The Oregon statesman. (Salem, Or.) 1916-1980, February 22, 1956, Image 21

Historic Oregon Newspapers

The Oregon statesman., February 22, 1956, Page 21, Image 21

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Newspaper Page TextWashington Seen as L Top Naval Strategist Editor's Note: Every school boy next to t loan of money, a constant Ii well versed la Washing-toa's ea. naVal superiority on these coasts reer ai a great military leader is the most interesting . . .This iano. bui unit u knowa about hi 1 superiority, with an aid of money. talent at a naval leader. Here are tome ( the reasons Washing, ton ranks as a skilled naval strat egist at hit day. By BEM PRICE would enable us to convert the war into a vigorous offensive." In this case, the proof was in the pudding. Nathaniel Greene and tl.e Count de Lafayette had by one means and another forced Lord WASHINGTON w George ' Cornwallia into camp at Yorktown, Washington is bejinning to emerge - , in history as a first rate naval 'V' 8P,',riJ itratcgist. j Washington, still encamped on Oddly, historians by and large the Hudson. nnw had naval super have ignored the fact that Wash- iori,y- T"' French fleet under ington. a landlubber, anticipated Adm- Qrasse moved north out the modern theories of sea power of the Wesl Inflies and int0 Chew by over a hundred years. Pcake Bav to bottle UP tne British Even more startling, though, by,sea was Washington's original think- ashington moved as fast as he ing. Rear Adm. Samuel Eliot Mori-1 couW xwthward and soon brought son, naval historian, says he was almost lne whole Continental forces the first man in 1,240 years tolto bear- A British relief neet was have a clear grasp of the potenti-1 bea,en off in a "'range naval bat alities of combined land-sea opera-1 lle in hlch Adm- Graves had ad lions, j vantage tactically over the French Further. Washington fnnnH : but failed to use it.- what is now the American Navy! 0n M- I9- 178t' Cornwallis sur on his own hook, without the au-' rend.'rl a"d the war was over, thority of Concress I though Washington didn't believe n.. u...i I " at the time. w,chinM- r i , After Yorktown Washington wis Washington of course, learned planning move on Charleston and UaIZ harK Tvi" ritin8 "No land were pounded home by the British I . a-.L,. i. :. ...... .. ... , , , I w vv van mi utiuntij uiucas 11 13 navy sometimes with round shot accompanied by su I wuu fei ot, in MIC CIIU, illUUII, II was his ise of combined opera tions, employing the French fleet, lhat ended the war at Yorktown. Morison commented in an inter view that without the naval super iority provided by the French, "The Revolution would have been muffed out. Resistance would have ceased gradually. The same thing happened during the Civil War." In brief, a blockade by the Brit . . . . i oicmuiv iui well Ul ish fleet would have s rangled the 1 sani years, Flcc and Colonies into submission. "While the British- never had an actual overall war plan," said Morison, "they did follow a gen eral concept. That was to cut the , Colonies in two along the Hudson River line, to seize and occupy strategic places along the coast and to stay out of the interior, where they were likely to get clob bered by embattled farmers." Strategy Lessons Washington began learning his lessons in naval strategy almost as soon as he assumed command of the rag tag Continental Army before Boston on July 2, 1775. So long as the British held Bos ton with the sea at their backs, he knew, nothing short of a frontal assault could drive them out and Washington's motley collection of farmers, business men and mech anics was in no shape to do that. The first evidence of Washing ton's growing awareness of the val ue of sea power was contained in letter to Gov. Nicholas Cooke of Rhode Island, outlining his urgent need of supplies and- prodding the governor to send out raiders to pluck off British supply ships. Washington's commission as a lieutenant general gave him juris diction over land operations only but he got around that by appoint ing a ship's master, Nicholas Broughton, a captain in the army, and sending him to sea. Continental Navy On Oct. 5, 1775, Washington ad vised Congress, "I have directed three" vessels to be equipped in or der to cut off the supplies of the enemy." A month later Washington bad a six-ship Continental Navy sailing the seas under the Contin ental Pine Tree flag. The real turning point of the American Revolution came on Feb. 6, 1778, when the French signed a treaty of amity and alliance with the Colonies. While no mention was made in the treaty of naval aid, you find Washington writing in July of that year to his friend, Lt. Gen. Count rie Rochambeau, the French troop commander: "In any operation and under all circumstances a decisive naval su periority is to be considered as a fundamental principle, and the ba sis upon which every hope of suc cess must ultimately depend." Washington's continuing develop ment was manifested again when he wrote Rochambeau Feb. 15, 1781, ". . . It is in my opinion es sential that there should be cooper ation of land and naval forces." In January 17H1 Washington sent an emissary to Paris with a special appeal. His instructions were "that periority. . .A constant naval su periority would terminate the war 1 speedily. -Not Impressive By hindsight Washington's ac complishments in land-sea cooper-: I ation do not look impressive. They have a common sense perspective 1 that today is taken for granted. What must be realized is that the science of warfare had deteriorat ed steadily for well over a thou- armies op erated independently, neither with any conception of the problems of the other. Asked where in history previous i to Washington you could find a ! general with the same grasp of the ! l i . : imer-mauonsnip Deiween iana ana sea warfare, Morison said: "You'd have to go clear back to Belisarius. You remember he once conducted a long march over-1 land with the sea on his flank and ! the fleet sailing along slowly to ' protect it. i , Belisarius, in case you are in terested, was the top soldier for ; I Jostinian I, who ruled the eastern half of the Roman Empire from Constantinople and who sent Bel isarius to conquer Rome. That was 540 a. d. 1240 years before York- town. Yank Diplomats To Probe Europe Cold Damage WASHINGTON - American ambassadors in 19 European coun tries, including four behind the Iron Curtain, have been ordered to ' survey European winter relief 1 1 needs and report urgently to Washington. State Department spokesman' said that in line with President Eisenhower's Sunday offer of sur plus food, the State Department! is trying to find out what emer eencv aid is needed. uh:it sunnliec are available to meet demands, 1 1 what longer-range help may be re quired in the spring and summer. The European continent has suf-il fered its worst winter in the 20th Century with heavy snows and, freezing winds that have cost hundreds of lives. Frozen rivers j and vast snow accumulations are! now causing worry about spring floods. irri Ui V I IM.N D Dr.O Chan.N D DRS. 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