For instance: Salem district has ;
two counties growing the,, sacred
myrtle -the only place it grows on
this continent What uniaue: fact
do you know- about the district? ,
Addressi articles to Slogan SAtorf
iThe Statesman will publish, and-
THE DAILY STATESMAN dedicates one foil page
eacK the fifty-two basic
ir Castries of the Salem disfricfc Letters) and articles
from boosters are solicited. 1 This is your page Help
boost Salem.
; award a prize each week-' for .the
1 best ; essay submitted by a grade v
: school pupil on the industries
. " - "i " - .
.scheduled on this page.
I
care statesman.
: it
1
i
t
s
f
f-'
THEPUICE F
' C. .
SCHUSTER
Camphors Early f sUgesf for Our ConditionsBest White
and Red Varieties and European KindfrPlanting,
f priininq and Training Systems, and General Care and
-.Harvesting Y 1 '
i - 3" ? :V " - -----
Editor tateswan: 1
Gripes vare amons the easiest
end t most satisfactory - f raits
crown for home use, but unfortu
nately about the . lastt one toa be
considered by the majority of peo-
considered toy tiie majority or j
pie. The grape baa a defln
place; 4lnj Very ? bejm'e drchs
deflnlte
lard.
where the location la such that
grape's will tbrlvs;e and should be
Included in the list of fruits when
any one is planting a home or
chard. -.-----.- -, tT,- , , . -
- More -emphasis will be laid on
the use of the grape in the home
orchard than for commercial par
poses. Except for rather limited
acreage in a few - local - places.
' grape growing in the Willamette
i alley .should not be entered Jin to
very extensively. "A small patch
of 'grapes where the fruit is 'hand
led properly will, near many of
the valley towns, return good
profit, but any large, Increase in
rcreage will soon1 swamp the. mar
ket and break the price. The
shipping of grapes, except for very
short distances , will hardly prove
satisfactory. ' California .can , pro
duce jrapes so cheaply that where
any great shipping, expense enters
la, the ; competition will be too
treat for local grapes.
- rapes should be sheltered, as
much as possible from the effects
of possible frost. Where the home
orchard is- lecated In a rather
frosty location,' the placing of the
grapes adjacent Uo buildings or
other .sheltered locations, especial
ly tho south side of the buildings,
will often aid In not only protect-
Ing them from the frost, but bring
out better quality ef fruit' due to
the added heat of such places. A
frost that will not endanger oth-
, r fruits is often disastrous to
the tender foliage of thi?. grapes.
It Is a frequent occurence to have
the first growth-of grapes hit by
a frost, and then "the secondary
growth come out and develop
normally,- with, the exception that
the set of, fruit la very light. ,
If possible, the location should
be uch that good air drainage
coul be hrfd'forthe grapes. Es-peclaaiyrxia-thls
necessary in a
large, or 'commercial jplaintlngs.
Sloping tracts of land in which the
cold, air i drained away to lower
levels wilt afford the maximum
protection against frost. "Warmer
slopes are advisable growing of
this iTruit. Unless the heat la suf
ficient to ralsethe sugar, contest
f the .gTapauV to Vkk- normal
amount, the quality . or the fruit
Is. inferior. . ?-; . ' ;
For' best results, deep, frell
drained, friable soil is desirable.
Grapes are deep rooted, so a soil
4 -to 6 feet deep or deeper is sat La j
factory. The lower soil need- not
te of the, same character as the
upper soil, but' a type through
which the grape roots can readily
Blaiilts
I':. "
W carry hi slock
iraiusactiuaa. tV may have Inst the fona yoo'are
aavtox mm conpai4 to
Fame vt the forma : Contract of Sal, ttoad Notice, " -WDT forma, AfHljrn
menl of Moftgagcv Mortgage forron, I Quit Claim Deeds, Abslraeta form,
Iii3 of Sale, Uuilding Con tracK FrvmUsory . Notes, Installment Notes, '
General Leave, ' Powtrof Allornev, Prnne Booka and PaM SfH R
ceipta. Etc.: These form are carefully prepared for the courts and private
me. Price on forms ranges from 4; cents to .-Vtrfcnia apiece, and on aoia
books, from 25 to SO cents, . ) . 7" "
PfiLNTED AND FOR SALS'OT"
The Statesman Publishing Co-
; LEGAL BLANK II E ADQUAUTEK3 "
'-l- ;tlli"gPOPY-EAST-
. BY PROF.
GE
penetrate. K'.WHl la jeep roil
IB
associated' readj; drainase, as a
high water table renders the soil
shallow folftllel! roVits will not
grow through the standina; water.
Seepage of an extenHivi character
is just as detrimental' as is the
Ijigh water-table.' While the soil
should be of a character that holds
moisture well throughout' the sea
son, it should not be one that is at
all water-logged. At times artific
ial drainage for the home planting
will pay, but in view of the large
amount of land naturally well
trained, it would hardly seem ad
visable to drain land for cmomer
rial , planting. Where good air
drainage la secured, good soil
-Irainage is usually found, though
many exceptions are to be noted.
The very richest soils are not
necessary for grapes. Soils with
medium fertility, deep ' and well
drained prove sat&ifactory. Of
course, soils can be too poor for
the best growth-Mf grapesr- -The
exact kind of soil Is not a dterhf-
inlng factor In most cases, pro
vided it meets the above require-j
- .s '- '.. ' I
ments.
A fact oftenof -more importance
to growing pf grapes than fertil
ity of the soil 'is one! of the'mols
ture content W the soil. In order,
in many cases, to maintain the
moisture where it should be it Is
OFIE OUE
necessary : to keep the soil f altrrnercial standpoint, but a few
well filled with humus, and this
In most eases necessitates manur
ing or the growth of rover, crops.
If, with the use -of these mater
ials.' the soil Is kept in good con
ditlon, so far as the humus- con
tent is concerned, the planV food
content of the soil will generally
be taken care of. Moisture ismore
apt to be a limiting factor in to pre
soils than the fertility, so that If
the moisture contends kep np by
the use of cover crops or manure,
the soil fertility itself will be
handled.
- The Willamette valley is jretty
closely limited to tfie growing- pf
American grapes. These varieties
will grow snd mature fruit in the
cool climate of this valley, while
most of the European varieties
will not thrive, wtththe exception
of one or twojjf the very earliest
varieties of JEuropean grapes. The
European grape demands a long
growing 6asn withthe maximum
aejtttan unhlne. tWe find that
many of nW"varieties commonly
grown, in California fail to mature
snder-v&ezont jfconditions, many of
them not even showing any indi
cation of sugar by the time the
fall rains begin, or the frost catch
es them. .
Campbell's Early Best ' .
Of the long list of American
grapes to choose from, the Camp
bell's Early is undoubtedly the
best for both commercial and
home use.' This is the best early
TMt Are
1 " -
over 115 leral blank suileJ
made to order forma,
At Cosiness Of fles. GroanJ Floor
grape we' have, and. due to its.
earllness. it will mature t well j
where the Concord, which is some
what later, will fail to mature ;
properly. Although tfie Concord J
s one of the most popular varieties
Ljn the western part of the United
States, it has nit been as success
ful in Oregon a.- the Campbell's
Early, but can te used as a later
grape. The Campbell's Early Is
a good grape for handling on the
market, as it has a relatively
tough skin, and though considered
by some not quite so high in fla
vor as other varieties, it Is a very
satisfactory grape. It tan be
picked at "the regular time and
still will keep as long as the Con
cord or some of the later varieties.
The variety advertised exten
sively as the Island Belle is with
out question the Campbell's Early,
Introduced under the name of
Island Belle.
A better quality grape Tor home
upe is the Vordjn.
This can hardly be recommend
ed for commercial planting, as the
berry is so tend r that any hand
ling at all will break the berry,
pulling the skin open, making it
unsatisfactory f6r commercial pur
poses. It is just a little later than
the Campbell's Ear'.y. Due to the
tender akin, it will not stand ad
verse seasonal conditions, as fre
quently are met in -this section,
being susceptible to injury from
rain.
Rest White ami Red
For white grapes the Niagara
is undoubtedly the best, but it has
about the same ripening time
as tne Concord, making it a little
. . . . . ....
r late for many sections Where
many sections
well ripened, it has a most excel
lent flavor and really should be
Included in any of the home plant
ings. For red grapes we have none
that are satisfactory from a com-
that are very good for home use.
The Delaware bears rather light
ly, has small bunches of very small
berries, but of excellent quality.
The Agawam develops very poor
bunches, but it bears heavily and
has also good quality.
The European Kinds
For those people who desire the
flavor of European grapes, we
found the Sweetwater and Golden
Chasselas to be the most satisfac
tory in general. - This is a white
or green grape that matures about
the' same time as the Concord, or
possibly, a little later, but often
fails to develop the quality that
it should. In cool seasons,, or
when early fall rains come, it
does not develop the sugar con
tent desired. " in some of the
more protected places we find va
rieties' like the Muscat Hamburg
or Rose or Peru doing Very well,
but these cannot be generally
planted with the expectation " of
being successful with thqm. On
the experiment station tronndsTf11? does not g ive the vine a good
the Chasselas, Rose Royal and the
Chasselas Rouge have - proven
nearly as successful in 'maturing a
crop as the Golden Chasselas, but
do not bear any ways nearly as
heavily.
The regular wine grapes and
raisin grapes of California cannot
be considered for this district, as
they demand a long, warm sea
son for maturing the crep. Many
of these varieties are under test
'Legal
to most any buafm
looking for at a bUr
-(
THIS WEEK'S SLOGAN
DID YOU KNOW that in the Salem district grapes of
the Concord (American) grape family can be grown to
perfection in immense quantities; that we have tens of
thousands of acres of cheap lands suitable for grape
growing; that Salem ought to be the Westfield of Ore
gon, and the Salem district the Chautauqua grape belt
of the Pacific Coast; that Salem ought to have great
jelly and jam plants, using an immense annual tonnage
of grapes; that there is and vy-HI be money in grape
growing, and a very great industry in this line is within
the grasp of Salean and surrounding country, and that
there is now more interest here than ever before in the
.industry?
Dates of Slogans in Daily Statesman
(In Twtce-aWeek Statesman Following Day)
(With a tw poslblo chaewl
IxtganU-rrics, 0tolor 1, I0C5
Ptmdh, -tobr M
ltring, -tober IS
Flax, October 22
FilbertM. October 29 ;
Walnuts, November S
Htrawberrlw, November 13
Apples, November tft
Itaspberrles, November 20
Mint, December 3
Ileans, Etc., December 10 '
Hlitckberrles, ereraber 17
Clterriett, Iecetuber B4
Fuars, December SI
UooNe berries, January T, 102S
Corn, January 14
Celery, January 21
Spinach, Ktc, Jauaary 28
(hiloiis, Klc, Februnry 4
Potatoes, Flc, Februnry 11
Does, Februnry 1M
Poultry and IVt Stock, Feb. 25
City DeauUrnl, Ktc. Mnrcb 4
Great Cows, March II
Inved fllgbways. Marrh 18
Head IxHXuce, March 25
Silos, lCtc, April 1
Iegiuues, April 8 . . .
Asparagus, KU- April 15
Grapes, Etc, April 22
Drag Garden, April 29
at the experiment station, and
most of them fail to even show,
any degree of maturity in the av
erage season. In the season of
1922, when more varieties ripened
than ever before, but very few of
them attained the quality desired
for these graphs, while most of
them never "even ripened enough
for. picking from the vines.
The Planting Methods
Crapes are generally planted 8
feet apart in the rows with 8 feet
between the rows. This gives
sufficient distance for the devel-
opment of the vines and affords
ease in cultivation. Tne--earrferT1"yIgorous vine shou,d have more
grape vines can be- planted in the
fall and winter, the better the'yi,t down on the cane growth, de-
will be, as it will give .the vines a
chanco to establish a root systenl
during the winter seasonv ' Aroitl
planting late in the spring,, as
cnance to establish itseir before
thej hot weather comes on. After
the jvines ;.are set out, about, the
only thing necessary the first sea
son is thorough, consistent culti
vation to prevent the excessive
loss of moisture from the soil. .
At the beginning of the second
season the general practice is to
cut the vine back to two buds. The
idea of it Is to prevent the ranos
of the previous season bearing
any fruit but rather devoting the
energies of the plant more or less
to the establishing of a root 'sys
tem and growing a. vigorous
healthy cane tor the coming sear
son. Although only one cane will
be. allowed to grow after this sea
son., two are Permitted th wittear1nff only the one year natur
seasoarfor the simnle renSnn- thrf
one of them may be destroyed' and
this will not set the plant back a
year in establishing . -the1 -frame
work. - 9
At the beginning of the third
season, the stronger . and" ' better
cane hi selected and cut at,,' the
height desired, which wili7be -do
ter mined by the pruning system-,
which will be followed in the
planting, AH other cones or
growths are. removed, leaving the
iogle cane to form - -the main
stalk of tho plant. - ."V
t.".v IIenvy(PrunlngJlee;
After the vines become mature
the annual pruning Is a. very dras
tic, heavy cutting, as over 90 per
cent - of the previous season's
wood Is removed each pruning
season.' Ti.e " best fruit and, the
finest bunches are grown on the
vines that are heavily pruned.
More bunches might bo produced
on vines if - more . wood could .be
Sugar DeetA. Sorghum, Etc.,
May C 1920
Water Powers, May 18
Irrigation, Blay 20
Mining. Mny 27
Iand, Irrigation, Etc., June 8
Floriculture, June 10
Hops, Cabbage, Etc., June 17
Wlioleanllng and Jobbing,
June 24
Cucumbers, Ete July 1
ilogM, July 8
Goats, July 15
Schools, Etc, July 22
Sheep, July 29
National Advertising, August S
Seeds, Etc., August 12
Livestock, August 19 .
Grain and Grain Products, Aug
ust 20
Manufacturing, September 2
Automotive Industries, Septem
ber 9
Wood work In g. Etc., September
i'lO
Paper Mills, Sept. 23. 192S
r Back copies of the Thurs
day edition of The Dally Ore
gon! Statesman are c- band.
They are fr sale at 10 cents
eac, mailed to any address.
Current copies 5 cents).
left,, but the quality would be de
cidedly inferior, and it is doubt
ful if the total production would
be any heavier.
The pruning of grapes is not
at all difficult if care is taken in
the selection of the wood to be
left and the number of buds left.
The bearing of the plant the com
ing season will be determined by
the numbor of buds left on the
vine. If the vine is weak, fewer
buds "can be 'left so that more
strength will go into producing
vigorous wood for the coming sea
son. On the other hand an over-
fruit buds left, thus tending to
Voting more of the energy to the
production of fruit. Probably
with the grapes, more than other
fruit, it is a question of the in
dividual development and vigor
of the vines wheji determining
how much wood should be pruned
away.
In selecting the number of buds
or the number of buds to be left,
it is generally considered that the
first two buds on the cane are
more or less apt to be sterile.
They will not be entirely so, but
the buds farther out will bear a
large number of fruit clusters to
I the bud than the first two, Omit
those in tne counting or the duos
uxa each cane. If, for instance.
yon are leaving six to eight fruit
buds to the cane. It will mean the
total number will be eight to ten.
- As the tendency of the vine; is
to extend the growth each year,
i'r the bearing wood would soon
I be . long ways from the main
rstalk. From the older wood each
year there. will be found coming
up young vigorous canes. These
are usually sterile, but are used
Pin -renewing, canes, bringing the
fruiting' wood back. - t the time
.of pruning these are cut to one, or
two buds, forming renewal spurs.
The coming, season, these spurs
will produce good, vigorous fruit
ing wood, which can be used the
following season for the develop
ment 6t the fruiting wood close
to the main stalk. . ,
. The Training Systems
Grapes have usually been train
ed' to the four armed Kniffen
system. This Kniffen system - Is
more, commonly used on Ameri
can "grapes than any other system
of training grapes.- ' The trellis Is
nothing bnt a two wire berry trel
lis. In - this , the,' cane or- main
shoot Is tied to the upper .wire.
Running from the cane each way-l
on each wire will be left one cane
or arm. The total number of budsl
desired to leave for the Individ
ual vine is distributed evenly over
the four arms.
Aside from the four armed
Kniffen system, we find the Mun?
son system giving excellent suc
cess. This is a three wire system
in which tho lower wire is placed
3"4 to 4 feet from the ground
with the two upper wires one foot
higher, and at the outer edge of
an 18 inch cross piece. The main
stalk Is trained to the lower wire
and then two or four canes are
trained along this lower wire. As
the buds break and the new shoots
develop, they will be upright for
a short time, but gradually droop
over, and in this way lay over the
two upper wires. This system of
training is. more expensive to es
tablish in the first place, but is
more -easily handled during pick
ing. The bunches all hang free
and are not entwined by the grow
ing canes or the tendrils of the
vines. Also," it allows more cir
culation of air, tending to reduce
the possibility of disease.
General Care, Harvesting
The general care of the grape
vine is the same as for any other
fruit tre. Thorough consistent
cultivation is advisable for the
best results. ' However, It is noti
ceable at times to what degree
the grape vines can be neglected
and still bear a certain amount of
fruit. '
From observayon during the
past two seasons it would seem
that a few remarks about the har
vesting of grapes would not come
amiss. Grapes do not develop
their full quality of flavor when
they firot change color. With a
grape like Campbells Early, the
quality is not developed for some
time after it turns dark. If pick
ed In tho green stage, they do
not have a pleasant flavor and
will certainly not appeal to the
customer. If left until fully de
veloped, the quality is sure to be
excellent and the grapes will keep
better than when picked green.
In picking the grapes, use clip
pers or knl7es to cut off the
bunches. Handle the bunches as
little as possible in order to leave
the bloom on the .berries. If pick
ing during the heat of the day,
better success will be had in
avoiding the shelling of the ber
ries from the bunches. The stalks
of the clusters will be more or
less wilted at that time while the
grapos will be dry in the bunch.
(Jrapes picked moist will soon de
velop decay.
C. E. SCHUSTER.
Corvallis, Oregon.
(Mr. Schuster Is associate pro
fessor of pomology of the Oregon
Agricultural college, and his Is
high authority in his field. He is
the author of Station Circular 43,
of the Oregon Agricultural Col
lege experiment station on'Grape
Growing In Oregon," which con
tains illustrations on training and
pruning American grapes. Ed.)
Training Camp Reports
Show Gains for Students
WASHINGTON The thirty odd
thousand youngsters who attended
army Civilian Military Training
camps last year are credited with
and average gain . of, several
pounds in weight and almost an
inch in chest measurment as a re
sult of their ' month's experience
In the "school of the soldier."
Offlcal reports from corps area
commanders, compiled in the Sur-
geon General's ' office, not that
there was a great loss of weierht i
among the stout lads who turned I
out for intensive drill and a cor-
responding upward lump for
der-nourished boys, "whose appe-ftke
tites wer stimulated by the .bene
ficial results of exercise in the
open." . " "-
The Plattsburg Barracks camp
had the' prize pat specimen and
trimed, him . down twenty-nine
pounds. It also built up an -undernourished
- lad eighteen pounds.
The highest average gain In
weight was, reported from Camp
Lewis, 'Wash., with five pounds
per man In 6 4 $ toys, while the
smallest average gain was at Fort
Douglas, Utah, with 0.7 pounds. .
r Congressional . committees have
been told by" army experts that
there la little difflcutly with discipline-
at the- summer camps. ' v
. .EugeneThrough freight term
inal "on Southern Pacific moved
here; several miles of new termi
nal track already laid.' - - - '
GRIPES FOR THE HOME
JUT
ORM WT
No Other Fruit Crop More Easily Grown, Few That Give
More Satisfactory Returns The Labor Is Not Exces
siveHow to Start Them, and How to Do the Pruning
and "Training The Best Varieties for Ttys Section
Editor Statesman:
There is nb other fruit crop
that Ls more easily Known than
the grape, and few crops' that will
give any more ' satisfactory "'re
turns. The labor required 'f6r
growing grapes is not 'excessive,
and much of It can be 'done be
fore the season wnen other crops
begin to require attention. A
number of varieties do well in the
valley, and the kind of grapes
grown can be governed by per
sonal requirements. Among the
good varieties are Campbell's
Early, Moore's Early, Concord.
Sweet Water,' ! Niagara, Verdun,
Delaware and Agawam. The Con
cord is an excellent grape and
has long been our standard as a
table grapo a4 well as for com
mercial production and because
of its splendid qualities will con
tinue to be a popular variety. For
a white variety the Niagara is
standard wherever grapes are
grown.
The!
Verdun and Dela
ware are red grapes of very good
quality and MOore's Early Is prob
ably the best i of the early varie
ties. I
How The y Are Started
Crapes are started by cuttings,
layering, grafting and from seeds,
but for our jpurposce the first
needs to be Considered, it being
an easy and ready means of get
ting the 'younig 'plants.' The cut
tings should be made soon after
the vines beccime dormant- in the
fall. These should be from 8 to
20 inches long and made from
young, well
matured wood. On
the lower or
butt end make a
slanting cut close to the bud and
on the upper:
or top end leave
of wood above the
are two ways in
about an inchi
bud. There
which the cuttings can be handled.
one being to put them out where
the permanent vines are to be.
The better waiy Is to tie the cut
tings into small bundles with the
butt ends together and place them
In soil with the butt ends up, and
cover them over with 3 to 6 inch
es of dirt. Handled in this way
the butt ends. - from which the
roots will be i produced, form a
callous, while; the top portion is
kept in a dormant condition.
Then when the cuttings are set
out, In the spring; the calloused
end Is ready ; to produce strong
roots at once ind before the buds
develop sufficiently to take up the
sap and plant food 'stored1 In the
cutting In I he spring put the
cuttings In a nursery5 row "or in
the garden In good 'soil and where
they can be kept well cultivated
and hoed during the summer. The
following spring ; they should be
set out in the permanent' location.
The planting distance depends
upon tne vigor of the plant, soil
conditions, and the kind of prun-
ing. The
strong growing varl-
ties can be
Bet 10 by 10 feet.
although a
planting distance
feet between rows
which gives 8
and 10 feet between the plants
will be found satisfactory.'; This
will give the necessary growing
space for the roots and good cir
culation of air for the vines. Af
ter planting, keep well cultivated
so as to produce as strong and
vigorous a plant as possible the
'Irst year.
During the succeeding
years constant and thorough cul-
puvation. a necessary j until the
un-1Tlne reach th!e bearing are. and
same systematic and thorough
tilling of the soil must be follow
ed up each year thereafter In or
aer to prodtfee ' well matured
fruit, because! the crane doea not
doT well In sod. and weeds must
be kept down In order to conserve
moisture.
; Like all otter fruit crops, -the
grape requires a well drained
soil of good depth and. should
nve plenty 1 of organic matter.
Barnyard mapure Is excellent to
supply and maintain the needed
humus,' bnt should never be ap
plied too - frequently v br In exces
sive i amounts. unless the soli Is
Very poor and deficient In the
needed organic matter.' Commer
cial fertilizers give good results,
the amount used helng varied to
suit local conditions. The quickly
available nitrogens are the most
satisfactory' either In the form of
G
nitrate of soda 'or sulfate of am
monia. These 'should be applied
at the fate of-about 200 pounds
per acre and -can be used to sup
plement the barnyard manure, but
neither of these fertilizers -.lur-nlshes
organic matter. . .;. - -Pruning
and Training r
Pruning and training Is ' prob
ably the most difficult part 'for
the amateurs in the care of-f 'the'
grape.- This first, year nov sup
port or pruning Is . necessary, al
though the young canes may.be
tied to a stake to get them out of
the way for cultivation.. The fol
lowing winter the vines should be
pruned and staked,, using stakes
five or six feet long. The amount
of pruning done will depend upon
the growth. If small-growth has
been made, remove all but the
strongest cane and cut this back
to two eyes. If one strong well
ripened cane has been produced,
"eft this baek to the , height at
which the head is to be formed
(about 54 inches) and tie secure
ly to the stake, removing the oth
er canes. In the first case men
tioned, both buds should be al
lowed to develop, bo that the plant
will not be set back by the acci
dental removal of one. All growth
starting from adventitious ouds
should be removed so as to jmv
centrate all the growth acfirsfies
Into the two canes, one of which
is to become the trunk of the
vine the succeeding year. . By tlia
third year the vines should hava
erect straight stems, with two or
more canes for the bead and from
which the vine can be removed
each year
Different Pruning Systems
In the pruning of bearing vinc
there, are several different systems
some of which are more or less
complicated and require a lot of
trellis, and some that require
much time for cutting and tyinft.
Whatever system is employed, it
is important to keep in mind that
the fruiting branches are always
produced on last season's growth,
that is, one year old canes. The
condition and also the vigor of the
plant should be taken into con
sideration whpn pruning. One
system often used in commercial
vineyards and well adapted, for -the
smaI home planting is what
.known as the four cane Knif
fen system. With this a trellis
of two wires is used, the bottom
wire about 30 inches above the
ground and the top wire about 54
inches. The cane to form the
main trunk of the vine is carried
up to the top wire and two canes
are trained along each wire, mak
ing four canes for each vine.
Each year's pruning consists in
cutting away all the tops except
the four most vigorous canes pro
duced the preceding season, and
results in the removal of practi-
cally 90 per .cent of the one-year-,
old wood. With well established i
vines these are shortened back so
as to allow about 10 buds to eacbi
of the upper canes and 6 buds fol
the lower ones, for vigorous. grovf
ing kinds like the Concord. wh
less vigorous growing varieties ,
like the Delaware, should, b
pruned so as to leave a smaller
number of buds. Other," cankt
coming out near the main tf utiK- ,
can be cut back to two buds, tht
is,' spurs, for the purpose , of g.
tiag new canes for the next su-
son's fruiting wood. The canes
left should be carried, along ( tho '
wires and secured to them bv ty
ing with string, precaution Vein g
taken not to tie too tightly iso as
to check the flow-of sap, lis the
cane enlarges with gTowth j. The i
advantage of this, system Is ithat
it requires only a limited anVount
of time, and the pruning yrUd :
training are easily andj'gupekly
done. .
Time for Prunlna,f.
7
In this valley the viae enn he
pruned any time after Jt he dor
mant season,- - which .would ' be
about v the first of ! December.
Where possible the pruning should
not be done later than the xalddlo
of the following month. After
about .-that time "the totalled
'bleedlng,,: of the ylnes uccurB at
all cut surfaces: and wtlle this
D
0 PRODUCE THEM
(0enttaa4 sa sags
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