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About Eugene register-guard. (Eugene, Or.) 1930-1983 | View Entire Issue (April 21, 1963)
Page 8A EUGENE REGISTER-GUARD, Sunday, April 21, 1963 From Specials to Rivieras 'mm LOOK AT THE SELECTION Huling Buick offers for your inspection a Special Buick Motors Division shipment of all models . . . Look at the availability! Huge Gel Acquainted Savings ON ALL MODELS Si i I The car with luxury, styling and I I , i '"'wMOT.N, t . .s the top of tne jne" J07 hn jCVI a, , U w v (AP Newifeatures photo) I Jnpacv Youngsters investigate a trench in New Delhi, one of the many J reminders that India is prepared for another attack by the rp Chinese Communists. In the background is Connaught Circle, 1 rUCG New Delhi's marketing center. Despite Chinese Withdrawal Red Attack Wrought Deep Changes inlndia By HENRY S. BRADSHER Of the Associated Prui Dusty men In turbans chipped way at a brick wall and it tumbled Into the narrow bazaar treet of old Delhi. A symbol of the Chinese danger was gone. The wall had been built half a year earlier at the peak of the fear that Communist China might send its warplanes over the capital of India. Delhi mu nicipal corporation spent $10, 500 lining the sidewalks with walls to protect pedestrians from bomb splinters. Some were made of substand ard cement and crumbled by themselves long bctoro the cor poration decided they were use less. Now the rest are coming down. Slit trenches dug in grassy paces that bcautity New Delhi are filling up with refuse with out aver filling with refugees ' from air raids. Air raids have not come yet. But the Indian government, thrown off balance by the Chi nese voluntary withdrawal after their invasion victories, is still apprehensive that they might at tack again. Fear of an attack this spring has, however, les sened since the Chinese began April 10 to return Indians taken prisoner last autumn. War Standing Remains With the fading of fear, tho tense of emergency too has dis sipated, although the formal state of emergency remains on the government books. India is still under war regulations im posed without a declaration ot war with China. On tho surface little differ ence is visible between India before Oct. 20 and the nation of today, six months after the Chinese attack. But there is a major change In tho image that India holds of Itself and that others hnve of this ancient nation of halt a million villnges. Tho imago re flects tho internal change of mood. Tho Imago had been that ot a frail little man, Mohandas K. Gandhi, who preached a non violent approach to a hostile world, and of his lieutenant, Jawaharal Nehru, who admon ished tho world to be less hos tile. India was a nntion that tried to solve others' problems. It specialized in telling the West that-Cnmmunists, especially Chi nese Communists in Korea and Indochina, were not really so bad If treated decently. It urged others to settle dis putes by peaceful means. Like a domesticated elephant that turns rogue, nonviolent In dia seized Goa from Portugal in December 1081. But if the West disapproved, China and Afro Asian nations applauded this deviation. Prime Minister Nehru slill talked as if the world could he a place of peaceful Internation al brotherhood. Nehru could not believe the dispute with China over 51,000 quare miles of rugged Hima layan borderlands would de stroy the friendship of the two most populous nations on earth. But the Chinese attacked. 'Artificial Atmosphere' "We were living in an artifi cial atmosphere of our own creation and we have been shocked out of it," Nehru ad mitted. The new reality for India be came power. Walking the tight . rope of nonalignment was re vealed to require not only a delicate ,-onso of balance but also steely muscles. India lucked muscles. Acquiring them meant devel oping a patriotic spirit. It came when Nehru told India's 4H1 million people that the entire nation was threatened by the thinking all along that the Chi nese had only limited objec tives. People rallied together in the name of the motherland that they had previously ignored in preference for regional linguist tic and caste loyalties which cut India into dozens of pieces. "We finally got the kind of nationalism that flowered in 19th century Europe," an In dian historian commented. Acquiring muscles also meant turning to anyone abroad who would provide weapons. The only significant help has come from tho United States, Britain, Canada and Australia. 1 Nehru says India remains nonaligncd. One reason is a de sire to keep the Soviet Union friendly In the hope It will not help China much even if it does not help India and more than the token shipment of four MIG-21 jet fighters promised before the Chinese attack. Nehru is now wavering be tween two conflicting roles: War leader doing what is neces sary to defend his peoplo and exponent of nonviolence and nonalignment. In the first, he has to accept Western help including the promise of fighter planes to op erate from Indian airfields if the Chinese should launch air raids. But the second role as well as national pride prevent Nehru from admitting this de pendence. The result is a policy that is publicly fuzzy although clear to people who run the Indian government. Few Act 'Nonaligncd' "What's to bo gained by say ing we've given up nonalign ment? An external affairs min istry official asks himself. "Nothing. It is a useful shell becauso it keeps some people from getting mad at us and might win some support." Few officials below Ncliru act very committed to tho shell and it might not outlast him despite tho emotional and moral appeal of nonalignment for many In dians. Tho president of India, phil ospher Sarvcpalli Radhakrish nan, told American officials last November no one here was sur prised by the help from Wash ington. Speaking of the deep appreciation, he said India knew America would always help another democracy under attack. Nehru turns his temper on anyone who advocates India's formalizing this expectation of help with alliances. It is be neath national dignity to allow alliances to make decisions for India, he insists. Increasingly, however, he is being challenged on both for eign and domestic policy. Some observers think he would have lost the prime minister's job that he has hold for 16 years if the Chinese had scored many more victories last autumn and will lose if it the Chinese attack again with the same success. Nehru answers criticism by counterattacking opposition po litical parties. He conveniently overlooks the fact that some of the strongest voices against his policies are within his own Con gress Party. Menon Dropped These were the voices that forced him reluctantly to drop V. K. Krishna Menon from the job ot defense minister after the Chinese showed how ill pre pared the Indian army was. Krishna Menon is campaign ing hard to build the kind of political base he has never had, being Nehru's political creation. But he and his pro-Communist friends face a problem. They have been discredited by the failure of Communist coun tries to help India in the time of need. The Indian Reds have invasion, despite some officials' been besmirched through guilt by association with the Chinese Reds although the Indian Com munist party split into factions facing Peking and Moscow. Indian Communists cannot be written off because they remain the best organized party aside from Nehru's Congress. In many areas they offer the main alter native to Congress, but their ap peal has been weakened. A former student leader re ports Communist workers among students are having to lie low i Wanca nf hnstililv tnuarrl I China. Krishna Menon has been booed by student audiences. To try to overcome their un popularity, Communists have ap I pointed themselves the chief protectors of Nehru from what 1 they say are reactionary tenden- I cics. Nehru, a Socialist at heart, accepts some of this protection but has tried to shake loose from too close an embrace. Even when shaking with an ger, Nehru lacks his old vigor. His age, 73, tells heavily on this once bouncy man. Nehru was stricken by severe illness a year ago. By July, he looked haggard, his face bloated by drugs and his back bowed. His energy seemed to be gone. Crisis Beneficial The symptoms had disap peared by tho time of tho Chi nese attack and it acted as a stimulant, invigorating him. Nehru told friends he had never felt better than he did under the pressure of the one-month war. The stalemate since Nov. 21 of the unsettled, unsigned peace has been a physical letdown for tho prime minister. He now fre quently appears listless and lethargic. - At a recent party meeting, he sat on the stage with tho blank, open-mouthed expression of an empty, fatigued mind. Persons close to him say Neh ru can no longer remember little personal things very well. His speeches, never noted for conciseness, seem to ramble even more badly and often be devoid of meaning. Yet ho is the only truly na tional leader India has. The rural masses worship him. Neh ru Is India. His physical letdown during the stalemate reflects in many ways the national letdown. "It is sometimes said that the spirit displayed in October and November is now passing away," said Nehru's closest political as sociate. Home Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri. The loss of spirit would be wrong, Shaslri added, but he did not deny it had happened. Indian people rallied to the war effort at the beginning with a spirit that amazed many of the more sophisticalcd city resi dents. Widows gave their tiny savings, laborers earning two rupees (42 cents) a day gave a bit. and students sought jobs to earn money to contribute to the j National Defense Fund. The fund has now reached al most SI 10 million plus more than $2.5 million worlh of gold from Hindu temple altars and women's ornaments. Hut ot lale the fund has almost stopped growing. Few are giving any more. "1 promised to give one day's pay a month." a middleagcd In dian said. "But new taxes are now taking an extra day and a half in pay so I can't do both." I He gave no sign of begrudging I the money, however the gov j eminent got it. Tases Raised Taxes that the finance minis try long wanted to impose to raise money for economic de velopment, but hesitated to levy because ot political repercus sions, have now been imposed. 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