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MORNING, JUNE 81, 1914. MAKING LIFE IM RUSSIA INTLEiRABt.ETOR JEWISH PEOPLE V Two Thousand "Elucidations" frpm the Senate at St Petersburg r 9 I THE OREGON SUNDAY JOURNAL, PORTL AND, SUNDAY -v - By Kurt Aram. Fourth Article. (Copyright for Tn Oregon Journal by th Kw York Time Company.) n wo can keep In oar ear th echoes , of those Russian bella, and In oof mlnd'a era the sergeant's level on which the Zarskl Listok stands, and If we do not forget the ferocity with watch fhe Gengbia Khan of Russia to day warka against a?l intellectual ad- vancement. even ' though it progress toward nothing more than a conatlta , tionai m one rc hy then shaU we be In a , fairly suitable trans of mind to under , a tend anti-Jewish legislation In Russia i this modern malleus maleflcarum, a duplicate of wtlch doe not exist any. where la tha whole world. Th beginning of this legislation data from the time of Alexander IX. ' According to It. all Jews who war I Russian subjects possessed tko right ( of domicile la the 29 Polish and too , 14 neigh boring governments. At first , glaaea thia swim a good deal, bat It , makaa considerable .difference wbea i ono eosaea to realise that Russia owns about t administrative district, gov ernments and province. Therefore, at that time the Jews possessed the right of domicile In only ' a quarter of the wkola of Russia. Th Russlaa police at the time shut both , eyes to this law, howerer. Under It , four classes of Jews possessed the , right of domicile In Russia. First, i Jewish craftsmen of the first guild. Including; the Jew In their employ- y s t i , v - t 1 1 - Minister of Justice Schezlovftoff, ment craftsmen of this guild are such ns pay 800 to 1000 rubles in trade taxes. Second, Jews who had passed throuirb some high school, pharmacists', chemists' assistants, certificated den tists, army surgeons, midwives and students. Third, Jewish workmen and their apprentices during the time of their apprenticeship. Fourth, Jewish soldiers after leaving the army. ' Then there is a fifth class, which up t the present day possesses the ' most desirable freedom in the entire sacred Russian empire, but which is always shamefacedly Ignored th class of prostitutes, whom the Russian , like to call the "yellow ladles," be- -caus th police furnish them with yellow certificates. It would seem . that those belonging to this profession war considered by the police as an i especial prop of their system, because among- all th professional In Russia it 1 th on that suffers the fewest mo ' 1 station from the polio. Strange "Elucidations." Sine th year 1482 this Initial leg i jslation has undergone more and more peculiar "elucidations" as they are ! called by th senate at St. Petersburg, 1 which la th highest resort of Russian ' legislative Interpretation. The ten , dancy to make the life of the Jews In , Russia a perfect torture becomes ever , mors apparent, and grow ever more , startling In it mod of expression. . Th October manifesto of Nicholas II la th year 1906 has changed nothing whatever In this respect. The gloomy ghost of Pobiedonostsev has begun to walk one more, and will find no peac ' until, that condition ha been reached ' which he considered ideal. L e., that on third of th Russian Jews should be killed and -on third forced to emigrate, o that the remainer of about 2,000,000 .could be assimilated by 100,000,000 Russian Innocent without endangering their Souls. Even Pobiedonostsev did not wish to do altogether without the Jew. Spain' eeonomlo ruin speak too forceful a language! Sine Alexander III came to th throne of bis fathers, th "laws by highest command" aa well as the de cisions of th various ministries and th legal "elucidation" of the aenatt . that hav to do with the Jews ai ii-yeaslng continually. Within the last 20 year they have become so numerous that volume could be filled with them.' For this legislation . there are alone 2000 "elucidations" 1 by r the' senate. " Therefore w shall mention only a few of the most characteristic of them.. On January tO, 1882, th minister of noKe ,xne acu vines oi students Conditions finance Issued th order that Jewish craftsmen living outside the permitted radio of domicile had the right of domicile only If hand machine were used In their .workshops, otherwise they were not craftsmen, but manu facturers, and, as such, to be exiled. But within the permitted radiu a craftsman la a man who works with his hand only. If, therefore, Jewish workman do not wish to lose their right of domicile outside the radius, and their profession within it, they may under no condition make us of modem mechanical inventions. A smith who no longer use .the old hand bellows . would. In consequence, no longer be a smith, but a manu facturer. - la this - pure nonsense, or isn't ltT A first class confectioner was ban ished from Moscow because . ha not only aold cake, but coffee also, aa 1 the custom In similar shop all over the world. But because ho sold coffee he did not "follow, hi profession,1 and wu sent out of Moscow. The earn fate befell a watchmaker in Samara becauae he aold watch chains which, he had made ' himself. A hundred example of . such tommy rot could be Instanced. By order of the ministerial council of January 28. 1884, the Jewish School for Mechanics' at Schitomir, which was supported entirely by Jewish , money. closed. WhyT In the towns and villages of th southwestern xadlu Jewish workmen ar 1 th majority, and therefor hinder th development of the local ' workmen. A special Jewish school for mechanics is accordingly, in view of the lack of a similar institution for the Christian population of the radius, a weapon In the hands of the Jews for ' suppressing local work. On March 18, 1884, a reading of th senate was issued to the effect that masons, stonecuters, decorators, cart ers, gardeners, and butchers ar not to be considered as workmen, and therefore have no right of domicile outside the radius. Then the chambers of commerce of Mosoow and Smolensky noted from which quarter the wind was blowing and refused to admit Jews into their corporations By this process they are no longer considered craftsmen, and can any day be banished to Poland. N According to the reading of the sen-, ate of August 6, 1888, the Jewish workman Is forbidden to buy estates outside the radius. A year later work men were also forbidden to trade. A watchmaker, for example,. who wishes to get rid of his wares by trading from place to place, can be exiled because he 1 no" longer a watchmaker but a trader. ' At the end of the year a new "eluci dation" withdrew from Jewish work men the right to live in Siberia at all. In 1891, the right of domicil wa withdrawn from' all Jewish work men In th. government district as well as In the city of Moscow itself. A a result of thi. about 10,00o' fami lies lost their means of livelihood. In 1898, fish salters, piano tuners, and surveyor were excluded from the category of craftsmen, and to this were subsequently added Ink maker and menders of goloshes! Truly the Rus sian government had Its full measure of worries! "In 1899, the manufacturers of arti ficial mineral water suffered th same fata After October 4 of that year th Jewish workmen In Kurland no longer bad the right of domicile in th rest of the empire. Since 1908, typesetters also have no longer been considered as workmen.w Why is It that the Russian govern ment has Its ey o particularly upon mo jewisn , eraztsmanr A it is a "privileged" profession, the Jews of th poorer classes do all in their power to become craftsmen. Legislation does all it can to prevent this and to kick them back into -; the most i miserable proletariat. And in this the govern ment Itas succeeded admirably, for th number of paupers those who depend entirely upon th charity of others v Vjflf II ' IV ,v ,.a I'iVf ( 1 according to th order, of April 10. tVl . 'H 11 II f.V V H -W rr-i,. IJE; 11 1 Why then, do Jwih doctor, become ;ViT : M 1 "V W W 17 .nny .urgeonsT Are Growing Worse; rose among th Jewish population In the nineties to over 20 per, cent. Such a proportion Is, found nowhere else on earth I In Germany, for In stance, th pauper of the same period were 3.4 per cent; in England, 2.9 per cent, and In America, only 0.14 per cent " . ' Further Oppressions Not even the. Jewish midwlves are left in peace by the government, al . though they are -neither very numer ous nor could they be called danger -SSRtSSSSSL -- 'it . iu'l." i if t it-Pi ii r ; ?i if r,vimAtiusiMi--u-J- .t; ., ihb Market In the Jewish Quarter, Warsaw, Poland ous to absolutism. According to th senate's reading of September 12, 1894, they are forbidden to take their pa rents to live with them, even if these are old and infirm. By a previous "elucidation" it was settled that mid wives possess for, their persona only the right of domicile, but they are for bidden, if their husbands do not pos sess this right, to keep their children with them outside of the radiu. And an order of November IS, 1497, declare that in the government of Moscow Jewesses are forbidden to become mid wives at all. ; The Jewish soldiers also are a thorn UDO A NEW VEGETABLE, IS GAINING FAVOR CONSIDERABLE numbers of Amer icans are beginning, to Ilk udo, and' it has been served success fully at large dinner parties in Wash ington, so it is atated In a recent bul letin of the United State department of agriculture. fc Udo is a vegetable which has long been esteemed in Japan and China, and an attempt Is now In progress to Introduce It Into general us In the United Staes. Th author of tko bul letin. David Falrchlld. agricultural ex- piorer in charge of th office of for- , eign seed and plant Introduction, ex plain that 10 years ago the sugges tion was first mad that udo bo grown by Americans, but It la only recently that the oriental visitor has begun to get any vogue. ' Y ':.-' It has been grown by Mr. Falrchlld in Maryland and by '-private Individ uals In various part of th country, but it has not yet become a commer cial factor. But Mr. Falrchlld says that It has now arrived at a point wher It might be pushed by any careful, enterprising 1 advertiser , of fancy vegetables." He says that "udo has already won many adherents among thos who car for new vegetable.'" Ho adds- that it la winning Its way eteadlly, ft popu larity being shown by th Increased demand for plants and the lmporta- ' tiona of seed from Japan, Udo has not yet obtained any hold on " th affection of Europeans, al though Mr. Falrchlld quotes a French . authority as saying that It is the on - Japanese vegetable which deserve to. ' be Introduced into - cultivation In Franca' . . The vegetable has a distinctive fla for which, declare the author, people ; i.'. ana worKmen In the government's side. Although It conscripts as many as possible, ap proximately SO per cent more than from the rest of the population. It withdraws all possible rights from them which other soldier in Russia enjoy when they hay left th service. Up to the time of Alexander III all soldiers who had left the service' pos sessed without any exception the right of domicile all over Russia, To the Jewish ' solider, according to th sen ate's -elucidation" of October J, 1485, all Russian villages are eloped. If th Jewish soldier. were conscripted after 1874, they had. according to th order lssyed by the home secretary, on No vember 11, 1485, no- right of domicil at all outside the radius, except in towns and larger villages. Nor are Jewish soldier allowed to accept posts at th Intendancy, a military clerks, or in the frontier, fortress or quarantine service, and never in the fleet, and are consequent ly soldier of the' very lowest order. If a Jew withdraws himself from mili tary service, hi family become an swerable for him and Is fined 800 ru bles. By the term "family" 1 un- can learn to like "as they have learned to like celery, asparagus, and egg plant." He describe th flavor as "distinctly aromatic. Ilk celery or parsnip, but different from either.": Udo must be carefully cooked to be palatable. The bulletin says: When properly prepared It is one of the most delicious of vegetables, but unless properly cooked it Is sur to meet with ridicule. The reason for this lies in the fact that its stems contain a resinous substance which tasted raw". give them a decided flavor of pin when tasted raw. There are many ?eople who never get further than thi lrst taste and condemn udo on the spot, forgetting how disagreeably raw vegetaoies orten taste. It Is simple culinary practice to boil strong flavored vegetables in two (or even three; waters, and this Is advis able as a general recommendation, al though when used for soup it does not appear to be always necessary. An hour's stay in ice water will remove 'this resin from the ehoot. provided they ar out into thin slices or shav ings. - Little is known regarding the food value of udo further than that anal yses show it to have about the same dietetic values as celery or asparagus. The Chinese, who are prone to ascribe mysterious properties to many of their foods, have given to udo, which they call dotooki. dokll quarts, or dosjen. medicinal properties which are more curious than probable. , . i Besides ' being served : with 1 whit sauce, udo may bo eaten as a salad or oup may be prepared from It. Mr, Falrchlld continues: - : '-: ri :J Notwithstanding Its centuries of cul ture In the orient, it is still a vege table whose potentiality remain quite . undertermined. It is highly desirable that many amateurs should experiment with it, and th public get acquainted with it In order that a ufficisnt de mand may be created to encourage grower to Investigate it on a sufn- - clently extensive scale to determine whether it has any really eeonomlo ad- . vantages - over such annual crop as celery or such perennial crop as as- ' paragus. It has been estimated that when grown -on a large scale it would re quire much les labor than celery, and that It furnishes a crop from seed at derstood not only th parents, but grandparents and brothers In fact an blood relation. . ! But what are all these annoyanoe In comparison with th law and sen ate reading which hamper a Jew who has a desire to make use of th gen eral mean of education, such as schools and universities! W know how official Russia think about edu cation. In th legislation for th Jews, Russia was able to give free rein to the prejudice against cultural advance, i In the year 1442, the maximum for I. lrEE - Th medical acad- emy for the army in SC Petersburg is considered the best medical faculty In all Russia. It 1 customary for the Jewish student to go to the best sources of Information when he studies medicine. And once he is in this acad emy it is the usual thing to become an army surgeon. Today Jews are forbidden to study at this academy at alL The love that was felt for Jewish army surgeon at the war office 20 years ago 1 evideneed in the fact that they are allowed to have as offi cers' servant only Jews, "because they have a demoralizing influence upon Christian servants." ; If, in th year 1882, discrimination is directed against army surgeons only, the year 1484 Improved on It. Accord ing to th "elucidation"' of March 4 of that year, free Jewish university stu dents have no privilege in regard to domicile. Considering that within the radiu of domicile there are only two universities, Warsaw and Odessa, stu dent ar excluded from all other Rus sian universities. - A . later "elucida tion" read that students outside th radius have a right of domicil only in the university town. . ; A Jewish student who was ill had taken the liberty of going to Jalta for change of air. By torder of March 24, 1893, Jalta wa excluded from the ra dius in which It bad belonged up to that time probably because Nicholas II was in th habit of going there in the autumn. Th unfortunate Jewish student did not know this, or bad for- least a year sooner than asparagus, and there may be other advantages which will appear during the long process of adaptation through whlcn every new plant Introduction ' must -pass before it become a real factor In th diversification of. our agricul ture. . As to th climatic requirement of udo, Mr. Falrchlld writes: From th fact that udo is grown sll over Japan, one might assume that it Is adapted to a wide range of climate, bat it must be borne in mind that Ja pan ha an Insular climate, and that none of Its plants are subject to drought. The udo has done best la the moist region of thi country, es pecially in the New England states. Canada and the Atlantic state aa far south aa the Carolina, in th rainy region of Puget sound, and In the trucking sections of California, about Sacramento. The fact that it die down In the winter and can be covered make it possible to grow it where temperatures go far below aero. The bulletin says further: i There 1 no doubt that the udo la Worthy of adding to our list of spring vegetables, for it is easily grown, it shoots ar readily blanched, and it re quires little care. A patch of it can b forced every spring for at least six years, and probably much longer. When properly prepared its blanched boot ar delicious. Space for space, udo wtlt yield about th cam amount of food for the table a asparagus and will be ready for use at about th same time in th spring. Possibly mors ; labor 1 required to blanch th shoots of udo than those of asparagus but . the udo Is probably somewhat easier to take car of and yields sooner. . - A an ornamental, udo ha a been known to nurserymen for 20 year or more under the nam of Aralia oordata Thunb. It might be termed a rank growing perennial, with a large, fleshy r2?1 .t?ckv. 161 down each fall after th first frost and come up . again, much asSasparagu and rhubarb do. It grows td a height of 14 feet or : more If on rich soil, producing a very ornamental mass of large green leaves, and in th late summer long, loose flower clusters, sometimes three feet la length. Th flower attract bees and flies In great number, and as a , honey plant the, udo would appear to . warrant the attention of beekeepers. A field of udo is generally humming with insects. , ' .7 i A"-:' ' ;'';;;-'' - -. v v. : lass, Ml' mmm gotten It. Besides, it is practically im possible to remember all these "eluci dations," since there are more than 2000 of them. The student was ac-. cordingly driven out of Jalta and hi work was then confiscated by the sen- . eta, ... The year 1'88S brought forth, on De cember 4 the Imperial order from the Minister- of education by which the .percentage of Jews in th upper schools and ; universities in Russian town wa not to exceed 4 per cent, in the towns, outside the radius, B per cent, and in those inside the radius 10 per cent. But as not infrequently the Jewish population was as much as 80 to 60 per cent of the general popula tion, for Jews are forcibly driven by the' state into th settlement districts, this imperial, order is an effective and energetic kick to a people naturally Inclined toward education. At that time a great many Jewish students escaped to foreign universities, espe cially thos of Switzerland, Paris, and Germany, so ; aa to be able to pursue their studies undea less harassing con ditions But they had reckoned without the Russian government, for this, did not suit it at all. In the following year, on January 26. an "elucidation from the senate ordered that Jews who had been graduated from an upper school outside of Russia could not belong to the privileged class .of owners of di plomas who have the right of domicile all over Russia They were therefore forbidden to settle anywhere outside the radiu. . Outside this radius, consequently, such Jews are forbidden to settle down at all; inside the radius, of course. -only within the limit of 10 per cent. But even this did not satisfy the gov ernment. The law of November 8, 1889. that further admlnissjon of Jews to the bar required an especial per mission from the minister of Justice. Private' lawyers needed an additional permission from the tnlnister of fi nance. This mean nothing else than that Jews are not allowed to become lawyer at all, and it la in thi sens that th law Is carried out. Until a few years ago th percentage of the entrance to th upper school and universities was managed so that the 10 per cent or 4 per cent or 4 per cent were composed of such Jewish pupils as bad the best certificates, or had influential parents. Lately the percentage of Jewish pupils Is simply determined by drawing lot in th presence of the school rector and son ata Thus studying has become a sort of lottery. Whoever draw a blank la excluded from the university, however intelligent and capable he may be. H who draw a number may enter. Th excluded pupil baa one hope left if hi father happen to be wealthy. Every Russian minister has the right to ma triculate one Jewish student In any Russian university. A father, there- fore, who is prepared to pay, puts him self into communication with the pri vate " secretary of some minister, and ' th secretary obtain matriculation for th lad whose father has paid most for th coveted position. The price 1 between 1(00 and 2000 rubles. The Order of Dec. S, J 886. Bat the Imperial order of December 5, 1886 was tlll mor grotesque. I applied to th tat schoola and private but privileged schools that ar allowed to take only the aforementioned per centage of Jewih pupils Her for example, the Christian father of thre or four pupil of on class within th radius of domicil pay nothing at all. in aplte of repeated warning. Then on day th clas tutor appear with ' troubled fac and says that such and such Christian pupil, because they have not been paid for, must be exclud ed, but that also. In consequence of the nil of It per cent, on Jewish pupil will be excluded. What doe th father of th Jewish pupil do? Ifh can, ho pays th fees tor the Christian pupils, so that his own son may remain at th school. In Russian newspapers within th radiu the following notice appeared frequent ly last summer: "Twenty Christian pupils can enter th privileged inter mediate school of X. in J." Thi means. In other word: "Th attention of wealthy Jewish parents is called to the fact that In the school X. In J. two places for Jewish pupils are vacant if the Jewish father is prepared to pay the fees for 20 Cbrintlan pupils." Yet this was not enough. Outside . the four privileged classes and th Jewish students, th great bulk of Jewa that did not fall under this cate gory had to experience the govern ment's kind care and attention. The law of May 4. 188S, made this pU&n enough. Since then it has been for bidden to all Jews until "th general revision of law" to settl In th ra dius of domicil outside tows and large villages A a "general revision of law" will of course never take place so long as absolutism reigns, the Jewish population is simply being driven from the country and queted Into the villages What are these places like? In the official list of town settlements a great many such little towns are named that are ruled not by a town government, but by a village adminis tration. There appeared promptly "elucidation" from th senate that degraded small towns more and mor to the class of villages. Consequently the Jews bad to leave them. The few large towns within th radiu cam to be the only places of refuge, and the Jews became more and mor prole tarianlsed by force. Cruelty to the Sick. Th government- of Nicholas II can also claim the honor of extending its care to the sick Jew as well. Just that sick Jew was driven out of Jalta because he was not privileged to live there, so are all sick Jews treated out side the radius, as, to my knowledge, there are no health resorts worthy the name. 8ince June 27. 1888, it ha been the same with nonprivilege'i Jews in Finland. But even medical advice the Jews In Russia may obtain only outside of Warsaw and Odessa an long as they are bedridden. Accord ing to the Ideas of the Russian gov ernment a Jew Is III only so long as he lies In bed. As soon as the Illness in not in his legs and he 1 capable of walking, a Jew, according to Russian government conception, is healthy, however diseased his lungs, heart, or anything els may be. The benefits of ambulance treatment for non-privileged Jew outside th radius, theie fore, ar unobtainable. A But w hav not yet done. The care of the Russian authorities extend be yond the healthy and the sick even to the dead. Not even a dead Russian Jew Is sur of btlng left In peace by his government. If a little town be comes degraded to a mere village, then the dead and buried Jews, if the police wish It, must leav their village, sine -they no longer possess "a right of domicile." Their corpses ar then dug up and exiled. Many more grotesque laws and "elucidations" might be mentioned, but It would tax too much time to make them half-way comprehensible to the non-Russian reader. Th foregoing remarks may suffice to cause on to ask: "But what doe all this man?" . If on addrease such a question to sny Russian authority on receive th calm answer, given with as '"Im movable" countenance, "Thi entire legislation has no object, other than that of protecting the Jew." "From what?" "From posslbl ill-will on th part of th local population." Th non-Rnsslan may not grasp this . at one. But I pray you. dear reader,, take the following example, and you will agree that the Russian government is absolutely right. For instance, you ar taking a walk along th street. Let ua say that th shape of your no ... 1 displeasing to some of your fellow men. They point at you. mock, and laugh. A policeman come' up to you and says, "Excuse me, sir. you are causing an unpleasant disturbance; .. please come with me and I will ptfect you." . ' . . And you go with him, an the ' thoughtful policeman locks yow up. Can there be any better protective for you? Must you not be grateful o th dear policeman for taking car f you so nicely? Tou shake your head, non Russian reader? Then I will tell you something mora For such cases there exists a still mor effective way of : protection. The dear policeman does not -lock you up, bot kill you out right. Tou must agree that ther -could be no more effective and radical methodof preventing any sort of dis--turbanca. A corps need not fearv dangera, near or far, need It? Very wall. That is precisely th Russian' remedy for Russian subject who are ' Jewa And the above mentioned rad ical method has been tried, and, what 1 more, carried out very thoroughly. In Russia the nam of this method 1 pogrom. " . ' . Fifth article of this series wilT appear la next Sunday Journal. .
