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About The Oregon statesman. (Salem, Or.) 1916-1980 | View Entire Issue (April 21, 1926)
For instance: Salem district has ; two counties growing the,, sacred myrtle -the only place it grows on this continent What uniaue: fact do you know- about the district? , Addressi articles to Slogan SAtorf iThe Statesman will publish, and- THE DAILY STATESMAN dedicates one foil page eacK the fifty-two basic ir Castries of the Salem disfricfc Letters) and articles from boosters are solicited. 1 This is your page Help boost Salem. ; award a prize each week-' for .the 1 best ; essay submitted by a grade v : school pupil on the industries . " - "i " - . .scheduled on this page. I care statesman. : it 1 i t s f f-' THEPUICE F ' C. . SCHUSTER Camphors Early f sUgesf for Our ConditionsBest White and Red Varieties and European KindfrPlanting, f priininq and Training Systems, and General Care and -.Harvesting Y 1 ' i - 3" ? :V " - ----- Editor tateswan: 1 Gripes vare amons the easiest end t most satisfactory - f raits crown for home use, but unfortu nately about the . lastt one toa be considered by the majority of peo- considered toy tiie majority or j pie. The grape baa a defln place; 4lnj Very ? bejm'e drchs deflnlte lard. where the location la such that grape's will tbrlvs;e and should be Included in the list of fruits when any one is planting a home or chard. -.-----.- -, tT,- , , . - - More -emphasis will be laid on the use of the grape in the home orchard than for commercial par poses. Except for rather limited acreage in a few - local - places. ' grape growing in the Willamette i alley .should not be entered Jin to very extensively. "A small patch of 'grapes where the fruit is 'hand led properly will, near many of the valley towns, return good profit, but any large, Increase in rcreage will soon1 swamp the. mar ket and break the price. The shipping of grapes, except for very short distances , will hardly prove satisfactory. ' California .can , pro duce jrapes so cheaply that where any great shipping, expense enters la, the ; competition will be too treat for local grapes. - rapes should be sheltered, as much as possible from the effects of possible frost. Where the home orchard is- lecated In a rather frosty location,' the placing of the grapes adjacent Uo buildings or other .sheltered locations, especial ly tho south side of the buildings, will often aid In not only protect- Ing them from the frost, but bring out better quality ef fruit' due to the added heat of such places. A frost that will not endanger oth- , r fruits is often disastrous to the tender foliage of thi?. grapes. It Is a frequent occurence to have the first growth-of grapes hit by a frost, and then "the secondary growth come out and develop normally,- with, the exception that the set of, fruit la very light. , If possible, the location should be uch that good air drainage coul be hrfd'forthe grapes. Es-peclaaiyrxia-thls necessary in a large, or 'commercial jplaintlngs. Sloping tracts of land in which the cold, air i drained away to lower levels wilt afford the maximum protection against frost. "Warmer slopes are advisable growing of this iTruit. Unless the heat la suf ficient to ralsethe sugar, contest f the .gTapauV to Vkk- normal amount, the quality . or the fruit Is. inferior. . ?-; . ' ; For' best results, deep, frell drained, friable soil is desirable. Grapes are deep rooted, so a soil 4 -to 6 feet deep or deeper is sat La j factory. The lower soil need- not te of the, same character as the upper soil, but' a type through which the grape roots can readily Blaiilts I':. " W carry hi slock iraiusactiuaa. tV may have Inst the fona yoo'are aavtox mm conpai4 to Fame vt the forma : Contract of Sal, ttoad Notice, " -WDT forma, AfHljrn menl of Moftgagcv Mortgage forron, I Quit Claim Deeds, Abslraeta form, Iii3 of Sale, Uuilding Con tracK FrvmUsory . Notes, Installment Notes, ' General Leave, ' Powtrof Allornev, Prnne Booka and PaM SfH R ceipta. Etc.: These form are carefully prepared for the courts and private me. Price on forms ranges from 4; cents to .-Vtrfcnia apiece, and on aoia books, from 25 to SO cents, . ) . 7" " PfiLNTED AND FOR SALS'OT" The Statesman Publishing Co- ; LEGAL BLANK II E ADQUAUTEK3 " '-l- ;tlli"gPOPY-EAST- . BY PROF. GE penetrate. K'.WHl la jeep roil IB associated' readj; drainase, as a high water table renders the soil shallow folftllel! roVits will not grow through the standina; water. Seepage of an extenHivi character is just as detrimental' as is the Ijigh water-table.' While the soil should be of a character that holds moisture well throughout' the sea son, it should not be one that is at all water-logged. At times artific ial drainage for the home planting will pay, but in view of the large amount of land naturally well trained, it would hardly seem ad visable to drain land for cmomer rial , planting. Where good air drainage la secured, good soil -Irainage is usually found, though many exceptions are to be noted. The very richest soils are not necessary for grapes. Soils with medium fertility, deep ' and well drained prove sat&ifactory. Of course, soils can be too poor for the best growth-Mf grapesr- -The exact kind of soil Is not a dterhf- inlng factor In most cases, pro vided it meets the above require-j - .s '- '.. ' I ments. A fact oftenof -more importance to growing pf grapes than fertil ity of the soil 'is one! of the'mols ture content W the soil. In order, in many cases, to maintain the moisture where it should be it Is OFIE OUE necessary : to keep the soil f altrrnercial standpoint, but a few well filled with humus, and this In most eases necessitates manur ing or the growth of rover, crops. If, with the use -of these mater ials.' the soil Is kept in good con ditlon, so far as the humus- con tent is concerned, the planV food content of the soil will generally be taken care of. Moisture ismore apt to be a limiting factor in to pre soils than the fertility, so that If the moisture contends kep np by the use of cover crops or manure, the soil fertility itself will be handled. - The Willamette valley is jretty closely limited to tfie growing- pf American grapes. These varieties will grow snd mature fruit in the cool climate of this valley, while most of the European varieties will not thrive, wtththe exception of one or twojjf the very earliest varieties of JEuropean grapes. The European grape demands a long growing 6asn withthe maximum aejtttan unhlne. tWe find that many of nW"varieties commonly grown, in California fail to mature snder-v&ezont jfconditions, many of them not even showing any indi cation of sugar by the time the fall rains begin, or the frost catch es them. . Campbell's Early Best ' . Of the long list of American grapes to choose from, the Camp bell's Early is undoubtedly the best for both commercial and home use.' This is the best early TMt Are 1 " - over 115 leral blank suileJ made to order forma, At Cosiness Of fles. GroanJ Floor grape we' have, and. due to its. earllness. it will mature t well j where the Concord, which is some what later, will fail to mature ; properly. Although tfie Concord J s one of the most popular varieties Ljn the western part of the United States, it has nit been as success ful in Oregon a.- the Campbell's Early, but can te used as a later grape. The Campbell's Early Is a good grape for handling on the market, as it has a relatively tough skin, and though considered by some not quite so high in fla vor as other varieties, it Is a very satisfactory grape. It tan be picked at "the regular time and still will keep as long as the Con cord or some of the later varieties. The variety advertised exten sively as the Island Belle is with out question the Campbell's Early, Introduced under the name of Island Belle. A better quality grape Tor home upe is the Vordjn. This can hardly be recommend ed for commercial planting, as the berry is so tend r that any hand ling at all will break the berry, pulling the skin open, making it unsatisfactory f6r commercial pur poses. It is just a little later than the Campbell's Ear'.y. Due to the tender akin, it will not stand ad verse seasonal conditions, as fre quently are met in -this section, being susceptible to injury from rain. Rest White ami Red For white grapes the Niagara is undoubtedly the best, but it has about the same ripening time as tne Concord, making it a little . . . . . .... r late for many sections Where many sections well ripened, it has a most excel lent flavor and really should be Included in any of the home plant ings. For red grapes we have none that are satisfactory from a com- that are very good for home use. The Delaware bears rather light ly, has small bunches of very small berries, but of excellent quality. The Agawam develops very poor bunches, but it bears heavily and has also good quality. The European Kinds For those people who desire the flavor of European grapes, we found the Sweetwater and Golden Chasselas to be the most satisfac tory in general. - This is a white or green grape that matures about the' same time as the Concord, or possibly, a little later, but often fails to develop the quality that it should. In cool seasons,, or when early fall rains come, it does not develop the sugar con tent desired. " in some of the more protected places we find va rieties' like the Muscat Hamburg or Rose or Peru doing Very well, but these cannot be generally planted with the expectation " of being successful with thqm. On the experiment station tronndsTf11? does not g ive the vine a good the Chasselas, Rose Royal and the Chasselas Rouge have - proven nearly as successful in 'maturing a crop as the Golden Chasselas, but do not bear any ways nearly as heavily. The regular wine grapes and raisin grapes of California cannot be considered for this district, as they demand a long, warm sea son for maturing the crep. Many of these varieties are under test 'Legal to most any buafm looking for at a bUr -( THIS WEEK'S SLOGAN DID YOU KNOW that in the Salem district grapes of the Concord (American) grape family can be grown to perfection in immense quantities; that we have tens of thousands of acres of cheap lands suitable for grape growing; that Salem ought to be the Westfield of Ore gon, and the Salem district the Chautauqua grape belt of the Pacific Coast; that Salem ought to have great jelly and jam plants, using an immense annual tonnage of grapes; that there is and vy-HI be money in grape growing, and a very great industry in this line is within the grasp of Salean and surrounding country, and that there is now more interest here than ever before in the .industry? Dates of Slogans in Daily Statesman (In Twtce-aWeek Statesman Following Day) (With a tw poslblo chaewl IxtganU-rrics, 0tolor 1, I0C5 Ptmdh, -tobr M ltring, -tober IS Flax, October 22 FilbertM. October 29 ; Walnuts, November S Htrawberrlw, November 13 Apples, November tft Itaspberrles, November 20 Mint, December 3 Ileans, Etc., December 10 ' Hlitckberrles, ereraber 17 Clterriett, Iecetuber B4 Fuars, December SI UooNe berries, January T, 102S Corn, January 14 Celery, January 21 Spinach, Ktc, Jauaary 28 (hiloiis, Klc, Februnry 4 Potatoes, Flc, Februnry 11 Does, Februnry 1M Poultry and IVt Stock, Feb. 25 City DeauUrnl, Ktc. Mnrcb 4 Great Cows, March II Inved fllgbways. Marrh 18 Head IxHXuce, March 25 Silos, lCtc, April 1 Iegiuues, April 8 . . . Asparagus, KU- April 15 Grapes, Etc, April 22 Drag Garden, April 29 at the experiment station, and most of them fail to even show, any degree of maturity in the av erage season. In the season of 1922, when more varieties ripened than ever before, but very few of them attained the quality desired for these graphs, while most of them never "even ripened enough for. picking from the vines. The Planting Methods Crapes are generally planted 8 feet apart in the rows with 8 feet between the rows. This gives sufficient distance for the devel- opment of the vines and affords ease in cultivation. Tne--earrferT1"yIgorous vine shou,d have more grape vines can be- planted in the fall and winter, the better the'yi,t down on the cane growth, de- will be, as it will give .the vines a chanco to establish a root systenl during the winter seasonv ' Aroitl planting late in the spring,, as cnance to establish itseir before thej hot weather comes on. After the jvines ;.are set out, about, the only thing necessary the first sea son is thorough, consistent culti vation to prevent the excessive loss of moisture from the soil. . At the beginning of the second season the general practice is to cut the vine back to two buds. The idea of it Is to prevent the ranos of the previous season bearing any fruit but rather devoting the energies of the plant more or less to the establishing of a root 'sys tem and growing a. vigorous healthy cane tor the coming sear son. Although only one cane will be. allowed to grow after this sea son., two are Permitted th wittear1nff only the one year natur seasoarfor the simnle renSnn- thrf one of them may be destroyed' and this will not set the plant back a year in establishing . -the1 -frame work. - 9 At the beginning of the third season, the stronger . and" ' better cane hi selected and cut at,,' the height desired, which wili7be -do ter mined by the pruning system-, which will be followed in the planting, AH other cones or growths are. removed, leaving the iogle cane to form - -the main stalk of tho plant. - ."V t.".v IIenvy(PrunlngJlee; After the vines become mature the annual pruning Is a. very dras tic, heavy cutting, as over 90 per cent - of the previous season's wood Is removed each pruning season.' Ti.e " best fruit and, the finest bunches are grown on the vines that are heavily pruned. More bunches might bo produced on vines if - more . wood could .be Sugar DeetA. Sorghum, Etc., May C 1920 Water Powers, May 18 Irrigation, Blay 20 Mining. Mny 27 Iand, Irrigation, Etc., June 8 Floriculture, June 10 Hops, Cabbage, Etc., June 17 Wlioleanllng and Jobbing, June 24 Cucumbers, Ete July 1 ilogM, July 8 Goats, July 15 Schools, Etc, July 22 Sheep, July 29 National Advertising, August S Seeds, Etc., August 12 Livestock, August 19 . Grain and Grain Products, Aug ust 20 Manufacturing, September 2 Automotive Industries, Septem ber 9 Wood work In g. Etc., September i'lO Paper Mills, Sept. 23. 192S r Back copies of the Thurs day edition of The Dally Ore gon! Statesman are c- band. They are fr sale at 10 cents eac, mailed to any address. Current copies 5 cents). left,, but the quality would be de cidedly inferior, and it is doubt ful if the total production would be any heavier. The pruning of grapes is not at all difficult if care is taken in the selection of the wood to be left and the number of buds left. The bearing of the plant the com ing season will be determined by the numbor of buds left on the vine. If the vine is weak, fewer buds "can be 'left so that more strength will go into producing vigorous wood for the coming sea son. On the other hand an over- fruit buds left, thus tending to Voting more of the energy to the production of fruit. Probably with the grapes, more than other fruit, it is a question of the in dividual development and vigor of the vines wheji determining how much wood should be pruned away. In selecting the number of buds or the number of buds to be left, it is generally considered that the first two buds on the cane are more or less apt to be sterile. They will not be entirely so, but the buds farther out will bear a large number of fruit clusters to I the bud than the first two, Omit those in tne counting or the duos uxa each cane. If, for instance. yon are leaving six to eight fruit buds to the cane. It will mean the total number will be eight to ten. - As the tendency of the vine; is to extend the growth each year, i'r the bearing wood would soon I be . long ways from the main rstalk. From the older wood each year there. will be found coming up young vigorous canes. These are usually sterile, but are used Pin -renewing, canes, bringing the fruiting' wood back. - t the time .of pruning these are cut to one, or two buds, forming renewal spurs. The coming, season, these spurs will produce good, vigorous fruit ing wood, which can be used the following season for the develop ment 6t the fruiting wood close to the main stalk. . , . The Training Systems Grapes have usually been train ed' to the four armed Kniffen system. This Kniffen system - Is more, commonly used on Ameri can "grapes than any other system of training grapes.- ' The trellis Is nothing bnt a two wire berry trel lis. In - this , the,' cane or- main shoot Is tied to the upper .wire. Running from the cane each way-l on each wire will be left one cane or arm. The total number of budsl desired to leave for the Individ ual vine is distributed evenly over the four arms. Aside from the four armed Kniffen system, we find the Mun? son system giving excellent suc cess. This is a three wire system in which tho lower wire is placed 3"4 to 4 feet from the ground with the two upper wires one foot higher, and at the outer edge of an 18 inch cross piece. The main stalk Is trained to the lower wire and then two or four canes are trained along this lower wire. As the buds break and the new shoots develop, they will be upright for a short time, but gradually droop over, and in this way lay over the two upper wires. This system of training is. more expensive to es tablish in the first place, but is more -easily handled during pick ing. The bunches all hang free and are not entwined by the grow ing canes or the tendrils of the vines. Also," it allows more cir culation of air, tending to reduce the possibility of disease. General Care, Harvesting The general care of the grape vine is the same as for any other fruit tre. Thorough consistent cultivation is advisable for the best results. ' However, It is noti ceable at times to what degree the grape vines can be neglected and still bear a certain amount of fruit. ' From observayon during the past two seasons it would seem that a few remarks about the har vesting of grapes would not come amiss. Grapes do not develop their full quality of flavor when they firot change color. With a grape like Campbells Early, the quality is not developed for some time after it turns dark. If pick ed In tho green stage, they do not have a pleasant flavor and will certainly not appeal to the customer. If left until fully de veloped, the quality is sure to be excellent and the grapes will keep better than when picked green. In picking the grapes, use clip pers or knl7es to cut off the bunches. Handle the bunches as little as possible in order to leave the bloom on the .berries. If pick ing during the heat of the day, better success will be had in avoiding the shelling of the ber ries from the bunches. The stalks of the clusters will be more or less wilted at that time while the grapos will be dry in the bunch. (Jrapes picked moist will soon de velop decay. C. E. SCHUSTER. Corvallis, Oregon. (Mr. Schuster Is associate pro fessor of pomology of the Oregon Agricultural college, and his Is high authority in his field. He is the author of Station Circular 43, of the Oregon Agricultural Col lege experiment station on'Grape Growing In Oregon," which con tains illustrations on training and pruning American grapes. Ed.) Training Camp Reports Show Gains for Students WASHINGTON The thirty odd thousand youngsters who attended army Civilian Military Training camps last year are credited with and average gain . of, several pounds in weight and almost an inch in chest measurment as a re sult of their ' month's experience In the "school of the soldier." Offlcal reports from corps area commanders, compiled in the Sur- geon General's ' office, not that there was a great loss of weierht i among the stout lads who turned I out for intensive drill and a cor- responding upward lump for der-nourished boys, "whose appe-ftke tites wer stimulated by the .bene ficial results of exercise in the open." . " "- The Plattsburg Barracks camp had the' prize pat specimen and trimed, him . down twenty-nine pounds. It also built up an -undernourished - lad eighteen pounds. The highest average gain In weight was, reported from Camp Lewis, 'Wash., with five pounds per man In 6 4 $ toys, while the smallest average gain was at Fort Douglas, Utah, with 0.7 pounds. . r Congressional . committees have been told by" army experts that there la little difflcutly with discipline- at the- summer camps. ' v . .EugeneThrough freight term inal "on Southern Pacific moved here; several miles of new termi nal track already laid.' - - - ' GRIPES FOR THE HOME JUT ORM WT No Other Fruit Crop More Easily Grown, Few That Give More Satisfactory Returns The Labor Is Not Exces siveHow to Start Them, and How to Do the Pruning and "Training The Best Varieties for Ttys Section Editor Statesman: There is nb other fruit crop that Ls more easily Known than the grape, and few crops' that will give any more ' satisfactory "'re turns. The labor required 'f6r growing grapes is not 'excessive, and much of It can be 'done be fore the season wnen other crops begin to require attention. A number of varieties do well in the valley, and the kind of grapes grown can be governed by per sonal requirements. Among the good varieties are Campbell's Early, Moore's Early, Concord. Sweet Water,' ! Niagara, Verdun, Delaware and Agawam. The Con cord is an excellent grape and has long been our standard as a table grapo a4 well as for com mercial production and because of its splendid qualities will con tinue to be a popular variety. For a white variety the Niagara is standard wherever grapes are grown. The! Verdun and Dela ware are red grapes of very good quality and MOore's Early Is prob ably the best i of the early varie ties. I How The y Are Started Crapes are started by cuttings, layering, grafting and from seeds, but for our jpurposce the first needs to be Considered, it being an easy and ready means of get ting the 'younig 'plants.' The cut tings should be made soon after the vines beccime dormant- in the fall. These should be from 8 to 20 inches long and made from young, well matured wood. On the lower or butt end make a slanting cut close to the bud and on the upper: or top end leave of wood above the are two ways in about an inchi bud. There which the cuttings can be handled. one being to put them out where the permanent vines are to be. The better waiy Is to tie the cut tings into small bundles with the butt ends together and place them In soil with the butt ends up, and cover them over with 3 to 6 inch es of dirt. Handled in this way the butt ends. - from which the roots will be i produced, form a callous, while; the top portion is kept in a dormant condition. Then when the cuttings are set out, In the spring; the calloused end Is ready ; to produce strong roots at once ind before the buds develop sufficiently to take up the sap and plant food 'stored1 In the cutting In I he spring put the cuttings In a nursery5 row "or in the garden In good 'soil and where they can be kept well cultivated and hoed during the summer. The following spring ; they should be set out in the permanent' location. The planting distance depends upon tne vigor of the plant, soil conditions, and the kind of prun- ing. The strong growing varl- ties can be Bet 10 by 10 feet. although a planting distance feet between rows which gives 8 and 10 feet between the plants will be found satisfactory.'; This will give the necessary growing space for the roots and good cir culation of air for the vines. Af ter planting, keep well cultivated so as to produce as strong and vigorous a plant as possible the 'Irst year. During the succeeding years constant and thorough cul- puvation. a necessary j until the un-1Tlne reach th!e bearing are. and same systematic and thorough tilling of the soil must be follow ed up each year thereafter In or aer to prodtfee ' well matured fruit, because! the crane doea not doT well In sod. and weeds must be kept down In order to conserve moisture. ; Like all otter fruit crops, -the grape requires a well drained soil of good depth and. should nve plenty 1 of organic matter. Barnyard mapure Is excellent to supply and maintain the needed humus,' bnt should never be ap plied too - frequently v br In exces sive i amounts. unless the soli Is Very poor and deficient In the needed organic matter.' Commer cial fertilizers give good results, the amount used helng varied to suit local conditions. The quickly available nitrogens are the most satisfactory' either In the form of G nitrate of soda 'or sulfate of am monia. These 'should be applied at the fate of-about 200 pounds per acre and -can be used to sup plement the barnyard manure, but neither of these fertilizers -.lur-nlshes organic matter. . .;. - -Pruning and Training r Pruning and training Is ' prob ably the most difficult part 'for the amateurs in the care of-f 'the' grape.- This first, year nov sup port or pruning Is . necessary, al though the young canes may.be tied to a stake to get them out of the way for cultivation.. The fol lowing winter the vines should be pruned and staked,, using stakes five or six feet long. The amount of pruning done will depend upon the growth. If small-growth has been made, remove all but the strongest cane and cut this back to two eyes. If one strong well ripened cane has been produced, "eft this baek to the , height at which the head is to be formed (about 54 inches) and tie secure ly to the stake, removing the oth er canes. In the first case men tioned, both buds should be al lowed to develop, bo that the plant will not be set back by the acci dental removal of one. All growth starting from adventitious ouds should be removed so as to jmv centrate all the growth acfirsfies Into the two canes, one of which is to become the trunk of the vine the succeeding year. . By tlia third year the vines should hava erect straight stems, with two or more canes for the bead and from which the vine can be removed each year Different Pruning Systems In the pruning of bearing vinc there, are several different systems some of which are more or less complicated and require a lot of trellis, and some that require much time for cutting and tyinft. Whatever system is employed, it is important to keep in mind that the fruiting branches are always produced on last season's growth, that is, one year old canes. The condition and also the vigor of the plant should be taken into con sideration whpn pruning. One system often used in commercial vineyards and well adapted, for -the smaI home planting is what .known as the four cane Knif fen system. With this a trellis of two wires is used, the bottom wire about 30 inches above the ground and the top wire about 54 inches. The cane to form the main trunk of the vine is carried up to the top wire and two canes are trained along each wire, mak ing four canes for each vine. Each year's pruning consists in cutting away all the tops except the four most vigorous canes pro duced the preceding season, and results in the removal of practi- cally 90 per .cent of the one-year-, old wood. With well established i vines these are shortened back so as to allow about 10 buds to eacbi of the upper canes and 6 buds fol the lower ones, for vigorous. grovf ing kinds like the Concord. wh less vigorous growing varieties , like the Delaware, should, b pruned so as to leave a smaller number of buds. Other," cankt coming out near the main tf utiK- , can be cut back to two buds, tht is,' spurs, for the purpose , of g. tiag new canes for the next su- son's fruiting wood. The canes left should be carried, along ( tho ' wires and secured to them bv ty ing with string, precaution Vein g taken not to tie too tightly iso as to check the flow-of sap, lis the cane enlarges with gTowth j. The i advantage of this, system Is ithat it requires only a limited anVount of time, and the pruning yrUd : training are easily andj'gupekly done. . Time for Prunlna,f. 7 In this valley the viae enn he pruned any time after Jt he dor mant season,- - which .would ' be about v the first of ! December. Where possible the pruning should not be done later than the xalddlo of the following month. After about .-that time "the totalled 'bleedlng,,: of the ylnes uccurB at all cut surfaces: and wtlle this D 0 PRODUCE THEM (0enttaa4 sa sags V, i S i i