation strikosu nnvlcuuHalmnat wicked, for it is nothing elso than putting a lot of lirijht silver dollars, fresh from tho mint, iuto dirty crucibles, and melting them un into solid ingots, Tiicsn aro rolled out Into tho required Ihiokuoss, and cut by a htainp into circular pieces of nny required size, A solid metal bar nf tho sizo nf tho inside of tbo thimble, moved by Kworful machinery up ond down In a bot tomless mold of the outsldo of tha same thim ble, bonds tho circular disks iuto the thimble shapo us fast as thov cau Ih) placed under tho descending bur. Unco iu shape thn work of brightening, polishing nud deooruting Is done iiH)ii a latlio. Find tho blank form is fitted nil in a rapidly re vols lug rod. A slight touch 111 a sharp chisel takes a thin shaving from the end, another dues tho samo on tho side, and tho third rounds off tho rim. A round steel rod, dipped iu nil and pressed iion tha surface, gives it is lustrous polish. Then a littlo, re volving steel wheel, whoso edge Is n raised or nament, hold against tho revolving blank, prints that ornament Just outside the rim, A secoud wheel prints a different ornament around tho center, whllo a third wheel with sharp points makes tho Indentations on the lower half end of tho thimble, Tho Inside is brightened and polished iu it similar way, tho thimblo being held in a revolving mold. All that remains to bo donn is to boll tho comple ted thimbles in soati stills, to remove tho oil, brush thoui up, mid pack them for thn trado. How to Make a Good Bed. Perhaps some boost keepers would liko to know how they csn mako an inexpensive, and at the sums time a good aud durable bod, or mattress and bolster. I havo a bed that will (with good usage) last n lifetime. It Is merely n tick, tho sa m n us for straw, it husks, with opouiiigs Iu tho upper side to Insert the hand (or stirring, and tilled with cut paper. Now, reader, do not throw aside the pipor with dis gust, but, if for nothing but ourlo-ity, finish the article, it will do no harm; possibly you may he induced to mako ono. The work of catting llm paper is not snob a long job as yon would think. Take any kind of clean paMjr (except straw paper) ami fold it, or roll, s that iu oan bo cut with one clip of tho shears, and then cut it; you need not bo particular as to tha width, although tho narrower it is out tbo better. These clippings are liko little, curls or rings of paier, and llo almost as light as feathers, and after using the bod thoy will not break up and grow fltin and dusty, but are oleao, and otn be stirred as light as whsn first usej, I have heard ptoplo who havo slept outh.tasey "they wore the boat bed thoy ever slept ou," I pre fer them to feathers or commou rust tresses; hair mattresses are nicer, of course, but few of us farmers' wive oin afford to buy them, whereas, tho paper bed we oan have without coat, except the work, and that the smallest child you havo who can use a pair of shears, will hvlp you, and if not kept busy (00 long at time, will think it but play. The same material makes nica pillows for lounges, chair oushlons, cradle ticks, eto, I have a box to keep waste apr in, whioh Is out of the way, and at the same time handier thau the rag-bag; and when it Is fall, I cut them up into another box and put them into the tick. I use the same tioks that I have used for straw; wash them and eew up the openings, so they are jnst large enough lor the baud to pats through readily; three openings are sufficient. Vor, Cincinnati Tfrnss. Hisk I a Japauess receipt for keeping meat fresh iu hot weather: l'laae it in a oloan por celain bowl and pour very hot water over it ao as to cover II. men pour oil on me water. Tbo air i thus quite excluded and the Beat is perservtrd. Tub Farmsrs' Union of Stockton have ship ped tnrre sucks ol wheat to Anderson dlstrlot, South Carolina, for sewl.