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About The Oregon statesman. (Salem, Or.) 1916-1980 | View Entire Issue (Nov. 5, 1925)
10 THE OREGON STATESMAN, SALEM, OREGON THURSDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 5, 1925 XL EM r a fc .i ; Si i J I; I i . 1' I oivnnri nniiTornilTnrr VDin r : i 4 I . r The Statesman will publish vand award a prize each week for the best essay submitted by a grade school pupil Ion the industries scheduled on this page. THE OREGON WALNUT EXCHANGE IS . . IBS ABOUT 31 18 YE5P, The Salem Unit Is Supplying About, Fifty Tons of This ' Crop, Which Is About Double That of Last, Year, and . About Half the Tonnage Here Comes From the Skyline 1 Orchards Five Cents a Pound Differential Over Cal ifornia on Medium Grade Nuts 1 j Editor -Statesman: i" The Oregon Walnut Exchange ( cooperative has made consider - ahle " progress'fn the 192., season, f and we are glad to be able to re , port af very : large increase in membership over the state, and two new, pack In? units" of the ex change,' one at Dallas and one at Dllley. . !.... - (No one knows how many wal nut growers there are in Oregon or just how many tons are an nually produced, but we believe we are safe in saying that the Exchange now controls about 70 per cent of the total walnut crop. The, Dundee unit now has about 160 members, or an increase of ,0 since last season, and will pack this year close to 200: tons of , nuts. it- ; -v The Salem nnit will nearly 1 double its 1924 tonnage, and is ? . "expected to pack about 40 to 50 tons. About half of this amount . -Comes from the Skyline Orchards. . south of Salem, which is the larg ' ' est single producins walnut plant " ing in Oregon. . ' '. We shipped a twenty ton car out ""of" Saletn last week' to Spokane, : i Wash,, which contained some -" bags oi tne, anyiine r rancm-iiur. rcjzg "It had "the highest valuation on" MUhfi Exchansre has ever I h1nnPri: artd our tnsnector. Mr. i ' neorce Trunk, of Dundee, con- f side red it contained the-finest col lection of walnuts he had ever ' Veen called upon to Judge for the Exchange. " Mr. Ferd Groner. whose well ''known; orchard at Scholls consti tnte one unit of the Exchange, is " expected to have around 30 tons of Franquettes. f The Amity pack ing unit, operated by W. H. Os borne, has doubled its output and , should have between 13 and 20 . tons. The Dilley. Dallas and Le ' banon units are producin some 50'tons between them. Altogether the Exchange will this year be called upon to market from" 300 to 350 tons of walnuts for a total of about 225 grower members. The Market Is Good The market has 'been fcxcelleat i again this year, and the Exchange 4 nas been aon to make deliveries I to buyers a rapidly as the nets can be packed. This means prompt returns to members, who are j .again receiving 75 per cent of lift total graded value of their crops f exclusive of culls within thirty days or less of delivery date! The Dundee association is today distri- f buting about $30,000 as first pay ment to those of its growers t whose crops . were . gTaded in the i month of October. The Amity , unit, was an early shipper this j year, and is now in receipt of pay t ments for three-fourth of its crop. The Excellent Qaality sirs richd u. won 110 T T IB 1 00 YEARS That Is, at Present Rate of Walnut Planting, It Would Take That Long to Shut Off the Foreign Supply .of Nuts Our District Is Destined to Outdo All the Fanv ous Walnut Growing Sections of the World Editor Statesman: ' Climatic conditions of the north west are similar to those of France and Germany. California walnuts do not com Da re with those crown here, neither does. Calif ornia pro- i duce the quantity per acre. ; Ac cording, lo Dr. Satchellor. now in France for, seven months to study French walnut growing; at the time of their greatest crop in history, ho' can find nothing there equal to Ferd Groners orchard near HillBboro, which be found loaded to the guards a year ago when he was np here. The famous Isere valley is as well loaded with nuts as It ever is, -but the Willamette and "Colarahia rirer valleys art destined to outdo the greatest of . One condition that has contri buted to speed in grading and delivery to buyers this yeari has been , the excellent quality of the Walnuts themselves: very few showing .the" shri veiled kernels which caused so much" grief in some districts last season. Many growers were afraid of a recur rence of the shrunken meats this year on. account of the dry gum- mer, but all doubts were dispelled when the harvest developed. ; Almost all crops will pass a .90 per cent cracking test with ease and that means a great saving in time and expense of grading, since ft is not often necessary this year to put the nuts through suction machines, wh'ch exhaust the un filled ones out of a crop. SmnlVr Sien TliLs Year In addition to the ruts being well filled they ara in most In stance quite plumps mealed with very white kernels. They are how ever, universally running to small er s?res than last year and instead of the Exchange pack being; abou ?.T, per cent Jumbo size as.it war In 1924. ft. wiJkntohably go. about i . pr cent Jumbos, r0 per cen' ltar?e gze and Z: percent medium Some of the OlcTs Some distriHs of the state were badly hit by the cold wave las winter, and ttioush iu most cases' the trees were not badly affecte-' the fruit spurs and catkins were sufficiently frosen to seriouslr curtail the present crop. And in all sections, our old friend the walnut blight made Ms appearance this summer with unusual perse verance, and caused many a grow er to revise his ociginal croo estim ate several times before harvest. But even so. the walnut tonnage. as a whole is a little greater than we had last year In Oregon, while rrices remain practically the same Jumbo FranquetCes arte a cent, above last year's figure, being 3? cents' this year to the jobber. ' &t medium size seedlings ); tluv nrice of 20 cents pound was maintained this year, by the Oregon Wa'nut Exchange, in spite of . the drop made hy the California. WalWu Growers' association. on tfii grade. They opened this yeara 13 cent a pound. Their- 1924 price was 1 6 cents k pound. Thu Oregon medium size" walnuts are new en toying a 5 cents1 per pound premium over the corresponding California grade, which we believe to be the biggest differential ver paid "on Oregon walnuts. Very sincerely yours, ' , vi" v ., W. II. BEXTLE Y. (Mr. Bentley. is the manager of the Oregon Walnut Exchange "(co operative) and ls.jwell posted on all phases of the industry. Ed. all walnut growing districts. . , lioss for Land and Care Too " To give the necessary impetus to the industry we find the low land values in this district tempt ing to grab for ourselves i and plant to one of the finest of God'4 foods. ' Too many suitable arree lying unused and undeveloped prevent the sudden , raise of . land values to the detriment of those who would niake their living by letting their tree make it lor them. $600 to $1000 per acre for suitable land for walnut planting is the rulo fl California',' while $50 to $250, will buy similar land here much better situated and liable to much greater profit. Not only does the land cost less here, :, ...... ", . '. ? THE DAILY STATESMAN dedicates one full page each week in the interests of one of the fifty-two basic industries of j the Salem district. Letters arid articles from boosters are solicited. This is your page. Help boost Salem.! but it costs less to care for the orchard afterr it is growing and in bearing. " ;. " Hearing a( Six Years Hearing Is commercial at six years on properly cared for and well located land. Myths have been regularly exploded since growers hate taken to grafted trees and good land, leaving seed ling trees and red hills trailing in the dust. 1000 "pounds ner acre is not at all unusual at present and Is to be expected when the planting is on good soil. Whether v man is able to bring his orchard into bearing without other expense than 4Jie cost of the trees and their planting depends on many factors', chief anions whinh is experience nrd business ability. That we be-j lieve we are able to do this with our walnut orchrrdJng company b because we have known it to; be done and are willing to back our experience acainst the pioneer ing of our more illustrious walnut men. . Marketing depends on demand which in turn is based on getting value received. Tha't in 1922 our 'mnorts of walnuts reached 70. 808.65 pound and that the value of all nuts imported had reached $137.625. 249, while in 1911 only! 43,634.224 pounds of walnutri were Imported and the importa-l tion of all nuts wa"s valued only at $14 263.240. goes to show that! fhe demand for walnuts is greater! han the supply. That this year of the greatest walnut harvest in! he history of the world there ha?j been no weakening in the price o walnuts and an increase of 80 per cent in the price of Brazil nnts 30 per centMn the -price of fil berts, 27 per cent in the price of almonds, and 10 jer cent in the price of wild pecans only goes tp show that the demand for nuts is increasing rather than diminish ing. At the present rate of inr creased consumption the preseni rate of planting can go on FOP HUNDRED years without catch 'ng up to the point where we can do without our nut imports. The walnut association will at ways be a factor in the distribu tion of that product on account oT service to producer and consumer alike. On account of the larg- scale of its services the cost of that service is uncommonly Ugh - something less than 2 cents per pound on walnuts marketed. Suegested improvements in that --ervice are that the washing and drying of walnuts be under the auspices of the association, in rf circulation b-n type dryers. An other suggestion-is that the water bleach of sodium chloride be used n an 'endeavor to7 provide a still more farorabV reception for our walnuts both at home and in the ea'stwhlch would bo "glad to get awy, from the white bleach used in California. Still another, suggestion is that big, unwieldy, gravel type graders be disposed 6f for the. tnore ccoh- omical pecan i .type grader, of in elmed -reyolying bars such as is belg used at JUcMinnville. Thanking you for the opportun ity, to express myself on a few of my beliefs. I am. your sincerely, ., RICHARD H. TURK.) Vancouver, Wasru Fpurtyfirst and Main streets, November 2, 192i. OWNER OF OLDEST Mr, Page of Jefferson Thinks the. Marketing Is Bein ft I Well Done Editor Statesman: - - i " Your request for a letter oh the walnut Industry finds me at a loss for new ideas to relate; so much has already been said in you other Slogan numbers. ?, v 1 . Professor Schuster Is progress ing in his search for a better va riety for our climate and will, no doubt, bring out new varieties in a few years that are as good I or better than anything : wc have now; : , .. '- " . " Nature is eliminating the plant ings ou wet and shallow ground leaving little excuse lor - anyone planting on these types of Koiis in tho future. A short trip through any walnut district' will show' the prospective planier what toil to avoid. : ; vA : : -y ; - Martct log Well Done - j The marketing problem ls.aluo giving way to moceravtrcatment (Cutittutd 9U j)s X3) 1MB THIS WEEK'S SLOGAN DID YOU KNOW That Salem is the center of a great and growing walnut industry; that the super nut is grown here the highest quality and the highest priced walnut produced in the world; that our walnuts have a superior flavor and texture; that our walnuts are perfect as they come from the trees, needing no bleaching, and will never need any; that Oregon is marketing an in creasing annual crop of quality walnuts; that our wal nuts sell at 2 to 5 cents and more a pound higher than the California walnutsf that plantings are being made and will be made indefinitely, as fast as sood nursery stock can be supplied; that this is one of the most sub stantial of aH our industries here; and that the returns to this district Will soon be for our walnut sales millions of dollars annually? Dates of Slogans in Daily Statesman (In Twlcc-a-Veek Statesman Following Day) (With a few psible changes) Loganberries, October 1 Irunes, October 8 Dairying, October 15 Flax, October 22 Filberts, October 20 Walnuts, November 3 Strawberries, November 12 Apples, November 10 KaspbeTries, November 26 Mint, December 3 Great Cows, Kt December 10 BlacklM?rrles, December 17 Cherries, December 24 Pears, Decemlwr 31 (jooMtberrkti, January 7, 1923 Com, January 14 Celery, January 21 Spinach, Ktc, January 28 Onions, Ktc, February 4 Potatoes, Ftc, February 11 Does, February 18 Poultry and Pet Stock, Feb. 2." City Itcantifui. Ktc, March 1 Resins, Etc., March 11 Paved Highways, March 18 Head Lettuce, .March 23 Silos, Ktc, April 1 Legumes, April 8 Asiaragus, Ktc, April 13 t;racs, Ktc, April 22 Drug Garden, April 20 WE GROW THE HIGHEST QUftLiTY WII ITS M Dr. Powell Gives Some Practical Pointers Taken From His Own Experiences in Growing Some of the Finest Walnut Tree Roots Must Reach Neither a Hard Pan ''nor -a Water Table Every Citizen With Bight Land Should Raise Nuts (Dr. Powell, in a note to the editor, says: "I had a force of men out here today to look after and am very tired: but since I am a native booster I wrote oat the enclosed brief article for yo'slj on Planting Nut Trees." Follow tns is the article: ) , -.j i-uiniuu; auc i rvs r Editor Statesman: ib ' q Briefly, will state that the, nut. industry of the Willamette valley and Clark count y, Washington, has proven Us worth and is receiv ing greater consideration. Soils and climatic eonditions of this section of the country are so varied and likewise so .favorable to the successful production of a wonderful variety of products, not exceeded by any other country. The; bottom lands, prairie lands, and the hill land are each spe cially ; adapted to certain classes of products, that is vegetables, berries, hops, etc., for the bottom lands grains, clover, grasses. flax, etc., for the prairie lands but the bench and hill lands are best for fruits and nuts. - The walnut tree requires a deep pervious soil capable bf retaining moisture to a .depths of ten or twenty feet for best results. 1 ' Masting holes tor deep rooted long lived trees- ia not advisable t resulting in ati economic Iofs. The filbert tree is an immense feeder as well as the walnut tree, but due to its Fystem of lateral roots does not require as deep -oil. Howpvpr, no tree should le planted where the root system reaches a hard, pan of water -table,; ItolliuR lands with free air and wate drainage, above the hivy frost lines are essential. Thus under favorable cond it fmis. good grafted walnut "trcci -and - well rooted thrifty nursery, cultivated filbert trees, should develop ra- pidly, bear young; and soon bring SEND A COPY EAST Sugar Beets, Sorghum, Etc., !ay o Water Powers, May 13 Irrigation, May 20 v Mining, May 27 Land, Irrigation, Etc., June 3 Floriculture, June 10 Hops, Cabbage, Etc., June 17 Wholesaling and Jobbing, June 24 Cucambets, Etc, July 1 Hogs, July 8 Goats, July 13 Schools, Etc., July 22 Sheep, July 2t) National Advertising, August 3 Seeds, Etc., August 12 Livestock, August 10 Grain and Grain Products, Aug ust 20 Manufacturing, September 2 Automotive Industries, Septem ber O Woodworking, Etc, September Paper Mills, September 23 (Dack copic-s of the Thurs day edition of The Daily Ore gon Statesman are c:. nand. They are fr oaie at 10 cents each, ,nailed to any address. j current copies 5 cents). FILBERTS tm forth profitable returns, riant ing walnuts 40 feet apart, oni filberts . 20 to 25 feet apart, the filbert grove will bring earlier and greater returns, per acre for sev erai xeata,than walnut trees, reckoning at the same average price, per pound for the nuts. My-next planting as planned will be in separate groves, as 1 have already experienced many ill effects of a mixed orchard. Sur face crops receiving an all season's cultivation couW well be grown in a j'ouny orchard. My experi ence bas also been with cherries, prunes, and pears, but my nut trees have produced the only crop, that has saved aiy orchard from deficit returns. While this coast has walnut trees- enough when in full bearing to supply the amount of present consumption in the United States, yet. due to the increased consumption of our own high quality nuts, it will be many years before we have a surplus of walnuts to export. As to filberts, since this section vonly of our country produces the highest qual ity known, not half of the people of the United States and Canada will get a taste of our Barcelonas by the time they are all well sup-, plied with our coast .walnuts. " Suffice it to say that this sec tion of our country produces the highest quality of walnuts and fil bert yet i known. Every citizen who. has a afitable location' should be a genuine booster for this at tractive and profitable industry, by planting the trees, and selling Ms surplus acres ' to i the " new coiners for the patr-e purpose. ; J. M POWELL, M I). Monmouth, Oregon, November 2, 1925. ' ' ; Consider the mosquito as an example. He vrarely gets a slap on the back until he goes to work. in mtm WILL TEST OUT PflOMISmS SEEDLINGS AND KEEP ON REPORTING TO GROWERS If We Had Two or More Varieties Equal to the Franquette, But Blooming at Different Times, We Would Have Very Near the Ideal Condition for Resistance to Climatic Conditions Other Suggestions From Our Highest Authority on Walnut Growing Editor Statesman: ! If one had been going around j among the walnut growers and? soon-to-be-walnut growers of the state of Oregon during the past few years, he .would have presum ed that the vital point in success ful walnut growing was the ques tion of grafted versus seedling trees. More heated arguments have been heard on that question than on any other single question. While we favor the grafted Franquette as against the seedling walnut trees, we find seedling orchards that are very successful. With the grafted Franquette the crops will vary according to reason, for the using of one single variety increases the danger con siderably, as the blooming season is restricted to a very short time, instead cf spreading this season over a longer period of time as is usually the case where more than one variety is used. If we had two or more varieties equal to the Franquette, but blooming at dif ferent times, we would have very near the ideal conditions so far as resistance to climatic conditions is concerned during the blooming season. The .Experiment Station 's. carrying on investigation with this in mind, and if anyone has seedlings that they consider valu able, we would be very glad to test them out along with others that we have on hand, and report back s we did to the growers of seed lings last season. (ii-attofl Xut For Future There is no question but that ho seedling orchard does not bW 'ain the efficiency possible when vnu consider the number of trees. When you consider the number of worthless trees found even in the est of needling orchards, and the ost of working them over, when ou see the variation in the nuts, he number of sleepers found in 'he orchards, and the other weak levses you cannot help but believe n grafted nuts for the future. Especially will you believe in the Tr&fted nuts for the future when -ou consider the competition that "vill become keener as the or hards now planted' come into bearing. Of Vital Importance Another factor in favor oflthe grafted tree is its resistance to mushroom root rot. The writer. aw one orchard thi3 fall with 40 per cent of the trees killed by mushrooms root rot These trees had recently been grafted on Northern California b-ack roots, but were planted by hired help in the absence of the owner. These trees were set deep with English walnut wood below the surface of the ground. The rhizomorphs of the mushroom rot climbed up over the black stock to the English walnut wood and there girdled the tree. u;. evidence of damagel ?ould be noticed on ttie black root, as apparently the fungus was un able to attack the Northern Cali fornia black stock. Where the owner planted the trees himself and set them at the proper depth there was no damage seen to any of the trees, as the English' wal nut Wood is above the ground, re moving it "from the source of irf fection.i This has been noted in other cases and is a thing of vital importance to those people plant ing on newly cleared land. -Soil Alo Vital He that as It . may, the choice of the kind of tree has had lesd influence on the walnut industry than, many other things. People have gone on looking at the tops of the trres and paid little or no attention to the soil on which they were walking, whr.the soil was far uore the most important con sidcralion. One would almost be lieve that if the proper soil and location had been chosen in the beginning, almost any kind of a tree could have ben planted and more money would now be coming into the state than under present conditions. At least, a far greater percentage of the trees would be alive today.- It would not be euca aa im portant point If present day plant For instance: Salem district has two counties growing the' sacred; myrtle- the only place it grows on this continent. What unique fact do you know about the district? Address articles to Slogan Editor,' care Statesman. i ers were learning from the mis takes of the older planters, but it 'seems that but very few are giving it any attention. It Is hopeless to attempt to de velop a paying orchard on soil shallower than five . to six feet, and for the best results the soil should be deeper than that. This depth of soil is determined by rock, impervious soil layer or water table, some material through, which the, roots cannot penetrate, or if once penetrated are killed off at a later time. The last one, the water table. is probably the worst one to con tend with. During the spring and summer -the water table may be low", and the subsoil can readily be entered by the roots. However, as soon as the rainy season starts the water table rises and we have the killing off of the root system This water table or layer is just as impervious in the long run fo the root system as any rock layer. Water-logged soil must be avoided, 'and that designation in cludes so' much of the Jow-lying flat land. Young trees may start well, but as the root system en larges; it is restricted, and we have a great many trees that are -stunted and weakened, readily succumbing to any unusual con dition. Avoid Shallow Soils . Contrasted to this type of soil is the shallow soil as found in the foothills in many cases. This soil is made shallow by rocks or im pervious layers. The size of the trees and the crop of nuts is de pendent in part on the moisture supply available and for the crop In particular, that moisture avall able -during late summer. A shal low soil simply does not have the moisture holding capacity to sup port a .large, .tree and its crop. Nothing is " more disappointing than to have a good crop of nuts and then to see a large percentage of the nuts thrown out as blanks. due to lack of moisture in the latter part of., the. season! The soil depth ts oqe thingx we cannot get around no matter how we feel ourselves by outlining special soil practices of by hoping for seasons of extra rainfall. The moisture cannot be supplied in', quantities demanded bv the tree. The wal nut is one of the most exacting, of our fruit trees, out repays' abund antly if attention is given to . its needs.' . . ... ... - AvoW Ixw Lying Ground Another year, of unusual winter weather has shown the. danger of placing orchards 'Off the low lying levels. ' , Orchards on the flats where the cold air settles were the ones where the trees .were split wide open and the shoots killed. Little " damage was noticed , by the orchards located above the. low lying grounds, from where the cold air could settle away to a lower level.. , ;.If orchards are placed from 50 to 100 feet above the low lying levels 'this -will give them protec tion against. the cold in most sea sons' and will automatically elim inate much of the wet. lands now being planted. The. remaining of the wet lands would only be those where seepage occurred from the higher level, . 'The claim is 'made that larger trees can bo produced on some of the richer, more-fertile and well drained valley tsoIIs. ; It may be true, but considering the damage that has occurred in the last ; six years during the winter time and then also the danger from late nnring frost and early fall frost as they occur on the lower placed orchards, economic production of walnuts would seem to demand lhe"plac!ng of orchards on eleva tions. - Many of. the. older and lower or chards are profitable, but may they -not have .been more so if placed on deep soli -where, they could have fruited regularly with out damage from cold winters and frosts? It la the production of regular -. annual crops with the minimum oMqss from the normal crops that will determine the pro- fit or lack of profit In the future. Many other factors will enter into walnut production, (all of which will have to be considered carefully, but the most frequent outstanding defect of the walnut planting program has been the placing of good high priced nurse ry stock in soil entirely unsuited to walnut production. C. E. SCHUSTER.' Corvallis, Oregon, November 3, 1925. (Mr. Schuster is associate pro fessor of pomology of the Oregon Agricultural college. He is one of the very best authorities in this country. Ed.) LARGEST GflflPTED it lo u oi,.. i ni j it ii iiic oty Line uiunaru in the Liberty District South of Salem ; The largest grafted Franquette walnut orchard in Oregon is locut ed in the Liberty district a few miles south of Salem. It is own ed by Clarence W. Noble o V'oungstown, Ohio. Mr. Noble looked over the country for two years before buying the land for his orchard. , He purchased the chased the raw land and has built his orchard "from the ground up." He has 212 acres in wal nuts. Italian prunes are planted between the walnut trees. Lat year, the prune product was 124 tons. This year it .was only U tbns, this being a veryshortcroi prune year. Had there been no prunes, th walnut orchard would have corn into commercial bearing sooner. As it was, at eight years there were a few sacks of walnuts; at nine years 1,500 pounds; at 10 years, a ton and a half; at 11 years, eight tons; at 12 years. 11 tons, , and "at 13 years, which wa this year, 22 tons. Outlook for Future The nrnnp trneit on the Skv Line orchard- will be allowed to bear one more crop, as; they now etand.- Next year, a third of the nnnA i rond wilt ,K AhnM Vi nally, all will be taken, out. How far will the increase of the walnut crop gp? That is a mat ter fnl" onanloHnir Tint ic c&fa to predict that, with good care, the same as has been! given-tbe orchard, the yield will be 75 tons at 25 years of age. It j will likely be more and more as, the years go by, lor a walnut tree never grows old. There are walnut trees in Europe known to be 1600 years old; arid still young. On a Finn Basis Moses P. Adams is tbe present manager of the Sky Line orchard. He is also secretary-treasurer of the Salem branch of the Oregon Walnut Exchange. Mr. Adams was too 'busy. yesterday to respond to the call of the Slogan editor for an article for this issue. But he said -some things last year that will bear repeating, especially to those expecting to get into the walnut industry. Below is what ho aaisi . ''Possibly it is as well fr the wainm industry oi ette Valley that its development haa been no faster up to the pres ent time. Had it had a mush room growth the damage lone by unscrupulous purveyors of worth less trees and worse locations would be 'much greater than at present ' - Now Well Kt.tab!Mn-d "Thanks to the courapc of sa cral of the pioneers in their un ceasing struggle agaipst seedling trees, -coupled with the assistance of the Oregon Agricultaral col lege. In matters of soil, elevation, air drainage and scientific anai sissis of other phases pertaining to walnut culture, the industry i now well established as a safe, sure and remunerative investment for anyone who will follow the trail that experience and rescarcn . i i j . . . . i. i - i M '1 TTl - hs blazed, V ? - . "it is needless to expound tne superiority of Uie Oregon walnut. Wherever it is sold the super ex cellent qualities are apparent, and . :.,m nvpr all tney commana a premium -others in price," Pretty Girl Aids in Novel Swin dleHeadline. They've been do ing it ever since publishers started putting ' their pictures on booK covers. . j . ,i V ti